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Its leadership included ] as president <ref>United States. ''''. : Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 1987. p. 50</ref> and ] as general secretary.<ref>Attar Chand. ''''. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications, 1992. p. 128</ref> Dr. Jayanta Rongpi, leader of the ] of the ] and Lok Sabha member, was a member of the IPF ].<ref>Dutta, Madhusree, Flavia, and Neera Adarkar. ''''. Calcutta: Samya, 1996. p. 129</ref> Its leadership included ] as president <ref>United States. ''''. : Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 1987. p. 50</ref> and ] as general secretary.<ref>Attar Chand. ''''. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications, 1992. p. 128</ref> Dr. Jayanta Rongpi, leader of the ] of the ] and Lok Sabha member, was a member of the IPF ].<ref>Dutta, Madhusree, Flavia, and Neera Adarkar. ''''. Calcutta: Samya, 1996. p. 129</ref>


==Founding== == History ==
IPF was launched in 1982 as an open, non-party, mass organisation of the ].<ref name="lib"/> A founding conference was held in ] April 24–26, 1982, organized by the CPI(ML)Liberation, in which the ] and ] factions participated.<ref name="ye"/><ref name="karat">]. ''''. ''The Marxist'', Volume: 3, No. 1, January- March 1985</ref> ], the CPI(ML)Liberation general secretary, was largely the architect behind the idea of building the IPF, through which the then underground CPI(ML)Liberation could develop links to other democratic forces on the basis of a popular, democratic and patriotic programme.<ref name="lib">Sen, Arindam. '' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210847/http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_1999/january/homage11.htm |date=2015-09-23 }}''</ref>


=== Foundation ===
The IPF sought to present itself as a "national alternative".<ref name="karat"/> Initially IPF had been projected as a ] of different revolutionary groups, but most other factions dropped out in the formation process and IPF effectively became a mass organisation of CPI(ML)Liberation.<ref>]. ''''. London; Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993. p. 163</ref> The ] faction publicly denounced and ridiculed the notion of IPF becoming a "national alternative".<ref name="karat"/>
In 1979, the ] held a conference which sanctioned the formation of an open mass organisation. The idea was conceptualized by the general secretary ] to enable the party to organise with other democratic forces on the lines of a "popular, democratic and patriotic programme" and participate in ]. The party had been underground since the imposition of ] in India.<ref name="lib2">Sen, Arindam. '' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210847/http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_1999/january/homage11.htm|date=2015-09-23}}''</ref> The Indian People's Front (IPF) was launched in a conference organised by the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation which was held in Delhi between 24–26 April 1982. The conference was attended by the splinter factions of the ] led by ] and ]. It was intended to project itself as a "national alternative" to the ] led ].<ref name="karat2">]. ''''. ''The Marxist'', Volume: 3, No. 1, January- March 1985</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.cpiml.org/pgs/*|title=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218135746/http://www.cpiml.org/pgs/30yrs/hist30.htm|archive-date=8 February 2009|access-date=}}</ref> In the beginning, the front was projected as a ] of different revolutionary groups but most other factions dropped out during its formation and it effectively became a mass organisation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation.<ref>]. ''''. London; Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993. p. 163</ref> ] publicly denounced and ridiculed the notion of the front becoming a "national alternative".<ref name="karat2" /> On 15 October 1982, the front organised a mass rally against the Bihar Press Bill which witnessed a participation of 100,000 people according to ] sources.<ref name="jo2">Joshi, Barbara R. ''''. Women in the Third World. London: Zed Books, 1986. pp. 101-102</ref>


=== Second conference ===
IPF organised a mass rally against the ] Press Bill on October 15, 1982. According to mainstream media sources, over 100,000 people took part in the rally.<ref name="jo">Joshi, Barbara R. ''''. Women in the Third World. London: Zed Books, 1986. pp. 101-102</ref>
The IPF held its second conference in ] between 4–6 November 1984, in midst of the turmoil following the ].<ref name="ye2">]. '' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218135746/http://www.cpiml.org/pgs/30yrs/hist30.htm|date=February 18, 2009}}''</ref> It contested 49 seats in the ] but failed to win a single seat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Nedumpara|first=Jose J.|title=Political Economy and Class Contradictions: A Study|publisher=Anmol Publication|year=2004|isbn=978-81261-171-85|location=New Delhi|pages=114}}</ref> On 19 April 1986, the police opened fire on a protest gathering of landless farmers which (primarily ]<nowiki/>s) resulting in the deaths of 23 people in ], ]. Civil rights activists described the massacre as part of a systematic eradication of the moblisation of impoverished people by branding them as "Naxalite" and killing them in ] in collaboration with private armies and militias of rich '']<nowiki/>s'' (landlords) such as the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860531-arwal-massacre-bihar-cm-bindeshwari-dubey-justify-police-action-800894-1986-05-31|title=Arwal massacre: Bihar CM Bindeshwari Dubey justify police action|last=Ahmed|first=Farzand|date=31 May 1986|website=]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> In August, the IPF organised an armed '']'' (picketing) of the ] in protest of the massacre. The protest is claimed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation, to mark a new phase in the assertiveness of revolutionary democratic forces.<ref name=":0" /> In the same year, the front organised a "national convention of women" in ] which saw a participation of around 1000 women. The convention took the initiative of giving attention to women's issues while attempting to foster cooperation and synthesis between communist women's organisations and autonomous women's groups. In an address to the convention, the president of the women's cell of the front stated that feminism and Marxism were complementary ideologies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Omvedt|first=Gail|title=Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India|publisher=]|year=1993|isbn=0-87332-784-5|location=] & ]|pages=207-208|author-link=Gail Omvedt}}</ref> The front also organised an "all India worker's convention" in ], near ] in November 1987, with ] leader ] as the convener.<ref name=":0" />


=== Mandal comission & Economic liberalisation ===
==Second conference==
In the ], the IPF was able to win the ] in Bihar with ] as the candidate. The organisation was also able to win 7 seats and secure the second highest vote share in 14 constituencies in the ].<ref name="nedu2">Nedumpara, Jose J. ''''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2004. p. 114</ref><ref>Nedumpara, Jose J. ''''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2004. p. 5</ref> Over the years, it had been able to acquire a large share of the ] voters from the ] in Bihar. The front took the position of supporting reservations solely on the basis of social and educational backwardness and supported the implementation of the recommendations of the ].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Political Process in Uttar Pradesh: Identity, Economic Reforms, and Governance|publisher=]|year=2007|isbn=81-317-0797-0|editor-last=Pai|editor-first=Sudha|location=New Delhi|pages=168|chapter=National Seminar on Uttar Pradesh in the 1990s: Critical Perspectives}}</ref> During the ], it launched campaigns against price hikes and for the ], adopting a traditional leftist discourse.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Omvedt|first=Gail|title=Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India|publisher=]|year=1993|isbn=0-87332-784-5|location=] & ]|pages=233|author-link=Gail Omvedt}}</ref> On 8 October 1990, a national rally with the slogan of ''dam bandho kaam do'' (check prices and give jobs) was organised in ] by the front.<ref name="ye2" /> In the same month, the IPF organised a mass rally in ] which was noted to be the largest rally in the recorded history of the city.<ref name=":1" />
The IPF held its second conference in ] on November 4–6, 1984, in the midst of the chaos following the assassination of ].<ref name="ye"/>


In the ], the front lost the seat of ] but was able to send a member to the parliament through the ] in the ]. In the same year, four of its members defected to the ] under the leadership of ] at the height polarisation on the Mandal issue.<ref name=":1" /> In Uttar Pradesh, the party publication ''Liberation'' accused the ] of targeting the cadre and lower caste support base of the Indian People's Front with ] and then providing them with protection if they defected preventing it from successfully organising the way it had in ].<ref name=":2" /> On 14 February 1992, in the wake of rising ] in India, the ] (farmer's union affiliated to the ]) killed 14 Scheduled caste landless labourers for supporting the Indian People's Front in Tikshora village near Patna.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Nedumpara|first=Jose J.|title=Political Economy and Class Contradictions: A Study|publisher=Anmol Publication|year=2004|isbn=978-81261-171-85|location=New Delhi|pages=120}}</ref> At the same time, the front was able to expand its footprint in ] when its candidate Surjan Singh won the Joga constituency in the ].<ref>Aggarwal, J. C., and S. P. Agrawal. ''''. Concepts in communication informatics & librarianship, 37. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co, 1992. p. 192</ref>
==1985 elections in Bihar==
IPF contested 49 seats in the Bihar ] elections in 1985. It failed to win any seats.<ref name="nedu">Nedumpara, Jose J. ''''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2004. p. 114</ref>


==Arwal massacre== === Disbandment ===
In December 1992, the ] held its fifth congress in ]. Following which the party came out of the underground and eventually disbanded the Indian People's Front in 1994.<ref name=":0" /> The ''Samajik Parivartan Rally'' (Social Change Rally) on 18 March 1994, was the last rally called by the front. The rally was reported to be a gathering of tens of thousands of bare-footed and malnourished workers who had marched to Patna from all over Bihar; some having traveled over 100 kilometers on foot to reach the venue. At the time, political observers described the front to be the fastest growing leftist movement in India. From 1995 onward the the party began contesting elections on its own, substituting the role of the former front.<ref name=":1" />
In April 1986 more than one dozen Scheduled Caste labourers were killed by police in Arwal, ] in Bihar. In August IPF organised a militant '']'' protest at the Bihar legislative assembly in Patna in protest of the massacre. The protest marked a new phase in the development of the movement.<ref name="ye"/>

==Women's and Workers' Conventions==
In 1986 IPF organised a National Convention of Women in ]. Around 1000 people participated in the open rally at the convention. The convention was historic in that it marked a meeting point of ]s and Marxists, and in a speech to the convention the president of the IPF Women's Cell declared that Marxism and feminism were not antagonistic but complementary ideologies.<ref>]. ''''. London; Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993. pp. 207-208</ref>

In November 1987 IPF organised an All-India Workers Convention in Ambernath, near ]. ] leader ] was the main speaker at the convention.<ref name="ye"/>

==1989 & 1990 elections and Mandal struggle==
IPF won a ] seat from western Bihar, the ], in the ].<ref name="nedu"/> ] was the IPF parliamentarian from Arrah.<ref>Nedumpara, Jose J. ''''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2004. p. 5</ref> In 1990 the organisation was able to win seven seats in the Bihar legislative assembly. IPF finished second in 14 constituencies.<ref name="nedu"/> IPF had been able to win over a large share of the Scheduled Caste voters from the ] in Bihar. IPF voiced support for implementation of the recommendation of the ], and also supported ]'s position to amend a 10% quota for economically weak sectors from upper castes. The IPF wanted reservations to be based on socio-economical factos.<ref>National Seminar on "Uttar Pradesh in the 1990s: Critical Perspectives", and Sudha Pai. ''''. New Delhi: Pearson Longman, 2007. p. 168</ref>

==''Dam Bandho, Kaam Do''==
IPF also launched campaigns against price hikes and for the ], adopting a traditional leftist discourse.<ref>]. ''''. London; Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993. p. 233</ref> An All-India rally in Delhi with the slogan ''Dam Bandho, Kaam Do'' ('Check Prices, Give Jobs') was held on October 8, 1990.<ref name="ye"/> In the same month, the IPF organised a massive display of strength as it held a mass rally in ], one of the largest rallies ever seen in the capital city.<ref name="nedu"/>

==1991-1992==
The IPF lost its Lok Sabha seat in the ], losing about a fifth of its votes compared to 1989 (having contested 15 Lok Sabha seats). The IPF suffered a severe blow when four of its Bihar legislative assembly members defected to ], at the height of polarisation around the Mandal issue.<ref name="nedu"/>

On February 14, 1992, 14 Scheduled Caste landless labourers and followers of IPF were killed by the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh in Tikshora village near Patna.<ref>Nedumpara, Jose J. ''''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2004. p. 120</ref>

In 1992 IPF won a seat in the ] legislative assembly election. IPF candidate Surjan Singh Joga won the Joga assembly seat.<ref>Aggarwal, J. C., and S. P. Agrawal. ''''. Concepts in communication informatics & librarianship, 37. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co, 1992. p. 192</ref>

==Samajik Partivarthan Rally==
On March 18, 1994 IPF organised the 'Samajik Parivarthan Rally' (Social Change Rally) in Patna. Tens of thousands of bare-footed, starving workers marched to Patna; some had traveled over 100 kilometers on foot to reach the venue. At the time political observers talked about the IPF as the fastest growing leftist movement in India.<ref name="nedu"/>

==Disbanding==
IPF was dissolved in 1994.<ref name="ye"/> From 1995 the CPI(ML)Liberation began contesting elections on its own, substituting the role of IPF.<ref name="lib"/><ref name="nedu"/>


==Affiliates== ==Affiliates==
The Bihar Jhuggi-Jhopri Bashi Sangha (BJJBS), an organization of slum dwellers in Patna, was a major affiliate of IPF in ].<ref name="jo"/> The popular anti-liquor movement in ] was also a constituent of IPF from the founding conference.<ref name="ye">]. '' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218135746/http://www.cpiml.org/pgs/30yrs/hist30.htm |date=February 18, 2009 }}''</ref> The Bihar Jhuggi-Jhopri Bashi Sangha (BJJBS), an organization of slum dwellers in Patna, was a major affiliate of IPF in ].<ref name="jo">Joshi, Barbara R. ''''. Women in the Third World. London: Zed Books, 1986. pp. 101-102</ref> The popular anti-liquor movement in ] was also a constituent of IPF from the founding conference.<ref name="ye">]. '' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218135746/http://www.cpiml.org/pgs/30yrs/hist30.htm |date=February 18, 2009 }}''</ref>


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 09:42, 6 April 2020

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Indian political party Political party in India
Indian People's Front
FounderVinod Mishra
Founded26 April 1982
Dissolved1994

The Indian People's Front was a political organisation in India, active between 1982 and 1994. It functioned as an open, mass front of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation, and contested national and state elections.

Its leadership included Nagbhushan Patnaik as president and Dipankar Bhattacharya as general secretary. Dr. Jayanta Rongpi, leader of the Autonomous State Demand Committee of the Karbi Anglong District and Lok Sabha member, was a member of the IPF Central Committee.

History

Foundation

In 1979, the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation held a conference which sanctioned the formation of an open mass organisation. The idea was conceptualized by the general secretary Vinod Mishra to enable the party to organise with other democratic forces on the lines of a "popular, democratic and patriotic programme" and participate in electoral politics. The party had been underground since the imposition of the Emergency in India. The Indian People's Front (IPF) was launched in a conference organised by the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation which was held in Delhi between 24–26 April 1982. The conference was attended by the splinter factions of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) led by Nagbhushan Patnaik and Chandra Pulla Reddy. It was intended to project itself as a "national alternative" to the Indira Gandhi led Indian National Congress. In the beginning, the front was projected as a united front of different revolutionary groups but most other factions dropped out during its formation and it effectively became a mass organisation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation. Satyanarayan Singh publicly denounced and ridiculed the notion of the front becoming a "national alternative". On 15 October 1982, the front organised a mass rally against the Bihar Press Bill which witnessed a participation of 100,000 people according to mainstream media sources.

Second conference

The IPF held its second conference in Kolkata between 4–6 November 1984, in midst of the turmoil following the assassination of Indira Gandhi. It contested 49 seats in the 1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election but failed to win a single seat. On 19 April 1986, the police opened fire on a protest gathering of landless farmers which (primarily dalits) resulting in the deaths of 23 people in Arwal, Bihar. Civil rights activists described the massacre as part of a systematic eradication of the moblisation of impoverished people by branding them as "Naxalite" and killing them in police encounters in collaboration with private armies and militias of rich zamindars (landlords) such as the Ranvir Sena. In August, the IPF organised an armed gherao (picketing) of the Bihar Legislative Assembly in protest of the massacre. The protest is claimed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation, to mark a new phase in the assertiveness of revolutionary democratic forces. In the same year, the front organised a "national convention of women" in Kolkata which saw a participation of around 1000 women. The convention took the initiative of giving attention to women's issues while attempting to foster cooperation and synthesis between communist women's organisations and autonomous women's groups. In an address to the convention, the president of the women's cell of the front stated that feminism and Marxism were complementary ideologies. The front also organised an "all India worker's convention" in Ambernath, near Mumbai in November 1987, with trade union leader Datta Samant as the convener.

Mandal comission & Economic liberalisation

In the 1989 Indian general election, the IPF was able to win the Arrah constituency in Bihar with Rameshwar Prasad as the candidate. The organisation was also able to win 7 seats and secure the second highest vote share in 14 constituencies in the 1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. Over the years, it had been able to acquire a large share of the Scheduled Caste voters from the Indian National Congress in Bihar. The front took the position of supporting reservations solely on the basis of social and educational backwardness and supported the implementation of the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. During the economic liberalisation in India, it launched campaigns against price hikes and for the right to work, adopting a traditional leftist discourse. On 8 October 1990, a national rally with the slogan of dam bandho kaam do (check prices and give jobs) was organised in Delhi by the front. In the same month, the IPF organised a mass rally in Patna which was noted to be the largest rally in the recorded history of the city.

In the 1991 Indian general election, the front lost the seat of Arrah constituency but was able to send a member to the parliament through the Autonomous State Demand Committee in the Karbi Anglong constituency. In the same year, four of its members defected to the Janata Dal under the leadership of Lalu Prasad Yadav at the height polarisation on the Mandal issue. In Uttar Pradesh, the party publication Liberation accused the Samajwadi Party of targeting the cadre and lower caste support base of the Indian People's Front with state violence and then providing them with protection if they defected preventing it from successfully organising the way it had in Bihar. On 14 February 1992, in the wake of rising Hindu nationalism in India, the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (farmer's union affiliated to the Bharatiya Janata Party) killed 14 Scheduled caste landless labourers for supporting the Indian People's Front in Tikshora village near Patna. At the same time, the front was able to expand its footprint in Punjab when its candidate Surjan Singh won the Joga constituency in the 1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election.

Disbandment

In December 1992, the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation held its fifth congress in Kolkata. Following which the party came out of the underground and eventually disbanded the Indian People's Front in 1994. The Samajik Parivartan Rally (Social Change Rally) on 18 March 1994, was the last rally called by the front. The rally was reported to be a gathering of tens of thousands of bare-footed and malnourished workers who had marched to Patna from all over Bihar; some having traveled over 100 kilometers on foot to reach the venue. At the time, political observers described the front to be the fastest growing leftist movement in India. From 1995 onward the the party began contesting elections on its own, substituting the role of the former front.

Affiliates

The Bihar Jhuggi-Jhopri Bashi Sangha (BJJBS), an organization of slum dwellers in Patna, was a major affiliate of IPF in Bihar. The popular anti-liquor movement in Uttarakhand was also a constituent of IPF from the founding conference.

References

  1. United States. JPRS Report. Near East & South Asia. : Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 1987. p. 50
  2. Attar Chand. President Shankar Dayal Sharma, the Scholar and the Statesman. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications, 1992. p. 128
  3. Dutta, Madhusree, Flavia, and Neera Adarkar. The Nation, the State, and Indian Identity. Calcutta: Samya, 1996. p. 129
  4. Sen, Arindam. The Life of Vinod Mishra Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Karat, Prakash. Naxalism Today; At an Ideological Deadend. The Marxist, Volume: 3, No. 1, January- March 1985
  6. ^ "Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation". Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 18 February 2009 suggested (help)
  7. Omvedt, Gail. Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India. London; Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993. p. 163
  8. Joshi, Barbara R. Untouchable! Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement. Women in the Third World. London: Zed Books, 1986. pp. 101-102
  9. ^ Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation. 30 years of CPI(ML) Archived February 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Nedumpara, Jose J. (2004). Political Economy and Class Contradictions: A Study. New Delhi: Anmol Publication. p. 114. ISBN 978-81261-171-85.
  11. Ahmed, Farzand (31 May 1986). "Arwal massacre: Bihar CM Bindeshwari Dubey justify police action". India Today. Retrieved 5 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. Omvedt, Gail (1993). Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India. Armonk & London: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 207–208. ISBN 0-87332-784-5.
  13. Nedumpara, Jose J. Political Economy and Class Contradictions: A Study. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2004. p. 114
  14. Nedumpara, Jose J. Political Economy and Class Contradictions: A Study. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2004. p. 5
  15. ^ Pai, Sudha, ed. (2007). "National Seminar on Uttar Pradesh in the 1990s: Critical Perspectives". Political Process in Uttar Pradesh: Identity, Economic Reforms, and Governance. New Delhi: Pearson Longman. p. 168. ISBN 81-317-0797-0.
  16. Omvedt, Gail (1993). Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India. Armonk & London: M. E. Sharpe. p. 233. ISBN 0-87332-784-5.
  17. Nedumpara, Jose J. (2004). Political Economy and Class Contradictions: A Study. New Delhi: Anmol Publication. p. 120. ISBN 978-81261-171-85.
  18. Aggarwal, J. C., and S. P. Agrawal. Modern History of Punjab: A Look Back into Ancient Peaceful Punjab Focusing Confrontation and Failures Leading to Present Punjab Problem, and a Peep Ahead : Relevant Select Documents. Concepts in communication informatics & librarianship, 37. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co, 1992. p. 192
  19. Joshi, Barbara R. Untouchable! Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement. Women in the Third World. London: Zed Books, 1986. pp. 101-102
  20. Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation. 30 years of CPI(ML) Archived February 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
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