Chakma language: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 09:03, 1 October 2019

Chakma
Changmha, Daingnet
𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄌𑄴
"Chakma" in Chakma script
Native to	Bangladesh, India, Myanmar
Region	Chittagong Hill Tracts, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura
Ethnicity	Chakma, Daingnet
Native speakers	330,000 in Bengal (2007) also in Myanmar
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Eastern Chakma
Writing system	Chakma script, Bengali script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`ccp`
Glottolog	`chak1266`
IETF	`ccp`

Chakma language (/ˈtʃɑːkmə/; autonym: 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄌𑄴, Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |script= (help)) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Chakma and Daingnet people. Its better-known closest relatives are Assamese, Hajong, Bengali, Chittagonian, and Bishnupriya Manipuri of Manipur, Tanchangya, and Sylheti. It is spoken by nearly 310,000 people in southeast Bangladesh in Chittagong Hill Tracts, and another 300,000 in India in Assam and Tripura and 40,265 in Mizoram. It is written using the Chakma script, which is also called Ajhā pāṭh, sometimes romanised Ojhopath. Literacy in Chakma script is low.

It is officially recognised by neither the Bangladesh government nor the Indian government, the only two countries where local Chakma people live.

Although there were no Chakma language radio or television stations as of 2011, the language has a presence in social media and on YouTube. The Hill Education Chakma Script website provides tutorials, videos, e-books, and Chakma language forums.

In 2012, the Government of Tripura announced it would "introduce Chakma language in Chakma script in primary schools of Tripura. Imparting of education up to elementary stage in mother tongue is a national policy. To begin with Chakma language subjects in its own scripts will be introduced in 58 primary schools in Chakma concentrated areas."

"In preparation for the January 2014 education season, the national curriculum and textbook board has already started printing books in six languages ... Chakma, Kokborok (Tripura community), Marma, Santal, Sadri (Orao community) and Achik."

Mor Thengari (My Bicycle) was Bangladesh's first Chakma-language movie. However, it was banned in Bangladesh.

Phonology

Chakma has eight distinct vowels.

Vowel phonemes
	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Close-mid	e	o
Open-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Open	æ	ɑ

Medieval Chakma

The Chakma and Daingnet people now speak what may be considered divergent dialects of Magadhi Prakrit. However, this is due to language shift from an Oxomiya language; that medieval language may have been related to Sak or Chairel.

References

Language https://op.europa.eu/web/eu-vocabularies/at-dataset/-/resource/dataset/language. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
[1]/ Chakma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
"Chakma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
"Languages: Online Activism To Save Chakma Language". Rising Voices. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Hueiyen News Service / Newmai News Network (31 August 2012). "Chakma script to be introduced in Tripura". E-Pao! Headlines. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Chowdhury, K. R. (21 May 2013). "Native tongue offers ethnic children a good start". khabarsouthasia.com. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
https://globalvoices.org/2015/12/11/bangladeshs-censor-board-blocks-the-countrys-first-chakma-language-film/
^ Tanchangya, Shanta Rakshit (December 2013). A comparative study of vowels in Chakma and English (PDF) (BA). BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Beckwith, Christopher I. (2002). Medieval Oxomiya Languages. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12424-0.
Voegelin, Charles Frederick & Florence Marie Robinett Voegelin. 1977. Classification and Index of the World's Languages. New York: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-00155-7

Cāṅmā, Cirajyoti and Maṅgal Cāṅgmā. 1982. Cāṅmār āg pudhi (Chakma primer). Rāṅamāṭi:Cāṅmābhāṣā Prakāśanā Pariṣad.
Khisa, Bhagadatta. 2001. Cāṅmā pattham pāt (Chakma primer.) Rāṅamāṭi: Tribal Cultural Institute(TCI).
Singā. 2004. Phagadāṅ

External links

[REDACTED] Media related to Chakma language at Wikimedia Commons

Ethnologue report
Unicode Font for the language
Chakma Script
Chakma Bangla Blog
Chakma Prototype Keyboard
Chakma Unicode Converter
Available Chakma Unicode Font
"Chakma alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Nawaz, Ali (2012). "Tribal Languages". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
"Honour for writers". The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata). 7 January 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2012.

Chakma language at Misplaced Pages's sister projects:

[REDACTED] Definitions from Wiktionary
[REDACTED] Media from Commons
[REDACTED] News from Wikinews
[REDACTED] Texts from Wikisource
[REDACTED] Textbooks from Wikibooks
[REDACTED] Resources from Wikiversity
Travel guides from Wikivoyage
[REDACTED] Data from Wikidata

v t e Languages of Bangladesh
Official language	Bengali
Indo-European	Assamese Goalpariya Kamrupi Bengali Chittagonian Dhakaiya Kutti Dobhashi Eastern Bengali Noakhailla Rangpuri Rarhi Sylheti Varendri Bihari Bishnupriya Chakma English Bangladeshi English Hajong Hindustani Dhakaiya Urdu Hindi Urdu Khotta Odia Persian Rohingya Sadri (Nagpuri)
Sino-Tibetan	Shö A'Tong Bawm Sak Kukish Falam Garo Hakha Chin (Laiholh) Khumi Koch Kokborok Megam Meitei (Manipuri) Mizo Mru Pangkhu Rakhine (Marma) Rengmitca Tanchangya
Austroasiatic	Khasi Koda Kol Mundari Pnar Santali War-Jaintia
Dravidian	Kurukh Sauria Paharia
Afro-Asiatic	Arabic
Sign	Indo-Pakistani Sign Language

Languages of India

Official
languages

Union-level

8th schedule to the
Constitution of India

Classical	Assamese Bengali Kannada Malayalam Marathi Odia Sanskrit Tamil Telugu
Non-classical	Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Meitei (Manipuri) Nepali Punjabi Santali Sindhi Urdu

State-level only

Major
unofficial
languages

Over 1 million speakers	Awadhi Bagheli Bagri Bajjika Bhili Bundeli Dhundhari Garhwali Gondi Harauti Haryanvi Kangri Khandeshi Kumaoni Lambadi Malvi Marwari Mewari Nimadi Rajasthani Surjapuri Tulu Wagdi Varhadi
100,000 – 1 million speakers	Adi Angami Ao Badaga Dimasa Halbi Karbi Khotta Kodava Kolami Konyak Korku Koya Kui Kuvi Ladakhi Lotha Malto Mising Nishi Phom Rabha Sema Sora Tangkhul Thadou

Languages of Myanmar

Official languages

Semiofficial language

English

Indigenous languages
(by state or region)

Chin

Kuki-Chin

Northern	Falam Siyin Tedim Thadou Zo
Central	Bawm Hakha Chin Mizo Ngawn Tawr
Maraic	Lautu Mara Senthang Zotung Zyphe
Southern	Daai Kaang Khumi Kʼchò Nga La Shö Songlai Sumtu Thaiphum Welaung

Other

Anu-Hkongso

Kachin

Sino-Tibetan	Achang Drung Hpon Jingpo Lashi Lhao Vo Lisu Nusu Rawang Zaiwa
Other	Khamti Nùng Palaung Tai Laing

Kayah

Kayin

Magway

Rungtu (Taungtha)

Mon

Rakhine

Sagaing

Sal	Khiamniungan Konyak Leinong Makyam Ponyo Sak Tangsa
Other	Akyaung Ari Anal Koki Makury Long Phuri Para Tangkhul

Shan

Austroasiatic	Blang Danau Palaung Riang Tai Loi Wa
Sino-Tibetan	Akeu Akha Danu Geko Karen Intha Lahta Lahu Pa’o Padaung Pyen Taungyo Southwestern Mandarin
Kra–Dai	Khün Tai Lue Shan Tai Nuea
Hmong–Mien	Hmong Njua

Tanintharyi

Non-Indigenous

Immigrant language	Burmese Hindi Punjabi Russian Vietnamese
Working language	English Japanese Korean

Sign languages

Burmese sign language

Indo-Aryan languages

Dardic

Kashmiri	Kashmiri Kishtwari
Shina	Shina Brokskat Kundal Shahi Kalkoti Ushoji Palula Sawi
Pashayi	Pashayi
Kunar	Dameli Gawar-Bati Nangalami Shumashti Wotapuri-Katarqalai
Chitral	Kalasha Khowar
Hazara Division	Indus Kohistani Bateri Chilisso Gowro Kalami Tirahi Mankiyali

Northern

Eastern	Doteli Jumli Nepali
Central	Garhwali Kumaoni
Western	Dogri Kangri Bhadarwahi Churahi Bhateali Bilaspuri Chambeali Gaddi Pangwali Mandeali Mahasu Pahari Jaunsari Kullui Pahari Kinnauri Hinduri Sirmauri Sarazi

Northwestern

Punjabi

Eastern	Punjabi dialects Sansi
Lahnda	Hindko Inku Khetrani Pahari-Pothwari Saraiki

Sindhi

Western

Gujarati	Aer Gujarati Lisan ud-Dawat Jandavra Koli Kachi Parkari Wadiyara Saurashtra Vaghri
Rajasthani	Bagri Goaria Loarki Gujari Dhundari Harauti Malvi Marwari Mewati Mewari Shekhawati Dhatki Od Nimadi
Bhil	Bhili Bhilali Chodri Dhodia–Kukna Dhanki Dubli Bauria Bhilori Mawchi Magari Palya Bareli Pauri Bareli Rathwi Bareli Pardhi Gamit Kalto Vasavi Wagdi Vaagri Booli
Others	Khandeshi Lambadi Dawoodi Domari Romani list of languages

Central

Western	Braj Bhasha Bundeli Haryanvi Hindustani Kauravi Hindi Hinglish/Urdish Urdu Deccani Judeo-Urdu Hyderabadi Urdu Rekhta Kannauji Sansi Sadhukkadi
Eastern	Awadhi Bagheli Chhattisgarhi Fiji Hindi
Others	Parya

Eastern

Bihari

Bhojpuric	Bhojpuri Caribbean Hindustani
Magahi	Magahi Khortha
Maithili	Maithili Angika Bajjika
Sadanic	Sadri Kurmali
Tharuic	Tharu Kochila Buksa Majhi Musasa
Others	Kumhali Kuswaric Bote-Darai Danwar

Gauda–
Kamarupa

Bengali	Bengali dialects Bishnupriya Manipuri Hajong Kharia Thar Kurmukar Mal Paharia Noakhailla Sylheti Tanchangya
Kamarupic	Assamese Kamrupi Goalpariya Rajbanshi (Nepal) Rangpuri Surjapuri
Chittagonian	Chittagonian Chakma Rohingya

Odia

Halbic

Southern

Marathi–
Konkani

Marathic	Marathi Varhadi Andh Berar Deccan Varli Phudagi Katkari Kadodi
Konkanic	Konkani Maharashtrian Konkani Canarese Konkani

Insular

Old

Middle

Early	Ashokan Prakrit Pāli Early Ardhamagadhi
Middle (Prakrit)	Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dramatic Prakrits Ardhamagadhi Magadhi Maharashtri Shauraseni Gāndhārī Gaudi Paishachi
Late (Apabhraṃśa)	Abahattha Apabhraṃśa Elu Kamarupi Khasa Prakrit

Proto-
languages

Unclassified

Badeshi (unknown further classification)
Bazigar
Chinali–Lahul
- Chinali
- Lahul Lohar
Sheikhgal

Pidgins
and creoles

See also: Indo-Iranian languages; Nuristani languages; Iranian languages

Categories:

Revision as of 13:24, 31 August 2019 editLiggliluff (talk \| contribs)Extended confirmed users2,180 edits Burma → Myanmar← Previous edit		Revision as of 09:03, 1 October 2019 edit undoZa-ari-masen (talk \| contribs)Extended confirmed users1,724 edits according to sourceNext edit →
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	\|fam3=]		\|fam3=]
	\|fam4=]		\|fam4=]
	\|script=], ]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ccp\|title=Chakma\|publisher=Ethnologue\|accessdate=12 March 2018}}</ref>		\|script=], ]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ccp\|title=Chakma\|publisher=Ethnologue\|accessdate=12 March 2018}}</ref>
	\|ietf = {{wikidata\|property\|references\|P305}}		\|ietf = {{wikidata\|property\|references\|P305}}
	\|iso2 = {{wikidata\|property\|references\|P219}}		\|iso2 = {{wikidata\|property\|references\|P219}}