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|---|---|
| Prince-Bishop of Montenegro | |
 | |
| Native name | Петар I |
| Installed | 1782 |
| Term ended | 1830 |
| Predecessor | Sava II |
| Successor | Peter II |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1784 by Mojsije Putnik |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1748 Njeguši, Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | October 31, 1830 (aged 82) Cetinje, Montenegro |
| Denomination | Serbian Orthodox Christian |
| Residence | Cetinje |
| Parents | Marko Petrović and Anđelija Martinović |
| Coat of arms |  |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | October 31 (Gregorian calendar), October 18 (Julian calendar) |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Title as Saint | St Peter of Cetinje |
| Canonized | by Serbian Orthodox Church |
Petar I Petrović Njegoš (Serbian Cyrillic: Петар I Петровић Његош; 1748 – October 31, 1830) was the ruler of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro as the Metropolitan (vladika) of Cetinje, and Exarch (legate) of the Serbian Orthodox Church throne. He was the most popular spiritual and military leader from the Petrović dynasty. During his long rule, Petar strengthened the state by uniting the often quarreling tribes, consolidating his control over Montenegrin lands and introducing the first laws in Montenegro (Zakonik Petra I). His rule prepared Montenegro for the subsequent introduction of modern institutions of the state: taxes, schools and larger commercial enterprises. He was canonized by the Serbian Church as "St. Peter of Cetinje" (Свети Петар Цетињски).
He was described as "a man of uncommon size, handsome features, considerable talent, and a highly respected character" by Therese Albertine Luise Robinson.
Life
The son of Marko and Anđelija (née Martinović), Petar followed the footsteps of his relatives, becoming a monk and a deacon. He spent four years in Imperial Russia, finishing the Military School (1765–69). Chosen ahead as a future metropolitan by Vasilije Petrović, he had strong support among the clan chieftains. After Sava Petrović's death in 1782, Petar was elected the metropolitan.
He was made a bishop (ordinated) by Mojsije Putnik of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci at Sremski Karlovci on 13 October 1784. During his long trip to Russia that year and the following (1785), Montenegro was attacked by Turkish forces. When Vladika Petar I returned from Russia, he began a war of liberation. At the crucial Battle of Krusi (a village in Lješanska nahija) the Turkish Army of 30,000 led by Mahmut-Paša Bušatlija and assisted with seven French officers was defeated with heavy casualties by a force of 6,000 Montenegrins led by Vladika Petar I (3 Oct. 1796). In this famous battle Mahmut-pasha was killed. After the victory Petar enlarged the territory of Montenegro and became virtually independent of the Ottoman Empire.
During the First Serbian Uprising Petar I began cooperating with Karađorđe, the Serbian rebel leader. Petar I had by that time distinguished himself in international relations, as the bishop and ruler of Montenegro. It was known that Petar was ready to revolt as soon as a favourable opportunity came along. Russian ambassador in Vienna, Razumovski, informed Interior Minister Czartoryski of a secret message received on 13 December 1803 that Petar I had 2,000 armed men, and that he "had taken off his bishop clothes and dressed in military clothing, a general uniform" and that he planned to raise his army to 12,000 men. Knowing that his army would not be able to fight the stronger Ottomans, he sought to unite with the "rebels of Šumadija", and together, with the help of the Russian, turn on the Turks. He messaged Visoki Dečani of his intentions. Petar I was a pen pal of Dositej Obradović.
In 1806, the troops of Napoleonic France advanced toward the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro. The Montenegrin army led by Petar I, aided by several Russian battalions and the fleet of Admiral Dmitry Senyavin pushed them back to Dubrovnik. But soon after, Russian Tsar Alexander I asked Montenegrins to relinquish control of Boka to Austria. However, after Montenegrins retreated to Herceg Novi, Alexander changed his mind again, and with a help of Montenegrins conquered Brač and Korčula. In the meantime, France encouraged Turkey to attack Russia, which withdrew its fleet from the Adriatic to defend the Ionian islands. The Treaty of Tilsit (1807) between Russia and France granted the control of the Bay of Kotor to France. In early 1807, Petar had plans to unite several Serb-inhabited regions into a renewed Serbian Empire. After the Battle of Suvodol and Serbian rebel advance, Karađorđe managed connecting the rebel forces to Montenegro (1809). However, Karađorđe was unable to hold lasting ties with the Serbs of Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as after 1809 the uprising waned.
Petar I waged a successful campaign against the bey of Bosnia in 1819. In 1820, in the north of Montenegro, the highlanders from Morača led by serdar Mrkoje Mijušković won a major battle against the Ottoman Bosnian forces. The repulse of an Ottoman invasion from Albania during the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29) led to the recognition of Montenegrin sovereignty over Piperi. Petar I had managed to unite the Piperi and Bjelopavlići with Montenegro, and when Bjelopavlići and the rest of the Hills (Seven hills) were joined into Peter's state, the polity officially called "Black Mountain (Montenegro) and the Hills".
Ideology
Petar was the conceiver of a plan to form a new Serbian Empire out of Bosnia, Serbia, Herzegovina and Montenegro with Boka, with Dubrovnik as its Imperial Capital. In 1807, he sent a letter to the Russian General of the Danube Army regarding this subject: "The Russian Czar would be recognized as the Tsar of the Serbs and the Metropolitan of Montenegro would be his assistant. The leading role in the restoration of the Serbian Empire belongs to Montenegro."
Canonisation
He was canonised as Saint Peter of Cetinje by his successor Petar II Petrović Njegoš. The Serbian Orthodox Church celebrates him on October 31, Gregorian calendar, which is October 18 in the Julian calendar.
Works
- The Lore in Verse (Поучење у стиховима)
- The Sons of Ivan-bey (Синови Иванбегови)
- Poem to Karageorge (Пјесма Карађорђу)
- To Serb Christmas Eve (Српско Бадњи вече)
References
- Talvj. Historical View of the Language and Literature of the Slavic Nations: With a Sketch of Their Popular Poetry. G.P. Putnam. pp. 120–.
- Bogunović. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBogunović (help)
- Dositej Obradović (1899). Domaća pisma. Srpska književna zadruga. p. 203.
- Јован Милићевић (1994). "Црна Гора 1797-1851, Петар I Петровић, Идеја о обнови српске државе". Историјa српског народа. V (1). Београд: 170–171.
- Ослобођење, независност и уједињење Србије и Црне Горе. Београд. 1999. p. 116.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Morison, W. A. (1942). The Revolt of the Serbs Against the Turks 1804-1913. Cambridge University Press. GGKEY:BRSF4PUC0LU.
- David MacKenzie (1967). The Serbs and Russian Pan-Slavism, 1875-1878. Cornell University Press. p. 4.
- ^ Miller, p. 142
- Etnografski institut (Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti) (1952). Posebna izdanja, Volumes 4-8. Naučno delo. p. 101.
Када, за владе Петра I, црногорсксу држави приступе Б^елопавлиЬи, па после и остала Брда, онда je, званично, „Црна Гора и Брда"
Sources
- William Miller (12 October 2012). The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors 1801-1927. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-26046-9.
- Jevto M. Milović (1987). Petar I Petrović Njegoš: pisma i drugi dokumenti. Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore.
- Branko Pavićević (2007). Petar I Petrović Njegoš. CID.
- Nebojša Bogunović. Iz srpske istorije. eBook Portal. pp. 71–74. GGKEY:TEEA3BSLU7B.
- Вуксан Душан (1951). Петар I Петровић Његош и његово доба. Цетиње.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Лазо М Костић (2000). Његош и српство. Српска радикална странка. ISBN 978-86-7402-035-7.
- Александар Стаматовић (1999). "Митрополија црногорска за вријеме митрополита Петровића". Кратка историја Митрополије Црногорско-приморске (1219-1999).
- Dragoslav Srejović; Slavko Gavrilović; Sima M. Ćirković (1981). Istorija srpskog naroda. Vol. 5. Srpska književna zadruga.
External links
- Свети Петар Цетињски: Житије, дјело, молитва
- Speeches to Montenegrins before battles against Turks on Martinici and on Krusi, 1796
- of Petar I
- "Идеја светог Петра Цетињског о обнови српске државе / План цетињског митрополита (владике) Петра I Петровића о формирању славено-сербскога царства 1807". Njegos.org.
| Religious titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded bySava | Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Hills 1782–1830 |
Succeeded byPetar II |
