| Revision as of 13:53, 11 July 2019 editSantasa99 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users26,114 edits Undid revision 905792239 by Ceha (talk) Undid disruptive and persistant revertsTag: Undo← Previous edit | Revision as of 19:01, 12 July 2019 edit undoCeha (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users3,517 edits rv vandalismNext edit → | ||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
| {{notability|date=March 2019}} | {{notability|date=March 2019}} | ||
| {{Neologism|date=March 2019}} | {{Neologism|date=March 2019}} | ||
| {{Coatrack|date=March 2019}} | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| '''Turkish Croatia''' ({{lang-hr|Turska Hrvatska}}), was a ] term and period ], which can also be viewed as ], invented and produced by ] military cartographers sometime during 16th to 19th century ], for the part of the contested territory in present day Bosnia and Herzegovina, specifically region of ] ''(Krajina = {{lang-en|]}}; during ] known as ] ({{lang-en|Lower Ends}}) and Zapadne Strane ({{lang-en|Westward Sides}}))''. | |||
| '''Turkish Croatia''' ({{lang-hr|Turska Hrvatska}}), was a ] term for the territories which formerly belonged to Croatian kingdom, were occupied by Otoman empire during 15th and 16th century, and were still contested with Otoman empire, parts of which where also known as ] ({{lang-en|Lower Ends}}) and Zapadne Strane ({{lang-en|Westward Sides}}))''. By the 19th century, with the ] mostly displaced, the name Turkish Croatia was replaced by cartographers in favor of ] (Bosnian Frontier). | |||
| This territory was usually depicted as roughly comprising the land area between the rivers ] in the east, ] in the northeast, ] in the northwest, as well as ] mountain in the south, including the '']ska krajina'' pocket in the far west. Parts of ], ] and northern ] were also parts of Turkish Croatia, when its borders went further west. | This territory was usually depicted as roughly comprising the land area between the rivers ] in the east, ] in the northeast, ] in the northwest, as well as ] mountain in the south, including the '']ska krajina'' pocket in the far west. This area is a part of the present-day state of ]. | ||
| Parts of ], ] and northern ] were also parts of Turkish Croatia, when its borders went further west. | |||
| The term started reappearing in recent times, since 1990's, |
The term started reappearing in recent times, since 1990's, with the rise of nationalism in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| ⚫ | In Austro-Hungarian military maps from the 16th to 19th century |
||
| During the ] and the very beginning of the ], the territory of Turkish Croatia was situated in the central and eastern part of the independent medieval Croatian state (from 925 known as ]), which lasted until the beginning of the 12th century, when the country, following the ] agreement, entered into a personal union with ] in 1102. At that time the term „Bosnia“ was used for a relatively small area alongside the upper part of the ] that barely reached the ], which constituded eastern border of ]. | |||
| The term started appearing in unconventional, colloquial usage among some Austria-Hungarian military and political map-makers, in correlation to Ottoman retreat and Austria-Hungarian expansion, and subsequently it was produced in military and ] maps. From here it found its way into narrative of peculiar Croatian far-right national movement based on a constructs of so-called "Hrvatske zemlje" ''({{lang-en|Croatian lands}})'' and "Hrvatsko državno pravo" ''({{lang-en|Croatian state right}})'' (similar to one in Serbia with an expression "Srpske zemlje" ''({{lang-en|Serb lands}})''), which is at the time propagated by political organization called ]. It was typically exploited for the geopolitical purpose and utterance of territorial ambitions and expansionist aspirations of both ] and later Croatia, via transposition of these "rights" on Bosnia and Herzegovina and its historic territory. | |||
| It was only in the 14th century, at the time of civil war in ], that the Ban and proclaimed King ] which had most of his estates in ] grew in both, size and power, attracting local nobels as ] on his side trying to take the title of King in Croatia and Dalmatia. | |||
| This events made the borders more flexible (after his death there were numerous civil wars in Bosnia), and made the local nobility more important as ], duke of Split and vice king of Bosnia became "real" king of Bosnia in everything, but in its name. | |||
| The ] in 1463 resulted in increasing pressure on Croatian borders and continual losses of the territory, little by little moving the border line to the west. Permanent ] during the ] (1493-1593) drastically reduced Croatian population in affected southeastern regions. Until the end of the 16th century the whole area of Turkish Croatia was occupied by the mighty sultanate. The remaining Croats were either murdered or captured, converted to ] and recruited as ] (''blood tax''). A part of the Croatian population managed to flee though, settling down in the northwestern regions of the country or abroad, in the neighbouring Hungary or ]. ] were destroyed by the Ottoman soldiers or reconstructed into ]s; some ]s and ]s were killed, some of them succeeded in escaping. | |||
| Although on rare occasions, the term was also used in romanticized historiography, as well as in the phantasmagoric politics of "National awakening" and "National integration and homogenization" of late 19th to early 20th century Croatia. In the first half of 20th century with a rise of nationalist fervor, up to the time and establishment of fascist ] in 1940's, this term appeared sporadically again in romantic sloganeering of Nedeljko Mihanović, journalistic and political propagandistic fieldwork in regard to Bosnia and Herzegovina future by Frano Milobar and geopolitical contemplation by ] and Filip Lukas, eventually getting politically operationalized by ], and in 1940's, implemented by Frank and ] via occupation and incorporation of entire Bosnia and Herzegovina into Nazi puppet-state, NDH. | |||
| Parts of region were firstly organized as "Vilayet Croat", but later divided in sanjaks ], ] and Bihać. | |||
| From the 16th to 19th century Turkish Croatia bordered ] ({{lang-hr|Hrvatska vojna Krajina}}, {{lang-de|Kroatische Militärgrenze}}), a ]-controlled part of Croatia, which was administered directly from ]'s military headquarters. In the 19th century, following the ] in 1878 and the fall of the ], Turkish Croatia remained within the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who 1908 became a new ] of the ]. Although the (recently renamed) old Croatian territory was liberated, there were very few Croatian population left, i.e. population who actually lived in it registered as ] and Croats. | |||
| In more recent times, with a rise of ] and establishment of Republic of Croatia in 1990's, the term was revived and was preferred Tuđman's and his ministers' argument in reference to his political and military aims in Bosnia and Herzegovina,<ref name="Rudolf-book-feljton-Jutarnji">{{cite web |title=Činjenicama protiv histerije: Hrvatska je u BiH bila i agresor, a za to je kriv Franjo Tuđman |url=https://faktograf.hr/2017/11/30/cinjenicama-protiv-histerije-hercegbosanska-sestorka/ |website=Faktograf.hr |publisher=] in his book "Stvaranje hrvatske države 1991. – Ministarska sjećanja" (odlomci u feljtonu objavljenom u Jutarnjem listu) |accessdate=11 July 2019 |language=hr |date=30 November 2017}}</ref> which culminated in ].<ref name="Davorin Rudolf-Jutarnji-feljton-book">{{cite web |author1=Davorin Rudolf |title=Ministarska sjećanja: Misterij razgovora Miloševića i Tuđmana |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/ministarska-sjecanja-davorina-rudolfa-misterij-razgovora-milosevica-i-tudmana-u-karadordevu-nisu-se-dogovorili-o-podjeli-bih-da-jesu-ja-bih-to-znao/5562519/?fb_comment_id=1154415764668659_1154423104667925#f1d100de74cb44c |website=www.jutarnji.hr |publisher=Feljton - odlomci iz knjige: "Stvaranje hrvatske države 1991. – Ministarska sjećanja" |accessdate=11 July 2019 |language=hr |date=29 January 2017}}</ref> Encouraged with the mainstream popularization, the term was immediately adopted, once again, as part of Croatian far-right nationalist narrative and sparsely as part of their political discourse, however with little if any impact on mainstream international geopolitics, political geography and historiography, or any of the academic endeavor and/or research for that matter. The term never took hold outside the scope of Croatian political extremism and academic fringes. | |||
| ⚫ | In Austro-Hungarian military maps from the 16th to 19th century "Turkish Croatia" appeared as a borderland to ], whose ]-controlled side, in present-day Croatia, was administered directly from ]'s military headquarters. In the 19th century, following the ], and transfer of power in the ] from Ottomans to ] at the ] in 1878, the term became redundant, as it no longer served its purpose, and disappeared from official usage completely. The entire territory of ] came under a direct rule of the Viennese government, and since 1908 ] became a new ], thus making a term irrelevant. | ||
| The term was important in the issues of "Hrvatske zemlje" ''({{lang-en|Croatian lands}})'' and "Hrvatsko državno pravo" ''({{lang-en|Croatian state right}})''. It main usage was for the geopolitical purposes and territorial ambitions of both ] and later Croatia. | |||
| It was also used in romanticized historiography, of "National awakening" and "National integration and homogenization" of late 19th to early 20th century Croatia. In the first half of 20th century, this term appeared sporadically again in romantic sloganeering of "resurecting" Croatian state. | |||
| In more recent times, with establishment of Republic of Croatia in 1990's, the term was marginaly revived. | |||
| == Maps == | == Maps == | ||
| <gallery> | <gallery> | ||
| Croatia Kresimir IV. map.PNG|Map of Croatia during the reign<br />of King ]<br />(11th century): Turkish Croatia<br />was in the center of the<br />Kingdom</span> | |||
| Upravni zemljevid Ilirskih provinc leta 1813.jpg|"Turkish Croatia" (''Türkisch Croatien'') on a Austro-Hungarian military map from 1813. | Upravni zemljevid Ilirskih provinc leta 1813.jpg|"Turkish Croatia" (''Türkisch Croatien'') on a Austro-Hungarian military map from 1813. | ||
| 1827 Finley Map of Turkey in Europe, Greece and the Balkans - Geographicus - TurkeyEurope-finley-1827.jpg|An 1827 map of the Ottoman conquest in Europe - A. Finley ("Turkish Croatia" in yellow). | 1827 Finley Map of Turkey in Europe, Greece and the Balkans - Geographicus - TurkeyEurope-finley-1827.jpg|An 1827 map of the Ottoman conquest in Europe - A. Finley ("Turkish Croatia" in yellow). | ||
| ⚫ | Map of Croatia in 1791 by Reilly 002.jpg|Turkish Croatia (marked by green border line and words "Türkisch Kroatien") on a military map from 1791 made by Austrian cartographer Franz J.J. von Reilly |
||
| </gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| Line 32: | Line 41: | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Revision as of 19:01, 12 July 2019
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
Turkish Croatia (Template:Lang-hr), was a geopolitical term for the territories which formerly belonged to Croatian kingdom, were occupied by Otoman empire during 15th and 16th century, and were still contested with Otoman empire, parts of which where also known as Donji Kraji (Template:Lang-en) and Zapadne Strane (Template:Lang-en)). By the 19th century, with the Croatian population mostly displaced, the name Turkish Croatia was replaced by cartographers in favor of Bosanska Krajina (Bosnian Frontier).
This territory was usually depicted as roughly comprising the land area between the rivers Vrbas in the east, Sava in the northeast, Una in the northwest, as well as Dinara mountain in the south, including the Cazinska krajina pocket in the far west. This area is a part of the present-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Parts of Lika, Banovina and northern Dalmatia were also parts of Turkish Croatia, when its borders went further west.
The term started reappearing in recent times, since 1990's, with the rise of nationalism in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
History
During the Middle Ages and the very beginning of the Early modern period, the territory of Turkish Croatia was situated in the central and eastern part of the independent medieval Croatian state (from 925 known as Kingdom of Croatia), which lasted until the beginning of the 12th century, when the country, following the Pacta conventa agreement, entered into a personal union with Hungary in 1102. At that time the term „Bosnia“ was used for a relatively small area alongside the upper part of the Bosna river that barely reached the Drina, which constituded eastern border of Croatia-Hungary state. It was only in the 14th century, at the time of civil war in Croatia and Hungary, that the Ban and proclaimed King Stjepan Tvrtko I which had most of his estates in central Bosnia grew in both, size and power, attracting local nobels as Hrvatinići on his side trying to take the title of King in Croatia and Dalmatia. This events made the borders more flexible (after his death there were numerous civil wars in Bosnia), and made the local nobility more important as Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, duke of Split and vice king of Bosnia became "real" king of Bosnia in everything, but in its name.
The fall of Bosnia to the Ottomans in 1463 resulted in increasing pressure on Croatian borders and continual losses of the territory, little by little moving the border line to the west. Permanent warfare during the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (1493-1593) drastically reduced Croatian population in affected southeastern regions. Until the end of the 16th century the whole area of Turkish Croatia was occupied by the mighty sultanate. The remaining Croats were either murdered or captured, converted to Islam and recruited as devsirme (blood tax). A part of the Croatian population managed to flee though, settling down in the northwestern regions of the country or abroad, in the neighbouring Hungary or Austria. Catholic churches were destroyed by the Ottoman soldiers or reconstructed into mosques; some priests and bishops were killed, some of them succeeded in escaping. Parts of region were firstly organized as "Vilayet Croat", but later divided in sanjaks Krka, Klis and Bihać.
From the 16th to 19th century Turkish Croatia bordered Croatian Military Frontier (Template:Lang-hr, Template:Lang-de), a Habsburg Empire-controlled part of Croatia, which was administered directly from Vienna's military headquarters. In the 19th century, following the Habsburg-Ottoman war in 1878 and the fall of the Bosnia Vilayet, Turkish Croatia remained within the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who 1908 became a new Crown land of the Habsburg Monarchy. Although the (recently renamed) old Croatian territory was liberated, there were very few Croatian population left, i.e. population who actually lived in it registered as Catholics and Croats. In Austro-Hungarian military maps from the 16th to 19th century "Turkish Croatia" appeared as a borderland to Military Frontier, whose Habsburg-controlled side, in present-day Croatia, was administered directly from Vienna's military headquarters. In the 19th century, following the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, and transfer of power in the Bosnia Vilayet from Ottomans to Austrian rule at the Berlin Congress in 1878, the term became redundant, as it no longer served its purpose, and disappeared from official usage completely. The entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina came under a direct rule of the Viennese government, and since 1908 annexation became a new Crown land, thus making a term irrelevant.
The term was important in the issues of "Hrvatske zemlje" (Template:Lang-en) and "Hrvatsko državno pravo" (Template:Lang-en). It main usage was for the geopolitical purposes and territorial ambitions of both Austria-Hungary and later Croatia. It was also used in romanticized historiography, of "National awakening" and "National integration and homogenization" of late 19th to early 20th century Croatia. In the first half of 20th century, this term appeared sporadically again in romantic sloganeering of "resurecting" Croatian state.
In more recent times, with establishment of Republic of Croatia in 1990's, the term was marginaly revived.
Maps
-
Map of Croatia during the reign
of King Petar Krešimir IV
(11th century): Turkish Croatia
was in the center of the
Kingdom -
"Turkish Croatia" (Türkisch Croatien) on a Austro-Hungarian military map from 1813.
-
An 1827 map of the Ottoman conquest in Europe - A. Finley ("Turkish Croatia" in yellow).
See also
- Donji Kraji
- Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bosnia Eyalet
- Ottoman period in the history of Croatia
External links
- Fortresses in Turkish Croatia /page 56/ (in German)
- Geology books on Turkish Croatia from the 19th century (in Croatian)
- Cover of the August Kaznačić book „Bosnia, Herzegovina and Turkish Croatia“ from 1862 (in Italian)