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'''Turkish Croatia'''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://books.google.hr/books?id=Tm6f3-V_dSAC&pg=PA323&lpg=PA323&dq=T%C3%BCrkisch+kroatien&source=bl&ots=l_2ITdbCVL&sig=ACfU3U1NmLdZzqP1FHH-ANfdRVmG91L3LA&hl=hr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY_rCoh5fkAhUSqIsKHWiHBHE4ChDoATAGegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=T%C3%BCrkisch%20kroatien&f=false | work = ] (1823) | title = Feldzug des k. k. kroatischen Armeekorps gegen die Türken im Jahre 1788. | quote = Türkisch Kroatien, Türkisch Dubitza | publisher = J. B. Schels | accessdate = 2019-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.zeno.org/Pierer-1857/A/T%C3%BCrkisch-Kroatien | work = ] (1863) | title = Türkisch-Kroatien | quote = Türkisch-Kroatien, Türkisch-Brod, Türkisch-Gradisca | publisher = Eugen Pierer | accessdate = 2019-08-26}}</ref> or '''Ottoman Croatia''' ({{lang-hr|Turska Hrvatska}}, {{lang-de|Türkisch Kroatien}}, {{lang-it|Croazia turca}}, {{lang-fr|Croatie turque}}, {{lang-nl|Kroatië osmaanse}}) ) was a part of the ]<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bosnia and Herzegovina | quote = Donji Kraj, the later Krajina, Kraina or Turkish Croatia, in the north-west | volume=4 | pages=279–286 |first=Kingsley Garland |last=Jayne }}</ref> of the ] occupied by the ] during the 15th and 16th century. In the 19th century, after it became clear that the ],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://books.google.hr/books?id=ya1fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=T%C3%BCrkisch+kroatien&source=bl&ots=9l2aRhNHyR&sig=ACfU3U0stKdKuWI_5ukUpJd_5NAEOn5J_Q&hl=hr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY_rCoh5fkAhUSqIsKHWiHBHE4ChDoATABegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=T%C3%BCrkisch%20kroatien&f=false| work = ] (1838) | title = Ein Wort an Iliriens hochherzige Töchter über die ältere Geschichte und neueste litararische Regeneration ihres Vaterlandes | quote = Türkisch Kroatien, Königreiche Kroatien und Slawonien | publisher = Emil Hirschfeld | accessdate = 2019-08-23}}</ref> owing to that occupation, permanently perished or was displaced, the new name ] (Bosnian Frontier) got through and replaced the old term of Turkish Croatia. It remained so until today.
{{Neologism|date=March 2019}}
{{notability|date=March 2019}}
}}
'''Turkish Croatia''' ({{lang-hr|Turska Hrvatska}}), was a ] term and ] which appeared, periodically, during the ] between the late 16th to late 18th century, and which can also be viewed as ]. It was invented by the ] military cartographers, who worked for the ''Austrian-Ottoman Border Commission'', set up by peace treaties from 1699 (Treaty of Srijemski Karlovci) and 1718 (Treaty of Požarevac), and consisting of number of Austrians, Venetians and one Croat (Vitezović), and used more consistently since that time in maps commission produced for the part of the territory in present day Bosnia and Herzegovina,<ref name="Županc-Bjeliš">{{cite journal |last1=Županc |first1=Ivan |last2=Fuerst-Bjeliš |first2=Borna |title=Images of the Croatian Borderlands: Selected Examples of Early Modern Cartography |journal=Hrvatski geografski glasnik |date=1 September 2007 |volume=69. |issue=1. |pages=5–19 |doi=10.21861/HGG.2007.69.01.01 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=32632 |accessdate=28 August 2019 |publisher=hrcak.srce.hr |language=en |format=html, pdf (full text available) |issn=1331-5854}}</ref><ref name="Magas-Zanic">{{cite book |last1=Magaš |first1=Branka |last2=Žanić |first2=Ivo |title=The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991-1995 |date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136340925 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.ba/books?redir_esc=y&id=vZO0AAAAQBAJ&q=Turkish+Croatia#v=onepage&q=Turkish%20Croatia&f=false |accessdate=28 August 2019 |ref=1 |language=en |chapter=Obsession with the divission of Bosnia (Footnote 11 at page 11)}}</ref>, specifically region of ] ''(Krajina = {{lang-en|]}}; during ] known as '']'' ({{lang-en|Lower Ends}}) and ''Zapadne Strane'' ({{lang-en|Westward Sides}}))''.


The territory of Turkish Croatia<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=32632 | journal = Hrvatski geografski glasnik | issue = 69/1 | year = 2007 | author = Borna Fuerst-Bjeliš, Ivan Zupanc | title = Images of the Croatian Borderlands: Selected Examples of Early Modern Cartography | page = 16 | quote = Schimek’s Map of the Turkish Croatia, 1788. (Facsimile from Marković 1998). "Turkisch Croatien" | accessdate = 2010-06-25}}</ref> roughly comprised the land area between three rivers – ] in the east, ] in the northeast, ] in the northwest – as well as ] mountain in the south, and including the '']ska krajina'' pocket in the far west. This area is a part of the present-day state of ]. Parts of ], ] and northern ] were also parts of Turkish Croatia, when its borders went further west. This territory was usually depicted as roughly comprising the land area between the river ] in the east, the ] in the northeast, the ] in the northwest, as well as ] mountain in the south, including the '']'' pocket in the far west. Parts of ], ] and northern ] were also mapped as part of "Turkish Croatia", when its borders went further west.

The term started reappearing in recent times, since 1990's, only in Croatian far-right nationalist political discourse,<ref name="Magas-Zanic"/> without any real impact on mainstream politics or academic research.


==History== ==History==
In Austro-Hungarian military maps from the 16th to 19th century, the so-called "Turkish Croatia" appeared as a borderland in area of so-called ], more specifically ], whose ]-controlled side, in present-day Croatia, was administered directly from ]'s military headquarters. In the 19th century, following conclusion of the ], and transfer of power in the ] from Ottomans to ] at the ] in 1878, the term became redundant, as it no longer served its purpose, and disappeared from official usage completely. The entire territory of ] came under a direct rule of the Viennese government, and since 1908 ] became a new ], thus making a term irrelevant in the eyes of those who invented it in the first place.<ref name="Županc-Bjeliš"/>


The term started appearing in unconventional, colloquial usage among some Austria-Hungarian military and political map-makers, in correlation to Ottoman retreat and Austria-Hungarian expansion, and subsequently it was produced in military and ] maps<ref name="Magas-Zanic"/>. From here it found its way into narrative, peculiar to Croatian national revival movement, based on a syntagme of so-called hrvatske "matere zemlje" ''({{lang-en|Croatian "mother-land"}})'' and "hrvatsko državno pravo" ''({{lang-en|Croatian state right}})''<ref name="anubih.ba-Lovrenovic-Kroatizacija">{{cite journal |author1=Dubravko Lovrenović |title=Sadrzaj - Dubravko Lovrenovic - Kroatizacija bosanskog srednjovjekovlja u svjetlu interkonfesionalnosti stecaka |journal=GODIŠNJAK/JAHRBUCH CBI ANUBiH (Yearbook of the Centre for Balkan Investigations) |date=2013 |issue=42 |url=http://www.anubih.ba/godisnjak/god42/sadrzaj-god42.htm |accessdate=30 August 2019 |at=104-113 / in pdf 2-11 |publisher=CEEOL Sarajevo for CBI Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja/Centre for Balkan Investigations of the ] |location=Frankfurt, M. |language=sh |format=pdf (full text) |issn=2232-7770 |oclc=780486455}}</ref> (similar to one in Serbia with an expression "Srpske zemlje" ''({{lang-en|Serb lands}})''), which is at the time propagated by political organization called ]. It was typically exploited for the geopolitical purpose and utterance of territorial ambitions and expansionist aspirations of both ] and later Croatia, via transposition of these "rights" on Bosnia and Herzegovina and its historic territory<ref name="anubih.ba-Lovrenovic-Kroatizacija"/>.
During the ] and the very beginning of the ], the territory of Turkish Croatia was situated in the central and eastern part of the independent medieval Croatian state (from 925 known as ]), which lasted until the beginning of the 12th century, when the country, following the ] agreement, entered into a personal union with ] in 1102. At that time the term „Bosnia“ was used for a relatively small area alongside the upper part of the ] that barely reached the ], which constituded eastern border of ]. It was only in the 14th century, at the time of civil war in ], that the Ban and proclaimed King ] which had most of his estates in ] grew in both, size and power, attracting local nobels as ] on his side trying to take the title of King in Croatia and Dalmatia. These events made the borders more flexible (after his death there were numerous civil wars in Bosnia), and made the local nobility more important as ], duke of Split and vice king of Bosnia became "real" king of Bosnia in everything, but in its name.
The ] in 1463 resulted in increasing pressure on Croatian borders and continual losses of the territory, little by little moving the border line to the west. Permanent ] during the ] (1493-1593) drastically reduced Croatian population in affected southeastern regions. Until the end of the 16th century the whole area of Turkish Croatia was occupied by the mighty sultanate. The remaining Croats were either murdered or captured, converted to ] and recruited as ] (''blood tax''). A part of the Croatian population managed to flee though, settling down in the northwestern regions of the country or abroad, in the neighbouring Hungary or ]. ] were destroyed by the Ottoman soldiers or reconstructed into ]s; some ]s and ]s were killed, some of them succeeded in escaping. Parts of the region were firstly organized as "Vilayet Croat", but later divided in sanjaks ], ] and Bihać.


Although on rare occasions, the term was also used in romanticized historiography, as well as in the phantasmagoric politics of "National awakening" and "National integration and homogenization" of the Croatia of the late 19th to early 20th century. In the first half of 20th century with a rise of nationalist fervor, up to the time and establishment of fascist ] in 1940's, this term appeared sporadically again, concerning the resurrection of a Croatian statehood, within the romantic sloganeering of Nedeljko Mihanović, journalistic and political propagandistic fieldwork in regard to Bosnia and Herzegovina future by Frano Milobar and geopolitical contemplation by ] and Filip Lukas, eventually getting politically operationalized by ], and in 1940's, implemented by Frank and ] via occupation and incorporation of entire Bosnia and Herzegovina into Nazi puppet-state, NDH.
From the 16th to 19th century Turkish Croatia bordered ]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/hr-history-03.htm | work = ] (2013) | title = Ottoman Croatia | quote = Austria established a military border across Croatia | publisher = GlobalSecurity | accessdate = 2013-10-17}}</ref> ({{lang-hr|Hrvatska vojna Krajina}}, {{lang-de|Kroatische Militärgrenze}}), a ]-controlled part of Croatia, which was administered directly from ]'s military headquarters. In the 19th century, following the ] in 1878 and the fall of the ], Turkish Croatia remained within the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina<ref name=magas>{{cite book |last1=Magaš |first1=Branka |last2=Žanić |first2=Ivo |title=The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991-1995 |publisher=] |year=2001 |page=11 |isbn=0-7146-8201-2}}</ref>, who 1908 became a new ] of the ]. Although the (recently renamed) old Croatian territory was liberated, there were very few Croatian population left, i.e. population who actually lived in it registered as ] and Croats.

In more recent times, with a rise of ] and establishment of the Republic of Croatia in the 1990's, the term was revived and was preferred Tuđman's and his close associates' argument in reference to their political and military aims in Bosnia and Herzegovina,<ref name="Rudolf-book-feljton-Jutarnji">{{cite web |title=Činjenicama protiv histerije: Hrvatska je u BiH bila i agresor, a za to je kriv Franjo Tuđman |url=https://faktograf.hr/2017/11/30/cinjenicama-protiv-histerije-hercegbosanska-sestorka/ |website=Faktograf.hr |publisher=] in his book "Stvaranje hrvatske države 1991. – Ministarska sjećanja" (odlomci u feljtonu objavljenom u Jutarnjem listu) |accessdate=11 July 2019 |language=hr |date=30 November 2017}}</ref> which culminated in ].<ref name="Davorin Rudolf-Jutarnji-feljton-book">{{cite web |author1=Davorin Rudolf |title=Ministarska sjećanja: Misterij razgovora Miloševića i Tuđmana |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/ministarska-sjecanja-davorina-rudolfa-misterij-razgovora-milosevica-i-tudmana-u-karadordevu-nisu-se-dogovorili-o-podjeli-bih-da-jesu-ja-bih-to-znao/5562519/?fb_comment_id=1154415764668659_1154423104667925#f1d100de74cb44c |website=www.jutarnji.hr |publisher=Feljton - odlomci iz knjige: "Stvaranje hrvatske države 1991. – Ministarska sjećanja" |accessdate=11 July 2019 |language=hr |date=29 January 2017}}</ref> Encouraged with Tuđman's usage of the term as a mean to denigrate and devalue Bosnia and Herzegovina sovereignty and statehood<ref name="Magas-Zanic"/>, the term was adopted as part of Croatian far-right nationalist narrative and, although sparsely, as part of their official political discourse, however with little if any impact on mainstream international geopolitics, political geography and historiography, or on academic research for that matter. The term never took hold outside the scope of Croatian political extremism and academic fringes.


== Maps == == Maps ==
<gallery>

⚫ Upravni zemljevid Ilirskih provinc leta 1813.jpg|"Turkish Croatia" (''Türkisch Croatien'') on a Austro-Hungarian military map from 1813.
{| class="wikitable" align=center valign=top cellspacing=2
⚫ 1827 Finley Map of Turkey in Europe, Greece and the Balkans - Geographicus - TurkeyEurope-finley-1827.jpg|An 1827 map of the Ottoman conquest in Europe - A. Finley ("Turkish Croatia" in yellow).
|- bgcolor=#EACB96 align=center valign=top
⚫ Map of Croatia in 1791 by Reilly 002.jpg|Turkish Croatia (marked by green border line and words "Türkisch Kroatien") on a military map from 1791 made by Austrian cartographer Franz J.J. von Reilly.
||]<p style="font-size: 75%">Map of Croatia during the reign<br />of King ]<br />(11th century): Turkish Croatia<br />was in the center of the<br />Kingdom
</gallery>
⚫ ||]<span style="font-size: 75%">Turkish Croatia (''Türkisch Croatien'')<br />on an 1813 map of the<br />''Illyrian provinces''</span>
⚫ ||]<p style="font-size: 75%">Turkish Croatia (yellow in the<br />upper left part) on a 1827 map<br />of the Ottoman conquest in<br />Europe according to American<br />cartographer A. Finley
||]<p style="font-size: 75%">Turkish Croatia on a 1870 map<br />of the Ottoman conquest in Europe<br />by cartographer John Bartholomew
|}


==See also== ==See also==
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==References== ==References==
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==External links== ==External links==
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Turkish Croatia (Template:Lang-hr), was a geopolitical term and neologism which appeared, periodically, during the Ottoman–Habsburg wars between the late 16th to late 18th century, and which can also be viewed as hapax. It was invented by the Austro-Hungarian military cartographers, who worked for the Austrian-Ottoman Border Commission, set up by peace treaties from 1699 (Treaty of Srijemski Karlovci) and 1718 (Treaty of Požarevac), and consisting of number of Austrians, Venetians and one Croat (Vitezović), and used more consistently since that time in maps commission produced for the part of the territory in present day Bosnia and Herzegovina,, specifically region of Bosanska Krajina (Krajina = Template:Lang-en; during Medieval Bosnia known as Donji Kraji (Template:Lang-en) and Zapadne Strane (Template:Lang-en)).

This territory was usually depicted as roughly comprising the land area between the river Vrbas in the east, the Sava in the northeast, the Una in the northwest, as well as Dinara mountain in the south, including the Cazinska krajina pocket in the far west. Parts of Lika, Banovina and northern Dalmatia were also mapped as part of "Turkish Croatia", when its borders went further west.

The term started reappearing in recent times, since 1990's, only in Croatian far-right nationalist political discourse, without any real impact on mainstream politics or academic research.

History

In Austro-Hungarian military maps from the 16th to 19th century, the so-called "Turkish Croatia" appeared as a borderland in area of so-called Military Frontier, more specifically Croatian Military Frontier, whose Habsburg Empire-controlled side, in present-day Croatia, was administered directly from Vienna's military headquarters. In the 19th century, following conclusion of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, and transfer of power in the Bosnia Vilayet from Ottomans to Austrian rule at the Berlin Congress in 1878, the term became redundant, as it no longer served its purpose, and disappeared from official usage completely. The entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina came under a direct rule of the Viennese government, and since 1908 annexation became a new Crown land, thus making a term irrelevant in the eyes of those who invented it in the first place.

The term started appearing in unconventional, colloquial usage among some Austria-Hungarian military and political map-makers, in correlation to Ottoman retreat and Austria-Hungarian expansion, and subsequently it was produced in military and geostrategic maps. From here it found its way into narrative, peculiar to Croatian national revival movement, based on a syntagme of so-called hrvatske "matere zemlje" (Template:Lang-en) and "hrvatsko državno pravo" (Template:Lang-en) (similar to one in Serbia with an expression "Srpske zemlje" (Template:Lang-en)), which is at the time propagated by political organization called Party of Rights. It was typically exploited for the geopolitical purpose and utterance of territorial ambitions and expansionist aspirations of both Austria-Hungary and later Croatia, via transposition of these "rights" on Bosnia and Herzegovina and its historic territory.

Although on rare occasions, the term was also used in romanticized historiography, as well as in the phantasmagoric politics of "National awakening" and "National integration and homogenization" of the Croatia of the late 19th to early 20th century. In the first half of 20th century with a rise of nationalist fervor, up to the time and establishment of fascist NDH in 1940's, this term appeared sporadically again, concerning the resurrection of a Croatian statehood, within the romantic sloganeering of Nedeljko Mihanović, journalistic and political propagandistic fieldwork in regard to Bosnia and Herzegovina future by Frano Milobar and geopolitical contemplation by Ivo Pilar and Filip Lukas, eventually getting politically operationalized by Ante Starčević, and in 1940's, implemented by Frank and Ante Pavelić via occupation and incorporation of entire Bosnia and Herzegovina into Nazi puppet-state, NDH.

In more recent times, with a rise of Franjo Tuđman and establishment of the Republic of Croatia in the 1990's, the term was revived and was preferred Tuđman's and his close associates' argument in reference to their political and military aims in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which culminated in Croat-Bosniak war. Encouraged with Tuđman's usage of the term as a mean to denigrate and devalue Bosnia and Herzegovina sovereignty and statehood, the term was adopted as part of Croatian far-right nationalist narrative and, although sparsely, as part of their official political discourse, however with little if any impact on mainstream international geopolitics, political geography and historiography, or on academic research for that matter. The term never took hold outside the scope of Croatian political extremism and academic fringes.

Maps

  • "Turkish Croatia" (Türkisch Croatien) on a Austro-Hungarian military map from 1813. "Turkish Croatia" (Türkisch Croatien) on a Austro-Hungarian military map from 1813.
  • An 1827 map of the Ottoman conquest in Europe - A. Finley ("Turkish Croatia" in yellow). An 1827 map of the Ottoman conquest in Europe - A. Finley ("Turkish Croatia" in yellow).
  • Turkish Croatia (marked by green border line and words "Türkisch Kroatien") on a military map from 1791 made by Austrian cartographer Franz J.J. von Reilly. Turkish Croatia (marked by green border line and words "Türkisch Kroatien") on a military map from 1791 made by Austrian cartographer Franz J.J. von Reilly.

See also

References

  1. ^ Županc, Ivan; Fuerst-Bjeliš, Borna (1 September 2007). "Images of the Croatian Borderlands: Selected Examples of Early Modern Cartography" (html, pdf (full text available)). Hrvatski geografski glasnik. 69. (1.). hrcak.srce.hr: 5–19. doi:10.21861/HGG.2007.69.01.01. ISSN 1331-5854. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  2. ^ Magaš, Branka; Žanić, Ivo (5 September 2013). "Obsession with the divission of Bosnia (Footnote 11 at page 11)". The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991-1995. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 9781136340925. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  3. ^ Dubravko Lovrenović (2013). "Sadrzaj - Dubravko Lovrenovic - Kroatizacija bosanskog srednjovjekovlja u svjetlu interkonfesionalnosti stecaka" (pdf (full text)). GODIŠNJAK/JAHRBUCH CBI ANUBiH (Yearbook of the Centre for Balkan Investigations) (in Serbo-Croatian) (42). Frankfurt, M.: CEEOL Sarajevo for CBI Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja/Centre for Balkan Investigations of the ANUBiH. 104-113 / in pdf 2-11. ISSN 2232-7770. OCLC 780486455. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  4. "Činjenicama protiv histerije: Hrvatska je u BiH bila i agresor, a za to je kriv Franjo Tuđman". Faktograf.hr (in Croatian). Davorin Rudolf in his book "Stvaranje hrvatske države 1991. – Ministarska sjećanja" (odlomci u feljtonu objavljenom u Jutarnjem listu). 30 November 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  5. Davorin Rudolf (29 January 2017). "Ministarska sjećanja: Misterij razgovora Miloševića i Tuđmana". www.jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). Feljton - odlomci iz knjige: "Stvaranje hrvatske države 1991. – Ministarska sjećanja". Retrieved 11 July 2019.

External links

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