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Chan (禅 or 禪, pinyin Chán or Wade-Giles Ch'an, Sanskrit: Dhyana, Japanese: Zen) is a major school of Chinese Buddhism.

Chan is essentially the Chinese adaptation of Indian Dhyana mediation practices, which were also influenced by indigenous Chinese Taoism. The Chan school's own historical accounts indicate that the school was founded by an Indian monk, Bodhidharma, possibly legendary, who arrived in China in about 440 CE and taught at Shaolin Monastery. Bodhidharma was ostensibly the twenty-eighth patriarch in a lineage that extended all the way back to Shakyamuni Buddha.

Bodhidharma is recorded as having come to China to teach a "separate transmission outside of the texts" which "did not rely upon textuality." His insight was then transmitted to through a series of Chinese patriarchs, the most famous of whom was the Sixth Patriarch, Hui Neng. A modern revisionist theory, however, suggests that Chan began to develop gradually in different regions of China as a grass-roots movement. According this view, Chan was a reaction to a perceived imbalance in Chinese Buddhism toward the blind pursuit of textual scholarship with a concomitant neglect of the original essence of Buddhist practice: meditation and the cultivation of right view.

After the time of Hui Neng (circa 700 CE), Chan began to branch off into numerous different schools, each with their own special emphasis, but all of which kept the same basic focus on meditational practice, personal instruction and grounded personal experience. During the late Tang and the Song periods, the tradition truly flowered, as a wide number of eminent teachers, such as Mazu, Baizhang, Yunmen and Linji developed specialized teaching methods, which would become characteristic in each of the "five houses" of mature Chinese Chan. Later on, the teaching styles and words of these classical masters were recorded in such important Chan texts as the Biyan Lu; (Blue Cliff Record) and the Wumenguan; (Gateless Passage) which would be studied by later generations of students down to the present.

Chan continued to be influential as a religious force in China, although some energy was lost with the revival of Confucianism starting in the Song period. While traditionally distinct, Chan was taught alongside Pure Land in many Chinese Buddhist monasteries. In time, much of this distinction was lost, and many recent masters teach both Chan and Pure Land. Chan was mostly eliminated in China in the modern era with the appearance of the People's Republic, but still continues to hold a significant following in Taiwan.

See also: Buddhism in China, Dialectic, Universal Dialectic, Shaolin Quan, Kung Fu.