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Revision as of 17:08, 15 December 2020

"'91" redirects here. For the hip hop album, see Jamie Grace. This article is about the year 1991. For other uses, see 1991 (disambiguation).

Calendar year

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century 20th century 21st century
Decades:	1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
Years:	1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

1991 by topic
Subject
Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Awards Comics Film Literature Poetry Meteorology Music Country Heavy metal Hip hop Jazz Latin Rail transport Radio Science Spaceflight Sports Football Television American Australian Belgian Brazilian British Scottish Canadian Danish Irish Italian Video games
By country
Afghanistan Argentina Australia Bangladesh Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Colombia Denmark Finland France Germany India Ireland Iran Israel Japan Kuwait Luxembourg Malaysia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal Russia Singapore South Africa South Korea Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Zimbabwe
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law
Birth and death categories
Births Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments Disestablishments
Works category
Works Introductions
v t e

1991 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1991 MCMXCI
Ab urbe condita	2744
Armenian calendar	1440 ԹՎ ՌՆԽ
Assyrian calendar	6741
Baháʼí calendar	147–148
Balinese saka calendar	1912–1913
Bengali calendar	1397–1398
Berber calendar	2941
British Regnal year	39 Eliz. 2 – 40 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar	2535
Burmese calendar	1353
Byzantine calendar	7499–7500
Chinese calendar	庚午年 (Metal Horse) 4688 or 4481 — to — 辛未年 (Metal Goat) 4689 or 4482
Coptic calendar	1707–1708
Discordian calendar	3157
Ethiopian calendar	1983–1984
Hebrew calendar	5751–5752
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	2047–2048
- Shaka Samvat	1912–1913
- Kali Yuga	5091–5092
Holocene calendar	11991
Igbo calendar	991–992
Iranian calendar	1369–1370
Islamic calendar	1411–1412
Japanese calendar	Heisei 3 (平成３年)
Javanese calendar	1923–1924
Juche calendar	80
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4324
Minguo calendar	ROC 80 民國80年
Nanakshahi calendar	523
Thai solar calendar	2534
Tibetan calendar	阳金马年 (male Iron-Horse) 2117 or 1736 or 964 — to — 阴金羊年 (female Iron-Goat) 2118 or 1737 or 965
Unix time	662688000 – 694223999

1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1991st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 991st year of the 2nd millennium, the 91st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1990s decade.

Calendar year

It was the final year of the Cold War that had begun in 1947. During the year, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics fell, leaving fifteen sovereign republics and the CIS in its place. In July 1991, India abandoned its policies of socialism and autarky and began extensive neoliberal changes to its economy. This increased GDP, but also increased economic inequality over the next two decades. A U.N.-authorized coalition force from 34 nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded and annexed Kuwait in the previous year, 1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East. The clash between Serbia and the other Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, which ran through the rest of the decade.

The Japanese asset price bubble burst this year, leading to the Lost Years and a permanently stagnated (though still prosperous) Japanese economy.

Events

January

January 1
- Czechoslovakia becomes the second Eastern European country to abandon its command economy.
- The first anti-stalking law, passed in 1990, goes into effect in California.
January 2 – Salvadoran Civil War: Salvadoran rebels shoot down a U.S. Army helicopter and kill its surviving crew.
January 4 – The U.N. Security Council votes unanimously to condemn Israel's treatment of the Palestinians.
January 5 – Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, starting the 1991–92 South Ossetia War.
January 7 – 1991 Haitian coup d'état: An attempted coup by Tonton Macoute, an associate of former dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier, is thwarted by Loyalist troops in Haiti. On July 30, he is convicted by a jury of attempting to overthrow the country's first democratically elected government.
January 9
- Gulf War: U.S. Secretary of State James Baker meets with the Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz, but fails to produce a plan for Iraq to withdraw its troops from Kuwait.
- In Sebokeng, South Africa, gunmen open fire on mourners attending the funeral of an African National Congress leader, killing 13 people.
January 12 – Gulf War: The U.S. Congress passes a resolution authorizing the use of military force to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait.
January 13 – Singing Revolution: Soviet forces storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence, killing 14 civilians and injuring 702 more. In Latvia, a series of confrontations between the Latvian government and the Soviet government take place in Riga.
January 15
- Gulf War: The U.N. deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of Operation Desert Storm.
- Prime Minister of Cape Verde Pedro Pires resigns following his party's loss in the Cape Verdean parliamentary election, the first ever multiparty election in an African nation.
January 16 – Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq.
January 17 – Gulf War: Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel. Iraqi attacks continue with 15 people injured in Tel Aviv on January 19 and 96 people injured in Ramat Gan on January 22.
January 18 – Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years of operations, citing financial problems. Later on December 4, Pan American World Airways ceases its operations.
January 22 – Gulf War: The British Army SAS patrol, Bravo Two Zero, is deployed in Iraq.
January 24 – The government of Papua New Guinea signs a peace agreement with separatist leaders from Bougainville Island, ending fighting that had gone on since 1988.
January 26 – President Siad Barre is overthrown and Somalia enters a civil war. Three days later, Ali Mahdi Muhammad is inaugurated as the next president.
January 29
- In South Africa, Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress and Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the Inkatha Freedom Party agree to end violence between the two organizations.
- Gulf War: The first major ground engagement of the war, the Battle of Khafji, begins. The battle lasts until February 1.

February

February 1
- USAir Flight 1493 collides with a SkyWest Airlines Fairchild Metroliner at Los Angeles International Airport, killing 34 people.
- A 6.4 mb Hindu Kush earthquake causes severe damage in northeast Afghanistan, leaving 848 dead and 200 injured.
February 7
- 1991 Haitian coup d'état: Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. He is ousted on September 30 and later reinstated in 1994. In response to the coup and in an effort to encourage the coup leaders to restore democracy, the U.S. expands trade sanctions on Haiti to include all goods except food and medicine on October 29.
- The Provisional Irish Republican Army launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street during a cabinet meeting.
- Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabian border and enter Kuwait, thus starting the ground phase of the war.
February 11 – The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is formed in The Hague, Netherlands.
February 13 – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad, killing hundreds of Iraqis. US military intelligence claims it was a military facility while Iraqi officials identify it as a bomb shelter.
February 15 – The Visegrad Agreement, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is signed by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.
February 16 – Singing Revolution: The Council of Lithuania declares the independence of Lithuania, ending decades of Soviet rule over the country.
February 17 – The Cape Verdean presidential election, Cape Verde's first multiparty presidential election since 1975, is won by António Mascarenhas Monteiro.
February 18 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army explodes bombs in the early morning, at both Paddington station and Victoria station, in London.
February 20 – President of Albania Ramiz Alia dismisses the government of Prime Minister Adil Çarçani and appoints Fatos Nano as the next prime minister in an effort to stem pro-democracy protests.
February 22 – Gulf War: Iraq accepts a Soviet-proposed cease fire agreement. The U.S. rejects the agreement, but says that retreating Iraqi forces will not be attacked if they leave Kuwait within 24 hours.
February 23 – In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong deposes Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan in a bloodless coup d'état.
February 25 – Gulf War: Part of an Iraqi Scud missile hits an American military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 29 U.S. soldiers and injuring 99 more. It is the single-most devastating attack on U.S. forces during the war.
February 26 – Gulf War: On Baghdad radio, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they retreat which last until November 7.
February 27
- Gulf War: U.S. President Bush declares victory over Iraq and orders a cease-fire. U.S. troops begin to leave the Persian Gulf on March 10.
- In the Bangladeshi general election, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party wins 139 of 300 seats in the Jatiyo Sangshad, leading BNP leader Khaleda Zia to become the president on March 19.

March

March 3
- Singing Revolution: Voters in Estonia and Latvia vote more than 3-to-1 in favor of independence from the Soviet Union.
- United Airlines Flight 585 crashes in Colorado Springs, Colorado, killing all 25 people on board.
- The São Tomé and Príncipe presidential election, the first presidential election in the country's history, is won by Miguel Trovoada.
March 6 – Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar resigns following a dispute with former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, whose support had kept him in power.
March 9 – Massive demonstrations are held against Slobodan Milošević in Belgrade; two people are killed and tanks are deployed in the streets.
March 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: In the Salvadoran legislative election, the Nationalist Republican Alliance wins 39 of the 48 seats in the legislative assembly.
March 11 – A curfew is imposed on black townships in South Africa after fighting between rival political gangs killed 49.
March 13
- The U.S. Department of Justice announces that Exxon has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.
- The Acid Rain Treaty of 1991 is signed between the American and Canadian governments.
March 14 – Gulf War: The Emir of Kuwait, Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, returns to Kuwait after seven months of exile in Saudi Arabia.
March 15
- Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the U.K., the U.S., and the U.S.S.R.) relinquish all remaining rights to the country.
- The U.S. and Albania resume diplomatic relations for the first time since 1939.
March 17
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In a national referendum, the people of the Soviet Union vote in favor of keeping the 15 Soviet republics together, with the pro-unity position gaining 77% of the vote. Six Union Republics effectively boycott the referendum.
- In the Finnish parliamentary election, the Centre Party wins 55 of 200 seats in the parliament, ending 25 years of dominance by the Social Democratic Party of Finland.
March 23 – The Sierra Leone Civil War begins when the Revolutionary United Front attempts a coup against the Sierra Leone government.
March 24 – The Beninese presidential election, Benin's first presidential election since 1970, is won by Nicéphore Soglo.
March 26
- In Mali, military officers led by Amadou Toumani Touré arrest President Moussa Traoré and suspend the constitution.
- Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay sign the Treaty of Asunción, establishing Mercosur.
March 31
- Albania holds its first multi-party elections since 1923. The socialist ruling Party of Labour of Albania won a landslide victory with 169 of the 250 seats in the parliament.
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Georgia votes for independence from the Soviet Union while on April 9, the Supreme Council declares the independent Republic of Georgia.

April

April 2 – Government-imposed prices increase double or triple the cost of consumer goods in the Soviet Union.
April 3 – Iraq disarmament crisis: The U.N. Security Council passes Resolution 687, which calls for the destruction or removal of all of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons. The resolution also calls for a complete ban of ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 km and an end to its support for international terrorism. Iraq accepts the terms of the resolution three days later.
April 4
- U.S. Senator John Heinz and six other people are killed when a helicopter collides with their plane over Merion, Pennsylvania.
- Forty people are taken hostage in Sacramento, California; six gunmen and hostages are killed.
April 5
- Former U.S. Senator John Tower and 22 others are killed in an airplane crash in Brunswick, Georgia.
- Space Shuttle Atlantis leaves an observatory in Earths orbit to study gamma rays before returning on April 11. It is followed by Space Shuttle Discovery, which studies instruments related to the Strategic Defense Initiative from April 29 to May 6. Space Shuttle Columbia carries the Spacelab into orbit on June 5.
April 9 – The first Soviet troops leave Poland.
April 10
- A South Atlantic tropical cyclone develops in the Southern Hemisphere off the coast of Angola, the first of its kind to be documented by weather satellites.
- The Italian ferry Moby Prince collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy, resulting in the deaths of 140 of those on board, from fire or toxic fumes, and leaving only one survivor.
April 14 – In the Netherlands, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. Less than an hour later they are found in an abandoned car near the museum.
April 15
- The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is inaugurated.
- End of Apartheid: The European Economic Community lifts economic sanctions on South Africa.
April 16 – 18 – Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev begins the first ever visit of a Soviet leader to Japan, but fails to resolve the two countries' dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands.
April 17 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 3,000 for the first time ever, at 3,004.46.
April 18 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq declares some of its chemical weapons and materials to the UN, as required by Resolution 687, and claims that it does not have a biological weapons program.
April 19 – George Carey is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, the spiritual leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion.
April 22 – A 7.7 M_w Limon earthquake affects Costa Rica and Panama with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), causing 47–87 deaths and 109–759 injuries.
April 26
- A series of 55 tornadoes break out in the central U.S., killing 21. The most notable tornado strikes Andover, Kansas.
- Esko Aho, age 36, becomes the youngest-ever Prime Minister of Finland.
April 29
- A tropical cyclone hits Bangladesh, killing an estimated 138,000 people.
- A 7.0 M_w earthquake in Racha, Georgia, kills 270 people.
April 29 – 30 – In Lesotho, a bloodless coup ousts military ruler Justin Lekhanya. He is replaced on May 2 as Chairman of the Military Council by Elias Phisoana Ramaema.

May

May 1
- In Taiwan, the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion are abolished, having been in effect for 43 years.
- Angolan Civil War: The MPLA and UNITA agree to the Bicesse Accords, which are formally signed on May 31 in Lisbon.
May 6 – In the U.S., Time magazine publishes "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power", an article highly critical of the Scientology movement.
May 12 – Nepal holds its first multiparty legislative election since 1959.
May 14 – Elizabeth II arrives in Washington, D.C. for a 13-day royal visit. Two days later, she becomes the first British monarch to address the U.S. Congress.
May 15 – Édith Cresson becomes France's first female prime minister.
May 18 – Somaliland secedes from Somalia.
May 19 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: In the Croatian independence referendum, voters in the Socialist Republic of Croatia vote to leave Yugoslavia.
May 21 – At Sriperumbudur in India, a suicide bomber, Thenmozhi Rajaratnam, attacks a political meeting, killing former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and at least 14 others, and injuring dozens of people.
- Ethiopian Civil War: Mengistu Haile Mariam, president of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, flees Ethiopia to Zimbabwe, effectively bringing the Ethiopian Civil War to an end.
May 22 – Acting Prime Minister of South Korea Ro Jai-bong resigns in the wake of rioting following a beating death of a student by police on April 26. He is succeeded by Chung Won-shik two days later.
May 24 – Following authorisation by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Operation Solomon commences.
May 26 – Lauda Air Boeing 767 crashes near Bangkok, Thailand, killing all 223 people on board.
May 28 – Ethiopian Civil War: The forces of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front seize the capital Addis Ababa.

June

June 3
- Mount Unzen in Japan erupts, killing 46 people as a result of pyroclastic flow.
- Ethiopian Civil War: Derg insurgents explode an ammunition dump in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia held by the new pro-US anti-communist Ethiopian government.
June 4
- Fatos Nano resigns as Prime Minister of Albania following a nationwide strike. President of Albania Ramiz Alia appoints Ylli Bufi as his successor.
- The largest solar flare ever recorded triggers an anomalously large aurora as far south as Pennsylvania.
June 5
- President of Algeria Chadli Bendjedid dismisses Prime Minister of Algeria Mouloud Hamrouche following 11 days of protests against the government and replaces him with Sid Ahmed Ghozali.
- End of Apartheid: South Africa repeals the last legal foundations of apartheid.
June 7 – Approximately 200,000 people attend a parade of 8,800 returning Persian Gulf War troops in Washington, D.C.
June 9 – A major collapse at the Emaswati Colliery in Swaziland traps 26 miners 65 meters below the surface; they are rescued 30 hours later.
June 12
- Boris Yeltsin is elected President of the Russian SFSR; he officially begins his term on July 10.
- Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers kill 152 civilians in Kokkadichcholai.
- Party of Labour of Albania is dissolved and succeeded by the Socialist Party of Albania, marking the end of communist rule in Albania.
June 15
- In the Philippines, Mount Pinatubo erupts in the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century; the final death toll exceeds 800.
- The Indian general elections end; the Indian National Congress wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. Six days later, Congress leader P. V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister of India
June 17
- End of Apartheid: The South African Parliament repeals the Population Registration Act, which had required racial classification of all South Africans at birth.
- Former U.S. President Zachary Taylor is exhumed to discover whether his death was caused by arsenic poisoning instead of acute gastrointestinal illness; no trace of arsenic is found.
- In Northern Ireland, the four main political parties begin talks on restoring self-government.
- U.S. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall announces plans to retire. On July 1, Clarence Thomas is nominated as his replacement and on October 15, he is confirmed.
June 20 – In West Germany, the Bundestag votes to move the capital from Bonn to Berlin.
June 23 – 28 – Iraq disarmament crisis: U.N. inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles.
June 25 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatia and Slovenia declare their independence from Yugoslavia.
June 28 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Comecon is dissolved in Moscow, Russia.

July

July 1
- In the U.S., telephone services go down in Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, and San Francisco as a result of a software bug, affecting nearly twelve million customers.
- The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
- The world's first GSM telephone call is made in Finland.
July 2 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Fighting breaks out when the Yugoslav People's Army attacks secessionists in Slovenia. The war ends on July 7 following the Brioni Agreement.
July 4 – President of Colombia César Gaviria lifts the 7-year-long state of emergency.
July 9
- End of Apartheid: The International Olympic Committee readmits South Africa to the Olympics. The next day, U.S. President Bush terminates 1986-enacted U.S. sanctions on South Africa.
- Iran–Contra affair: Alan Fiers agrees to plead guilty to two charges of lying to the U.S. Congress. Later on September 16, D.C. Judge Gerhard Gesell issues a ruling clearing Col. Oliver North of all charges.
July 11
- A solar eclipse of record totality occurs in the Northern hemisphere. It is seen by 20 million people in Hawaii, Mexico, and Colombia.
- Nigeria Airways Flight 2120, a Douglas DC-8 operated by Canadian airline Nolisair, catches fire and crashes soon after takeoff from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing all 261 people on board.
July 15 – Chemical Bank and Manufacturers Hanover Corporation amalgamate, becoming the largest bank merger in history.
July 16 - Soviet President Gorbachev arrives in London to ask for aid from the leaders of the G7.

July 18 – The governments of Mauritania and Senegal sign a treaty ending the Mauritania–Senegal Border War, which had been fought since 1989.
July 22 – U.S. boxer Mike Tyson is arrested and charged with the rape of Miss Black America contestant Desiree Washington three days earlier, in Indianapolis, Indiana.
July 24 – Finance Minister of India Manmohan Singh announces a new industrial policy, marking the start of economic liberalisation in India.
July 25 – British astronomers announce they have found what appears to be an extrasolar planet.
July 29 – In New York City, a grand jury indicts Bank of Credit and Commerce International of the largest bank fraud in history, accusing the bank of defrauding depositors of US$5 billion.
July 31
- U.S. President Bush and Soviet President Gorbachev sign START I, a treaty limiting strategic nuclear weapons.
- Singing Revolution: Soviet Special Purpose Police Unit (OMON) forces kill seven Lithuanian customs officials in Medininkai. It is the deadliest of the Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts.

August

"August 1991" redirects here. For the film, see August 1991 (film).

August 1 – Israel agrees to participate in the Madrid Conference of 1991, which are opened on October 30. They are the first direct negotiations between Israel and an Arab state in history.
August 4 – The cruise liner MTS Oceanos sinks off the coast of South Africa, leading to the rescue of all 571 passengers on board by SAAF helicopters.
August 6 – Tim Berners-Lee announces the World Wide Web project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, "info.cern.ch", is created.
August 7 – Shapour Bakhtiar, former prime minister of Iran, is assassinated.
August 8 – The Warsaw radio mast, the tallest structure at the time, collapses.
August 11 – The first three Nicktoons: Doug, Rugrats and The Ren & Stimpy Show, begin airing on Nickelodeon.
August 17 – The remains of the Prussian King Frederick the Great are re-interred in Potsdam, Germany.
August 17 – 20 – Hurricane Bob hits North Carolina and New England, killing 17 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage.
August 19 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while vacationing in Crimea during an attempted coup. The coup, led by Vice President Gennady Yanayev and seven hard-liners, collapses in less than 72 hours. The coup is protested by over 100,000 people outside the parliament building. He returns to Moscow three days later and arrests the coup leaders.
August 20 – Singing Revolution: Estonia restores its independence from the Soviet Union, followed by Latvia the next day. Two days later, Iceland becomes the first nation to recognize their and Lithuania's independence.

August 23 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russia restores the white-blue-red tricolour as its national flag.
August 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukraine declares independence, followed by Belarus the next day, from Soviet Union.
August 25
- Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Serbian aggression (Yugoslav People's Army and Chetniks) starts on Croatian town Vukovar.
- Student Linus Torvalds posts messages to Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix about the new operating system kernel he had developed.
- Michael Schumacher, regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in history, makes his Formula One debut at the Belgian Grand Prix.
August 27 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Moldova declares independence.
August 29
- Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Maronite general Michel Aoun leaves Lebanon via a French ship into exile.
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Boris Yeltsin bans and dissolves the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
August 30 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Azerbaijan declares independence from Soviet Union. It is followed by Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan the next day and Tajikistan on September 9.

September

September 2 – Singing Revolution: The US re-recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and reopens its embassies there. Four days later, the Soviet Union recognizes their independence.
September 3 – In Hamlet, North Carolina, a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.
September 4 – Sverdlovsk's name is restored to its pre-communist–era name Yekaterinburg. Two days later, Leningrad is renamed St. Petersburg.
September 5 – 7 – At the 35th Annual Tailhook Symposium in Las Vegas, California, 83 women and 7 men are assaulted.
September 5 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union self-dissolves, being replaced by Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and State Council of the Soviet Union.
September 8 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent, beginning a name dispute with Greece.
September 11
- Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Israel releases 51 Arab prisoners and the bodies of nine guerrillas, paving the way for the release of the last western hostages in Lebanon.
- The Soviet Union announces plans to withdraw Soviet military and economic aid to Cuba.
September 15 – In the Swedish general election, the Social Democrats suffer their worst election results in 60 years, leading to the resignation of Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson.
September 17 – North Korea, South Korea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands, and Micronesia join the UN.
September 19 – Ötzi the Iceman is found in the Alps.
September 21 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union. Nearly a month later on October 27, Turkmenistan declares its independence. Kazakhstan follows suit on December 16.
September 21 – 30 – Iraq disarmament crisis: IAEA inspectors discover files on Iraq's hidden nuclear weapons program. Iraqi officials refuse to let them leave the site with the documents, prompting a standoff that continues until the UN Security Council threatens enforcement actions on Iraq.
September 22 – The Huntington Library makes the Dead Sea Scrolls available to the public for the first time.
September 24
- Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release Jackie Mann after more than two years of captivity.
- The so-called "best day in music history" occurs; when Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Soundgarden release their breakout albums Nevermind, Blood Sugar Sex Magik, and Badmotorfinger respectively.
September 25 – Salvadoran Civil War: Representatives of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front reach an agreement with President of El Salvador Alfredo Cristiani, setting the stage for the end of the war.
September 27 – U.S. President Bush announces unilateral reductions in short-range nuclear weapons and calls off 24-hour alerts for long-range bombers. The Soviet Union responds with similar unilateral reductions on October 5.
September 29 – Salvadoran Civil War: An army colonel of the Atlacatl Battalion is found guilty of the 1989 murders of six Jesuits.
September 30 – A tornado destroys parts of Itu, Brazil, killing 16 people and leaving 176 others injured.

October

October 1 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Forces of the Yugoslav People's Army surround Dubrovnik, beginning the Siege of Dubrovnik, which lasts until May 31, 1992.
October 3
- End of Apartheid: Nadine Gordimer, whose work was once suppressed because of its scathing criticism of apartheid in South Africa, is awarded the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature.
- Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Tom Foley announces the closure of the House Bank by the end of the year after revelations that House members have written numerous bad checks.
October 6 – President Gorbachev condemns antisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacres, which saw the death of 35,000 Jews in Ukraine.
October 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Air Force bombs the office of Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, causing the Croatian Parliament to cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia the next day.
October 11
- In the Russian SFSR, the KGB is replaced by the SVR, with the KGB officially ending operations on November 6.
- Iraq disarmament crisis: The U.N. Security Council passes Resolution 715, demanding that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the Special Commission." Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful".
October 12 – Askar Akayev is confirmed as the first president of Kyrgyzstan in an uncontested poll.
October 13 – In the Bulgarian parliamentary election, the Union of Democratic Forces defeats the Bulgarian Socialist Party, leaving no remaining Communist governments in Eastern Europe.
October 14 – Aung San Suu Kyi, a Burmese opposition politician, wins the Nobel Peace prize.
October 18 – The Soviet Union restores its diplomatic relations with Israel, which had been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War.
October 20
- The Harare Declaration is signed in Harare, Zimbabwe, laying down the Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria.
- A large suburban firestorm centered in Oakland Hills, California, kills 25 people and destroys 3,469 homes.
- A 6.8 M_w earthquake strikes Uttarkashi, India, killing more than 1,000 people.
October 21 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who has been held hostage for more than four years, is released.
October 23 – In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the Cambodian genocide. The deal ends the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of the U.N. Transitional Authority in Cambodia.
October 27 – The first free parliamentary elections since 1928 are held in Poland.
October 28 – November 4 – The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern U.S. coast and Atlantic Canada, causing over US$200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.
October 29 – NASA's Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.
October 31 – November 3 – The Halloween blizzard hits the U.S. Upper Midwest, killing 22 people and causing US$100 million in damage.

November

A severely damaged brick and concrete tower, pierced with numerous shell holes — Symbol of Vukovar; Croatian War of Independence

November 4 – 5 – End of Apartheid: The African National Congress leads a general strike, demanding representation in the government and an end to the value-added tax.
November 5 – China and Vietnam restore diplomatic relations after a 13-year rift which followed the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War.
November 6 – The CPSU and its republic-level division, the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR, are banned in the Russian SFSR by a presidential decree.
November 7 – The first report on carbon nanotubes is published by Sumio Iijima in Nature.
November 8 – Hong Kong begins the forcible repatriation of Vietnamese boat people, starting with a group of 59 who were flown to Hanoi.
November 9 – The British JET fusion reactor generates 1.5 MW output power.
November 14
- American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan intelligence officials in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103.
- Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after 13 years of exile.
- Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Kidnappers in Lebanon set Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland free.
November 18
- Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The forces of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Serb paramilitaries take the Croatian town of Vukovar after the 87-day Battle of Vukovar. They kill more than 260 Croatian prisoners of war.
- An Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 helicopter carrying a 19-member peacekeeping mission team with officials and journalists from Russia, Kazakhstan, and Azerbaijan is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend district, Azerbaijan.
November 21 – The UN Security Council recommends Egypt's deputy prime minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali to be the next Secretary-General of the UN.
November 23 – Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain vote to dissolve the party and found the think-tank Democratic Left in its place.
November 24 – Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury dies in London from AIDS induced pneumonia. In an unrelated incident, Kiss drummer Eric Carr dies from heart cancer.
November 26 – The National Assembly of Azerbaijan abolishes the autonomous status of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and renames several cities to their Azeri names.
November 27 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The UN Security Council unanimously adopts a resolution opening the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia.

December

December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for independence from the Soviet Union in a referendum.
December 4
- Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Journalist Terry A. Anderson is released after seven years' captivity as a hostage in Beirut (the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon).
- John Leonard Orr, one of the most prolific serial arsonists of the 20th century, is arrested in California.
December 8
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine sign an agreement ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.
December 11 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatian forces kill 18 Serbs and one Hungarian in the village of Paulin Dvor, Croatia.
December 12
- The government of Nigeria moves the capital from Lagos to Abuja.
- Ukraine becomes the first post-Soviet republic to decriminalize homosexuality.
December 15 – The Egyptian ferry Salem Express sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450.
December 16 – UN General Assembly Resolution 3379: The UN General Assembly adopts UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86 which states that zionism is not racism, repealing a previous resolution adopted in 1975.
December 19
- Paul Keating defeats Bob Hawke in a Labor Party leadership ballot and consequently becomes the Prime Minister of Australia; he is sworn in the following day.
- Skarnsund Bridge opens in Norway, becoming the world's longest cable-stayed bridge for two years with a span of 530 metres (1,739 ft).
December 21 – The North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NAC-C) meets for the first time.
December 22 – 1991-92 Georgian coup d'état: Armed opposition groups launch a military coup against President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia.
December 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin sends a letter to UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, stating that Russia should be a successor to the collapsing Soviet Union within the UN Organization.
December 25
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union, from which most republics have already seceded, anticipating the dissolving of the 69-year-old state.
- The Russian SFSR officially renames itself the Russian Federation.
December 26 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Supreme Soviet meets for the last time, formally dissolves the Soviet Union, and adjourns sine die, ending the Cold War. All remaining Soviet institutions eventually cease operation on December 31.