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A self-coup (or autocoup, from the Spanish autogolpe) is a form of putsch or coup d'état in which a nation's leader, despite having come to power through legal means, dissolves or renders powerless the national legislature and unlawfully assumes extraordinary powers not granted under normal circumstances. Other measures taken may include annulling the nation's constitution, suspending civil courts and having the head of government assume dictatorial powers.
List of self-coups
Pre-World War I
- Sparta: King Cleomenes III (227 BC)
- Rome: Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (c. 81 BC)
- Rome: Governor Julius Caesar (50 – 48 BC)
- England and Scotland: King Charles I (4 January 1642; failed, precipitated civil war)
- Denmark: King Frederick III (1660)
- Sweden: King Gustav III (August 19, 1772)
- France: French Directory (September 4, 1797)
- France: First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte (May 10, 1802)
- France: First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte (November 1804)
- Mexico: Emperor Agustín (October 31, 1822)
- France: President Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (December 2, 1851)
- Mexico: President Ignacio Comonfort (December 17, 1857)
- Brazil: President Deodoro da Fonseca (November 3 – 23, 1891; failed)
- Mexico: President Gen. Victoriano Huerta (October 7, 1913)
World Wars
- China: President Yuan Shikai (November 20, 1915 – March 22, 1916; failed)
- Italy: Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (January 3, 1925)
- Albania: President Ahmet Zogu (January 31, 1928)
- Yugoslavia: King Alexander I (January 6, 1929)
- Germany: Chancellor Adolf Hitler (March 23, 1933)
- Austria: Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss (March 1933 – 1 May 1934)
- Uruguay: President Gabriel Terra (March 31, 1933)
- Estonia: Prime Minister in duties of the State Elder Konstantin Päts (March 12, 1934)
- Latvia: Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis (May 15, 1934)
- Bulgaria: Tsar Boris III (January 22, 1935)
- Chile: President Arturo Alessandri Palma (February 1936)
- Greece: Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas (August 4, 1936)
- Brazil: President Getúlio Vargas (November 10, 1937)
- Romania: King Carol II (February 10, 1938)
- Bolivia: President Maj. Germán Busch (April 24, 1939)
- Paraguay: President Gen. José Félix Estigarribia (February 18, 1940)
- Yugoslavia: King Peter II (March 27, 1941)
- Uruguay: President Alfredo Baldomir (February 21, 1942)
- Romania: King Michael I (August 23, 1944)
- Yugoslavia: Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito (November 29, 1945)
- Ecuador: President José María Velasco Ibarra (March 30, 1946)
- Bulgaria: Prime Minister Kimon Georgiev (September 8, 1946)
- Paraguay: President Higinio Morínigo (January 13, 1947)
- Romania: Prime Minister Petru Groza (December 30, 1947)
Cold War
- South Korea: President Syngman Rhee (May – July 1952)
- Pakistan: Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad (April 1953)
- Iran: Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh ( August 3 – 10, 1953)
- Iran: Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (August 15, 1953)
- Pakistan: Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad (September 1954)
- Pakistan: General Ayub Khan (October 27, 1958)
- Indonesia: President Sukarno (July 5, 1959)
- Morocco: King Muhammad V (May 20, 1960)
- Nepal: King Mahendra (December 15, 1960)
- Brunei: Sultan Sir Omar Ali Saifuddien III (December 12, 1962)
- Morocco: King Hassan II (June 7, 1965)
- Uganda: Prime Minister Milton Obote (February 22 – 23, 1966)
- Lesotho: Prime Minister Chief Leabua Jonathan (January 30, 1970)
- Ecuador: President José María Velasco Ibarra (June 22, 1970)
- Thailand: Prime Minister Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn (November 17, 1971)
- Philippines: President Ferdinand Marcos and First Lady Imelda Marcos (September 23, 1972)
- South Korea: President Park Chung-hee (October 1972)
- Swaziland: King Sobhuza II (April 12, 1973)
- Uruguay: President Juan Maria Bordaberry (June 27, 1973)
- Upper Volta: President Gen. Sangoulé Lamizana (February 8, 1974)
- Bolivia: President Hugo Banzer (November 7, 1974)
- Argentina: President Isabel Martínez de Perón (February 5, 1975)
- India: Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (June 25, 1975)
- Bahrain: Emir Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa (August 26, 1975)
- Iran: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (June 20, 1981)
- Poland: Prime Minister Wojciech Jaruzelski (December 13, 1981)
Post-Cold War
- Peru: President Alberto Fujimori (April 5, 1992)
- Guatemala: President Jorge Serrano Elías (May 25, 1993; failed)
- Russia: President Boris Yeltsin (September 21 – December 12, 1993)
- Lesotho: King Letsie III (August 17, 1994)
- Nepal: King Gyanendra (October 4, 2002)
- Nepal: King Gyanendra (February 1, 2005)
- Pakistan: President Gen. Pervez Musharraf (November 3, 2007)
- Niger: President Mamadou Tandja (June 29, 2009)
- Ukraine: President Viktor Yanukovich (September 30, 2010)
- Gambia: President Yahya Jammeh (December 1, 2016 – January 20, 2017; failed)
- Venezuela: President Nicolás Maduro (March 29, 2017)
- Cambodia: Prime Minister Hun Sen (November 16, 2017)
- Sri Lanka: President Maithripala Sirisena (26 October – 16 December, 2018)
- Peru: President Martín Vizcarra (September 30, 2019)
In popular culture
- Emperor Palpatine, from the Star Wars franchise
- The mayors Salvor Hardin and Indbur I from the Foundation series
References
- An early reference to the term autogolpe may be found in Kaufman, Edy: Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule, Transaction, New Brunswick, 1979. It includes a definition of autogolpe and mentions that the word was "popularly" used in reference to events in Uruguay in 1972–1973. See Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule - Edy Kaufman at Google Books.
- "Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- "Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule". New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
- "Venezuela's high court dissolves National Assembly". CNN. CNN. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
- Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Zarate, Andrea (September 30, 2019). "Peru's President Dissolves Congress, and Lawmakers Suspend Him". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2019.