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| |image = HenryHudson.jpg | |image = HenryHudson.jpg | ||
| |caption = One of many speculative portraits{{efn|All the portraits used to represent Henry Hudson were drawn after his death.<ref>{{cite book|last = Butts|first = E.|date = 2009|title = Henry Hudson: new world voyager|location = Toronto|publisher = Dundurn|page = 17|isbn = 9781554884551}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Hunter|first = D.|date = 2007|title = God's Mercies: rivalry, betrayal and the dream of discovery|url = https://archive.org/details/godsmerciesrival0000hunt|url-access = registration|location = Toronto|publisher = Doubleday|page = |isbn = 9780385660587}}</ref>}} | |caption = One of many speculative portraits{{efn|All the portraits used to represent Henry Hudson were drawn after his death.<ref>{{cite book|last = Butts|first = E.|date = 2009|title = Henry Hudson: new world voyager|location = Toronto|publisher = Dundurn|page = 17|isbn = 9781554884551}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Hunter|first = D.|date = 2007|title = God's Mercies: rivalry, betrayal and the dream of discovery|url = https://archive.org/details/godsmerciesrival0000hunt|url-access = registration|location = Toronto|publisher = Doubleday|page = |isbn = 9780385660587}}</ref>}} | ||
| |birth_date = Unknown date, {{circa| |
|birth_date = Unknown date, {{circa|156 | ||
| |birth_place = ] | |||
| |disappeared_date = {{disappeared date and age|1611|06|23|1565|df=y}} | |||
| |disappeared_place = ], North America | |||
| |other_names = Hendrick Hudson {{ll|nl}} | |||
| |occupation = ], ] | |||
| |years_active = 1607–1611 (as explorer) | |||
| |employer = {{plainlist| | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ]}} | |||
| |known_for = {{indented plainlist| | |||
| * Exploration of northeastern ] | * Exploration of northeastern ] | ||
| * Search for the ] and ]s}} | * Search for the ] and ]s}} | ||
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| In 1607, the ] of England hired Hudson to find a northerly route to the Pacific coast of Asia. At the time, the English were engaged in an economic battle with the Dutch for control of northwest routes. It was thought that, because the sun shone for three months in the northern latitudes in the summer, the ice would melt and a ship could make it across the "top of the world".{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} | In 1607, the ] of England hired Hudson to find a northerly route to the Pacific coast of Asia. At the time, the English were engaged in an economic battle with the Dutch for control of northwest routes. It was thought that, because the sun shone for three months in the northern latitudes in the summer, the ice would melt and a ship could make it across the "top of the world".{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} | ||
| On 1 May 1607, Hudson sailed with a crew of ten men and a boy on the 80-ton ''Hopewell''.<ref>Asher 1860, pp. 1–22.; Conway 1906, pp. 23–30.</ref> They reached the east coast of ] on 14 June, coasting it northward until the 22nd. Here the party named a headland "Young's Cape", a "very high |
On 1 May 1607, Hudson sailed with a crew of ten men and a boy on the 80-ton ''Hopewell''.<ref>Asher 1860, pp. 1–22.; Conway 1906, pp. 23–30.</ref> They reached the east coast of ] on 14 June, coasting it northward until the 22nd. Here the party named a headland "Young's Cape", a "very high t ice conditions would have made this impossible. The expedition returned to ] on the ] on 15 September. | ||
| Hudson reported large numbers of whales in Spitsbergen waters during this voyage. Many authors{{efn|Sandler 2008, p. 407.; Umbreit 2005, p. 1.; Shorto 2004, p. 21.; Mulvaney 2001, p. 38.; Davis et al. 1997, p. 31.; Francis 1990, p. 30.; Rudmose-Brown 1920, p. 312.; Chisholm 1911, p. 942.}} credit his reports as the cattions sending ] expeditions to the islands. This claim is contentious- others have pointed to strong evidence that it was ]'s reports in 1610, that led to the establishment of English whaling, and voyages of ] and ] in 1612, which led to the establishment of Dutch, French and Spanish whaling.<ref>Purchas 1625, p. 24.; Conway 1906, p. 53.</ref> (The industrin sent Hudson in the ''Hopewell'' to attempt to locate a passage to the Indies, this time to the east | |||
| On 13 July, Hudson and his crew estimated that they had sailed as far north as 80° 23' N,{{efn|Observations made during this voyage were often wrong, sometimes greatly so. See Conway 1906.}} but more likely only reached 79° 23' N. The following day they entered what Hudson later in the voyage named "Whales Bay" (] and ]), naming its northwestern point "Collins Cape" (Kapp Mitra) after his ], William Collins. They sailed north the following two days. On the 16th, they reached as far north as Hakluyt's Headland (which ] claims Hudson named on this voyage) at 79° 49' N, thinking they saw the land continue to 82° N (]'s northernmost point is 80° 49' N) when really it trended to the east. Encountering ice packed along the north coast, they were forced to turn back south. Hudson wanted to make his return "by the north of Greenland to Davis his Streights (]), and so for Kingdom of England," but ice conditions would have made this impossible. The expedition returned to ] on the ] on 15 September. | |||
| Hudson reported large numbers of whales in Spitsbergen waters during this voyage. Many authors{{efn|Sandler 2008, p. 407.; Umbreit 2005, p. 1.; Shorto 2004, p. 21.; Mulvaney 2001, p. 38.; Davis et al. 1997, p. 31.; Francis 1990, p. 30.; Rudmose-Brown 1920, p. 312.; Chisholm 1911, p. 942.}} credit his reports as the catalyst for several nations sending ] expeditions to the islands. This claim is contentious- others have pointed to strong evidence that it was ]'s reports in 1610, that led to the establishment of English whaling, and voyages of ] and ] in 1612, which led to the establishment of Dutch, French and Spanish whaling.<ref>Purchas 1625, p. 24.; Conway 1906, p. 53.</ref> (The industry itself was built by neither Hudson nor Poole- both were dead by 1612.) | |||
| In 1608, English merchants of the ] and Muscovy Companies again sent Hudson in the ''Hopewell'' to attempt to locate a passage to the Indies, this time to the east around northern Russia. Leaving London on 22 April, the ship traveled almost {{convert|2500|mi}}, making it to ] well above the ] in July, but even in the summer they found the ice impenetrable and turned back, arriving at ] on 26 August.<ref>Hunter 2009, pp. 19–20.</ref> | |||
| ==== Alleged discovery of Jan Mayen ==== | |||
| According to Thomas Edge, "William {{sic}} Hudson" in 1608 discovered an island he named "Hudson's Tutches" (Touches) at 71° N,<ref>Purchas 1625, p. 11.</ref> the latitude of ]. However, records of Hudson's voyages suggest that he could only have come across Jan Mayen in 1607 by making an illogical detour, and historians have pointed out that Hudson himself made no mention of it in his journal.{{efn|"The above relation by Thomas Edge is obviously incorrect. Hudson's Christian name is wrongly given, and the year in which he visited the north coast of Spitsbergen was 1607, not 1608. Moreover, Hudson himself has given an account of the voyage and makes absolutely no mention of Hudson's Tutches. It would have been hardly possible indeed for him to visit Jan Mayen on his way home from Bear Island to the Thames." Wordie 1922, p. 182.}} There is also no cartographical proof of this supposed discovery.<ref>Hacquebord 2004, p. 229.</ref> | |||
| ] in 1611 and ] in 1615 both had possession of Hudson's journal while searching for his elusive Hold-with-Hope (which is now believed to have been on the east coast of Greenland), but neither had any knowledge of any discovery of Jan Mayen, an achievement which was only later attributed to Hudson. Fotherby eventually stumbled across Jan Mayen, thinking it a new discovery and naming it "Sir Thomas Smith's Island",<ref>Purchas 1625, pp. 82–89.</ref><ref name=Hacq>Hacquebord 2004, pp. 230–231.</ref> though the first verifiable records of the discovery of the island had been made a year earlier, in 1614. | |||
| === Expedition of 1609 === | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1609, Hudson was chosen by merchants of the ] in the Netherlands to find an easterly passage to Asia. While awaiting orders and supplies in Amsterdam, he heard rumors of a northwest route to the Pacific through North America.<ref name=empire>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/empireofthebay/profiles/hudson.html|title=Empire of the Bay: Henry Hudson|author=|date=|website=www.pbs.org|accessdate=14 April 2018}}</ref> Hudson had been told to sail through the Arctic Ocean north of Russia, into the Pacific and so to the Far East. Hudson departed ] on 4 April, in command of the Dutch ship {{ship||Halve Maen||2}}.<ref>Hunter 2009, p. 11.</ref> He could not complete the specified (eastward) route because ice blocked the passage, as with all previous such voyages, and he turned the ship around in mid-May while somewhere east of Norway's ]. At that point, acting outside his instructions, Hudson pointed the ship west and decided to try to seek a westerly passage through North America.<ref>Hunter 2009, pp. 56–57.</ref> | |||
| They reached the ] on 2 July, and in mid-July made landfall near the ] of ].<ref>Hunter 2009, pp. 92–94.</ref> Here they encountered Native Americans who were accustomed to trading with the French; they were willing to trade beaver pelts, but apparently no trades occurred.<ref>Hunter 2009, p. 98.</ref><ref>Juet 1609, entry of 19 July.</ref> The ship stayed in the area about ten days, the crew replacing a broken mast and fishing for food. On the 25th, a dozen men from the ''Halve Maen'', using muskets and small cannon, went ashore and assaulted the village near their anchorage. They drove the people from the settlement and took their boat and other property (probably pelts and trade goods).<ref>Hunter 2009, pp. 102–105</ref><ref>Juet 1609, entry of 25 July.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| On 4 August, the ship was at ], from which Hudson sailed south to the entrance of the ]. Rather than entering the Chesapeake he explored the coast to the north, finding ] but continuing on north. On 3 September he reached the estuary of the river that initially was called the "North River" or "Mauritius" and now carries his name. He was not the first European to discover the estuary, though, as it had been known since the voyage of ] in 1524. | |||
| On 6 September 1609, ] of his crew was killed by ] with an arrow to his neck.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Roberts |title=New York's Coldest Case: A Murder 400 Years Old |work=] |date=4 September 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/05/nyregion/05murder.html}}</ref> Hudson sailed into the ] on 11 September,<ref>, ''Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City'', 8 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-31.</ref> and the following day began a journey up what is now known as the Hudson River.<ref>Juet 1609.</ref> Over the next ten days his ship ascended the river, reaching a point about where the present-day capital of ] is located.<ref>Hunter 2009, pp. 230–235.</ref> | |||
| On 23 September, Hudson decided to return to Europe.<ref>Hunter 2009, p. 235.</ref> He put in at ], England on 7 November, and was detained by authorities who wanted access to his log. He managed to pass the log to the Dutch ambassador to England, who sent it, along with his report, to Amsterdam.<ref>Shorto 2004, p. 31</ref> | |||
| While exploring the river, Hudson had traded with several native groups, mainly obtaining furs. His voyage was used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the ] that prospered there when a trading post was established at Albany in 1614. ] on ] Island became the capital of ] in 1625. | |||
| === Expedition of 1610–1611 === | |||
| {{refimprove section|date=September 2016}} | |||
| In 1610, Hudson obtained backing for another voyage, this time under the English flag. The funding came from the ] and the ]. At the helm of his new ship, the {{ship||Discovery|1602 ship|2}}, he stayed to the north —ome claim he deliberately stayed too far south on his Dutch-funded voyage—reached ] on 11 May, the south of Greenland on 4 June, and rounded the southern tip of Greenland. | |||
| On 25 June, the explorers reached what is now the ] at the northern tip of ]. Following the southern coast of the strait on 2 August, the ship entered ]. Excitement was very high due to the expectation that the ship had finally found the ] through the continent. Hudson spent the following months mapping and exploring its eastern shores, but he and his crew did not find a passage to Asia. In November, however, the ship became trapped in the ice in the ], and the crew moved ashore for the winter. | |||
| ==== Mutiny ==== | |||
| When the ice cleared in the spring of 1611, Hudson planned to use his ''Discovery'' to further explore Hudson Bay with the continuing goal of discovering the Passage; however, most of the members of his crew ardently desired to return home. Matters came to a head and much of the crew mutinied in June. Descriptions of the successful mutiny are one-sided, because the only survivors who could tell their story were the mutineers and those who went along with the mutiny. | |||
| In the latter class was ship's navigator, ], a survivor who kept a journal that was to become a key source for the narrative of the mutiny. According to Pricket, the leaders of the mutiny were Henry Greene and Robert Juet. Pricket's narrative tells how the mutineers set Hudson, his teenage son John, and seven crewmen—men who were either sick and infirm or loyal to Hudson—adrift from the ''Discovery'' in a small ], an open boat, effectively marooning them in Hudson Bay. The Pricket journal reports that the mutineers provided the castaways with clothing, powder and shot, some pikes, an iron pot, some food, and other miscellaneous items. | |||
| ==== Set adrift ==== | |||
| ]'s painting of Hudson, his son, and loyal crew set adrift]] | |||
| After the mutiny, Hudson's shallop broke out oars and tried to keep pace with the ''Discovery'' for some time. Pricket recalled that the mutineers finally tired of the David–Goliath pursuit and unfurled additional sails aboard the ''Discovery'', enabling the larger vessel to leave the tiny open boat behind. Hudson and the other seven aboard the shallop were never seen again. Despite subsequent searches, including those conducted by ] in 1612, and by ] in 1668–1670, their fate is unknown.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas Button Searches for Remains of Henry Hudson|url=http://canadiancoinnews.com/thomas-button-searches-for-remains-of-henry-hudson/|publisher=Trajan Publishing Corporation|date=14 April 2015|accessdate=28 March 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051646/http://canadiancoinnews.com/thomas-button-searches-for-remains-of-henry-hudson/|archivedate=29 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Aftermath of Hudson's Voyages and Related Notes|url=http://www.ianchadwick.com/hudson/hudson_05.htm|publisher=Ian Chadwick|date=19 January 2007|accessdate=28 March 2017}}</ref> | |||
| Pricket's journal and testimony have been severely criticized for bias, on two grounds. Firstly, prior to the mutiny the alleged leaders of the uprising, Greene and Juet, had been friends and loyal seamen of Hudson. Secondly, Greene and Juet did not survive the return voyage to England. Pricket knew he and the other survivors of the mutiny would be tried in England for ], and it would have been in his interest, and the interest of the other survivors, to put together a narrative that would place the blame for the mutiny upon men who were no longer alive to defend themselves. | |||
| The Pricket narrative became the controlling story of the expedition's disastrous end. Only eight of the thirteen mutinous crewmen survived the return voyage to Europe. They were arrested in England, and some were put on trial, but no punishment was imposed for the mutiny. One theory holds that the survivors were considered too valuable as sources of information to execute, as they had traveled to the New World and could describe sailing routes and conditions.<ref>{{cite DCB|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hudson_henry_1E.html |title=Hudson, Henry |volume=1 |first=L. H. |last=Neatby}}</ref> | |||
| == Legacy == | |||
| The gulf or bay discovered by Hudson is twice the size of the ], and its ] afford access to otherwise landlocked parts of Western Canada and the Arctic. This allowed the ] to exploit a lucrative fur trade along its shores for more than two centuries, growing powerful enough to influence the history and present international boundaries of western North America. ] became the entrance to the Arctic for all ships engaged in the historic search for the ] from the Atlantic side – though modern voyages take more northerly routes. | |||
| Along with Hudson Bay, many other topographical features and landmarks are named for Hudson. The ] in New York and New Jersey is named after him, as are ], the ], the ], and the town of ]. The unbuilt ] in New York was also to have been named after him. | |||
| Hudson and his marooned crewmates appear as mythic characters in the famous story "]" by ]. He also appears in the time-travel novel '']'' by ]. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| === Notes === | |||
| {{notelist}} | |||
| === Citations === | |||
| {{reflist|30em}} | |||
| === Bibliography === | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Asher |first=Georg Michael |title=Henry Hudson the Navigator |year=1860 |publisher=Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, 27 |isbn=1-4021-9558-3}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Conway |first=William Martin |title=No Man's Land: A History of Spitsbergen from Its Discovery in 1596 to the Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country |url=https://archive.org/details/nomanslandahist00conwgoog |year=1906 |publisher=Cambridge, At the University Press }} | |||
| * Hacquebord, Lawrens. (2004). The Jan Mayen Whaling Industry. Its Exploitation of the Greenland Right Whale and its Impact on the Marine Ecosystem. In: S. Skreslet (ed.), Jan Mayen in Scientific Focus. Amsterdam, Kluwer Academic Publishers. 229–238. | |||
| * {{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Douglas |year=2009 |title=Half Moon: Henry Hudson and the voyage that redrew the map of the New World |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |isbn=1-59691-680-X|url=https://archive.org/details/halfmoonhenryhud00hunt }} | |||
| * Juet, Robert (1609), ''Juet's Journal of Hudson's 1609 Voyage'' from the 1625 edition of Purchas His Pilgrimes and transcribed 2006 by Brea Barthel, {{cite web|url=http://www.halfmoon.mus.ny.us/Juets-modified.pdf |title=Juet's Journal of Hudson's 1609 Voyage |format=PDF |accessdate=22 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628030233/http://www.halfmoon.mus.ny.us/Juets-modified.pdf |archivedate=28 June 2011 }} . | |||
| * {{cite book| last =Mancall| first =Peter| title = Fatal Journey: The Final Expedition of Henry Hudson, A Tale of Mutiny and Murder in the Arctic| url =https://archive.org/details/fataljourneyfina0000manc| url-access =registration| publisher =Basic Books| date =2009|location =New York| pages =| isbn = 9780465005116 }} | |||
| * Purchas, S. 1625. Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes: Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and others. Volumes XIII and XIV (Reprint 1906 J. Maclehose and sons). | |||
| * {{Cite book |last=Shorto |first=Russell |author-link=Russell Shorto |year=2004 |title=The Island at the Center of the World |publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=1-4000-7867-9}} | |||
| * Wordie, J.M. (1922). "Jan Mayen Island", ''The Geographical Journal''. Vol 59 (3). | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{commonscat}} | |||
| * {{OL subject|person:henry_hudson_(d._1611)}} | |||
| * {{Internet Archive author}} | |||
| * {{Worldcat id|lccn-n80016971}} | |||
| {{Polar exploration}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Hudson, Henry}} | |||
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Revision as of 00:45, 20 November 2019
English explorer For other people with similar names, see Henry Hudson (disambiguation).
| Henry Hudson | |
|---|---|
 One of many speculative portraits | |
| Born | Unknown date, c. 156
|
| Children | John Hudson (c. 1591–1611) |
Henry Hudson (c. 1570 – disappeared 23 June 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator during the early 17th century, best known for his explorations of present-day Canada and parts of the northeastern United States.
In 1607 and 1608, Hudson made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a rumored Northeast Passage to Cathay via a route above the Arctic Circle. In 1609, he landed in North America and explored the region around the modern New York metropolitan area, looking for a Northwest Passage to Asia on behalf of the Dutch East India Company. On his ship the Half Moon he sailed up the Hudson River, which was later named after him, and thereby laid the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region.
Hudson discovered the Hudson Strait and the immense Hudson Bay on his final expedition, while still searching for the Northwest Passage. In 1611, after wintering on the shore of James Bay, Hudson wanted to press on to the west, but most of his crew mutinied. The mutineers cast Hudson, his son, and seven others adrift; the Hudsons and their companions were never seen again.
Besides numerous geographical features, Hudson is also the namesake of Hudson's Bay Company, known for its exploration of the vast Hudson Bay watershed and its decisive role in the North American fur trade in the following centuries.
Early life
Details of Hudson's birth and early life are mostly unknown. Some sources have identified Henry Hudson as having been born in about 1565, but others date his birth to around 1570. Other historians assert even less certainty; Peter C. Mancall, for instance, states that " was probably born in the 1560s," while Piers Pennington gives no date at all. Hudson is thought to have spent many years at sea, beginning as a cabin boy and gradually working his way up to ship's captain.
Exploration
Expeditions of 1607 and 1608
In 1607, the Muscovy Company of England hired Hudson to find a northerly route to the Pacific coast of Asia. At the time, the English were engaged in an economic battle with the Dutch for control of northwest routes. It was thought that, because the sun shone for three months in the northern latitudes in the summer, the ice would melt and a ship could make it across the "top of the world".
On 1 May 1607, Hudson sailed with a crew of ten men and a boy on the 80-ton Hopewell. They reached the east coast of Greenland on 14 June, coasting it northward until the 22nd. Here the party named a headland "Young's Cape", a "very high t ice conditions would have made this impossible. The expedition returned to Tilbury Hope on the Thames on 15 September.
Hudson reported large numbers of whales in Spitsbergen waters during this voyage. Many authors credit his reports as the cattions sending whaling expeditions to the islands. This claim is contentious- others have pointed to strong evidence that it was Jonas Poole's reports in 1610, that led to the establishment of English whaling, and voyages of Nicholas Woodcock and Willem Cornelisz. van Muyden in 1612, which led to the establishment of Dutch, French and Spanish whaling. (The industrin sent Hudson in the Hopewell to attempt to locate a passage to the Indies, this time to the east
- Butts, E. (2009). Henry Hudson: new world voyager. Toronto: Dundurn. p. 17. ISBN 9781554884551.
- Hunter, D. (2007). God's Mercies: rivalry, betrayal and the dream of discovery. Toronto: Doubleday. p. 12. ISBN 9780385660587.
- De Laet, J. (1625). Nieuvve wereldt, ofte, Beschrijvinghe van West-Indien (in Dutch). Leyden: Elzevier. p. 83. OCLC 65327738.
- Rink, O. A. (1986). Holland on the Hudson: an economic and social history of Dutch New York. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780801418662.
- ^ Pennington, P. (1979). The Great Explorers. New York: Facts on File. p. 90.
- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/274681/Henry-Hudson Henry Hudson's entry from china Britannica
- Butts, E. (2009). Henry Hudson:New World Voyager. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 15.
- Sandler, C. (2007). Henry Hudson: Dreams and Obsession. New York: Kensington Publishing Corp. p. 26.
- Mancall, P. (2009). The Fatal Journey: The Final Expedition of Henry Hudson. Basic Books. p. 43.
- Asher 1860, pp. 1–22.; Conway 1906, pp. 23–30.
- Purchas 1625, p. 24.; Conway 1906, p. 53.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).