Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Gmandian (talk | contribs) at 11:55, 12 July 2023. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Long March 10

1:10 scale model of the Long March 10 at the National Museum of China
Function	Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
Manufacturer	China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology
Country of origin	People's Republic of China
Size
Height	89–93.2 m (292–306 ft)
Diameter	5.0 m (16.4 ft)
Mass	2,187,000–2,189,000 kg (4,822,000–4,826,000 lb)
Stages	3
Capacity
Payload to Low Earth orbit
Mass	70,000 kg (150,000 lb)
Payload to Trans-lunar injection
Mass	27,000 kg (60,000 lb)
Associated rockets
Family	Long March (rocket family)
Comparable	Space Launch System (Block 1) Falcon Heavy Energia New Glenn
Launch history
Status	In development
Boosters
No. boosters	2
Diameter	5 m (16 ft)
Powered by	7 YF-100K
Maximum thrust	Sea level: 8,750 kN (1,970,000 lbf) Vacuum: 9,772 kN (2,197,000 lbf)
Total thrust	Sea level: 17,500 kN (3,900,000 lbf) Vacuum: 19,544 kN (4,394,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	Sea level: 301.6 s (2.958 km/s) Vacuum: 337 s (3.30 km/s)
Propellant	RP-1 / LOX
First stage
Diameter	5 m (16 ft)
Powered by	7 YF-100K
Maximum thrust	Sea level: 8,750 kN (1,970,000 lbf) Vacuum: 9,772 kN (2,197,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	Sea level: 301.6 s (2.958 km/s) Vacuum: 337 s (3.30 km/s)
Propellant	RP-1 / LOX
Second stage
Diameter	5 m (16 ft)
Powered by	2 YF-100M
Maximum thrust	2,920 kN (660,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	352.3 s (3.455 km/s)
Propellant	RP-1 / LOX
Third stage
Diameter	5 m (16 ft)
Powered by	3 YF-75E
Maximum thrust	276.3 kN (62,100 lbf)
Specific impulse	451.1 s (4.424 km/s)
Propellant	LH2 / LOX
[edit on Wikidata]

Long March 10 (Chinese: 长征十号), also known as the “Next Generation crewed launch vehicle” (Chinese: 新一代载人运载火箭) or “921 rocket” (Chinese: 921火箭), is a Chinese super-heavy carrier rocket for crewed lunar missions that is currently under development. The nickname "921" refers to the founding date of China's human spaceflight program. Like the Long March 5, it uses 5-meter (16.4 ft) diameter rocket bodies and YF-100K engines, although with 7 engines on each of 3 cores. The launch weight is 2187 tonnes, delivering 25 tonnes into trans-lunar injection. The proposed crewed lunar mission uses two rockets; the crewed spacecraft and lunar landing stack launch separately and rendezvous in lunar orbit. Development was announced at the 2020 China Space Conference. As of 2022, the first flight of this triple-cored rocket is targeted for 2027.

A derivative of the Long March 10 with no boosters and only 2 stages, 7 YF-100K engines on the first stage and a single YF-100M engine on the second stage, is also being planned for future Low Earth orbit crew and cargo transport missions to the Chinese Space Station. This version has a capability to Low Earth Orbit of at least 14 tonnes. The first stage is planned to be recoverable and reusable.

Overview

The Long March 10 is a human-rated super heavy launch vehicle designed to launch China's next-generation crewed spacecraft, as part of its manned space program, codenamed Project 921. Its debut was at the 12th China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in November 2018, where it was announced that the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT) is developing a vehicle with a lunar orbit capacity of up to 30 tons, meeting the requirements for crewed lunar exploration. Documents and presentations in subsequent years depicted modified Long March 5 configurations known as CZ-5DY (pinyin abbreviation for 'Deng Yue' 登月 or lunar landing), CZ-5G, and CZ-5H.

In February 2022, at the "30 Years of China's Manned Spaceflight" exhibition held at the National Museum of China, the model of the next-generation crew launch vehicle was labeled as "Long March 10." An article later published by China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation also used the term "Long March 10" to refer to the rocket.

History

Proposal and development

• 2017
  • China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) initiated preliminary research on the next-generation crew launch vehicle.
  • CASC completes the first test run of the first-stage engine, YF-100K.
• 2018
  • Jun-Jul, CASC completes three test-runs of the second stage engine, YF-100M
  • Nov, a model of the next-generation crew launch vehicle made its first appearance at the 12th Zhuhai Airshow.
• 2019
  • Sep, CASC announced the successful development of the first 5-meter diameter conical bottom structure storage tank, achieving a 15% weight reduction.
  • Oct, a project named "5-meter Diameter Module of the Next-Generation Crew Launch Vehicle - Overall Technology and Engineering Application" successfully passed the acceptance review organized by the CMSA.
  • Nov, CASC announced the successful development of a 5-meter liquid oxygen-kerosene storage tank.
• 2020
  • Oct, full-scale structural prototype of the thrust transfer structure, which parallel-mounts seven new liquid oxygen-kerosene engines on the first stage had been manufactured and completed static load testing.
• 2022
  • Jun 14, CASC conducts the first long-duration ignition test of the third-stage engine, YF-75E 。
  • July 28, CASC conducts static and dynamic test of multiple engines in parallel
  • July 29, CASC conducts high-altitude, high-thrust long-duration test of the YF-75E third-stage engine。
  • Sep-Oct, CASC completes three test runs (650 seconds in total) of the second-stage engine, YF-100M, using a large-sized titanium alloy nozzle extension concept. The engine passed the 105% high-altitude and high mixture ratio assessments and met the overall requirements. 。
  • Oct, CASC announced that the cumulative test duration of the YF-75E third-stage engine had exceeded 10,000 seconds.
  • Nov 26, CASC completes the first two ignition test runs of the YF-100K first-stage engine, achieving breakthroughs in key technologies such as high-pressure staged combustion with two ignitions, low-pressure start-up, and continuous thrust variation for reusable engines
  • Nov-Dec, CASC conducted four consecutive test runs (a total of 2,100 seconds) of the YF-100K first-stage engine, with each engine working more than 8 times the mission duration.
• 2023
  • Feb 24, an exhibition held at the National Museum of China showed the next-generation crew launch vehicle was officially named "Long March 10".
  • March 29, the first eight-piece accumulator successfully passed the cryogenic shock and 1.4 MPa pressure tests. This component is used in the core stage's oxygen delivery system for the Long March 10.
  • May 19, CASC successfully completes grid fin deployment test for the next-generation crew launch vehicle. This test, conducted at the conceptual verification stage, verified the correctness of the grid fin design. The grid fin is an aerodynamic control mechanism for rockets, often referred to as the "small wings" of the rocket. When deployed, it helps maintain the rocket's stability during descent and enables precise landing of the booster stage。
  • May 28, CASC conducted the sixth test run of the YF-100K first-stage engine, with a cumulative test duration of 3,300 seconds, setting a new record for single-engine testing of a Chinese engine in the hundred-ton class.
  • May 29, CMSA commences the lunar landing phase (Phase 4) of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, with the Long March 10 being developed as the main vehicle for the program.
  • June 12, CASC completed the eighth test run of the YF-100K first-stage engine, with a cumulative test duration of 4,400 seconds, once again breaking the record for single-engine testing of a Chinese rocket engine in the hundred-ton class.

Configuration

The standard variant of the vehicle consists of boosters, first, second and third stage cores, escape tower, and fairing. The first-stage core has a diameter of 5.0 meters and is equipped with 7 engines. The second-stage core has a diameter of 5.0 meters and is equipped with 2 engines. The third-stage core has a diameter of 5.0 meters and is equipped with 3 engines.

The vehicle's total length is approximately 90 meters, with a liftoff weight of 2,211 tons. The diameter of its core stage is the same as that of the Long March 5, but its height is about one-third taller. It has a payload capacity of 70 tons to low Earth orbit and 27 tons to lunar orbit.

Features

The vehicle adopts a modular design, allowing for various module combinations to form a series of payloads ranging from 40 tons to 70 tons to low Earth orbit and from 10 tons to 32 tons to geostationary orbit. In the near term, it can be used for demonstration and verification missions in China's lunar exploration program, including lunar orbit and circumlunar missions. In the future, it can be combined with the Long March 9 launch vehicle to establish a lunar base and enable sustainable development and utilization of the Moon.

See also

• China National Space Administration
• Comparison of orbital launchers families
• Comparison of orbital launch systems
• Falcon Heavy
• Long March 9
• Shenzhou spacecraft
• Space program of China

References

1. ^ 汪淼 (2023-02-24). "我国新一代载人运载火箭命名为"长征十号"，将用于登月任务" (in Simplified Chinese). IT之家. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
2. Lund, J. (October 7, 2020). "China's Mysterious Manned Moon Rocket".
3. Jones, Andrew (17 December 2021). "China's new rocket for crewed moon missions to launch around 2026". SpaceNews. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
4. ^ Jones, Andrew (October 1, 2020). "China is building a new rocket to fly its astronauts on the Moon". SPACE.com.
5. Jones, Andrew (October 30, 2020). "China outlines architecture for future crewed moon landings". SpaceNews.
6. Jones, Andrew (11 November 2022). "China's huge new crew-launching moon rocket could fly for 1st time in 2027". Space.com. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
7. ^ 中国航天科技集团. "2030年前实现载人登月！速览火箭飞船研制进展". 微信公众号. Retrieved 2023-05-30.
8. ^ "新一代载人运载火箭三级发动机试验再获成功". 中新网. Archived from the original on 2022-08-24. Retrieved 2022-08-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
9. 许诺; 付毅飞 (2022-07-28). "我国新一代载人火箭有重要进展！_试验_技术_并联". 搜狐 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2022-07-28. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
10. "我国新一代载人火箭二级发动机取得重大突破". 央视网 (in Chinese). 2022-10-27. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
11. 长十火箭栅格舵展开试验成功！
12. "神舟十六号载人飞行任务新闻发布会召开". 中国载人航天官方网站. Retrieved 2023-05-30.
13. "我国载人登月主动力发动机试车时长纪录，再刷新！". 北京日报 (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2023-06-17.

v t e Long March (rocket family)
Rockets	Feng Bao 1 Long March 1 1D Long March 2 2A 2C 2D 2E 2F Long March 3 3A 3B 3B/E 3C Long March 4 4A 4B 4C Long March 5 5B Long March 6 6A 6C Long March 7 7A Long March 8 8A Long March 9 Long March 10 Long March 11 11H Long March 12
Launch sites	Jiuquan Taiyuan Wenchang Commercial Xichang
Manufacturers	China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology
Designers	Wang Xiji
List of Long March launches

• Long March (rocket family)
• Rocket families
• Space launch vehicles of China
• Chinese brands