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Revision as of 05:51, 27 April 2019 by Zurkhardo (talk | contribs)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) 1900 United States Supreme Court case| Paquete Habana v. United States | |
|---|---|
 Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 7–8, 1899 Decided January 8, 1900 | |
| Full case name | Paquete Habana.; The Lola. |
| Citations | 175 U.S. 677 (more)20 S. Ct. 290; 44 L. Ed. 320; 1900 U.S. LEXIS 1714 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | Appeals From the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of Florida |
| Subsequent | None |
| Holding | |
| Federal courts could look to customary international law because it is an integrated part of American law. | |
| Court membership | |
| |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Gray, joined by Brewer, Brown, Shiras, White, Peckham |
| Dissent | Fuller, joined by Harlan, McKenna |
Paquete Habana; The Lola, 175 U.S. 677 (1900) was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that ruled that the capture of fishing vessels as prizes of war was prohibited under customary international law, which was found to be integrated with American law. The case is also notable for citing a wide breadth of international and historical sources, including jurists from close to a dozen countries and state practices going back centuries
Background of the case
In April 1898, two fishing vessels, the Paquete Habana and the Lola, separately sailed from the Spanish colony of Cuba. Both were eventually captured by merchant vessels comprising the United States blockade of the island, which, unbeknownst to the crew, had been instituted amid rising tensions between the two countries. President William McKinley proclaimed that the blockade was "in pursuance of the laws of the United States, and the law of nations applicable to such cases."
Shortly thereafter, the Spanish–American War was officially declared, and McKinley issued another proclamation stating that the war would be conducted "in harmony with the present views of nations and sanctioned by their recent practice" and establishing rules for the capture of prizes; however, there was no mention of fishing vessels. The Paquete Habana and the Lola were ultimately taken to Key West, Florida, where they were auctioned by the federal district court, which has jurisdiction over prize cases.
Admiral William T. Sampson, who commanded the blockade, justified the seizures by stating that most fishing vessels flying under the Spanish banner were manned by well trained seamen with prior naval experience who could be called up to fight for Spain. The U.S. also relied on the longstanding international practice of capturing enemy vessels as prizes of war.
The owners of the vessels appealed to the U.S. circuit court, citing a centuries-long tradition of nations exempting fishing vessels from prize capture, even during war. At the time of capture, neither vessel had evidence of aiding the enemy, no arms were found on board, and no attempts were made to either run the blockade or resist capture. Pointing to McKinley's proclamation that the blockade conformed with international law, the claimants thus argued that the blockade should not have captured the vessels as prizes.
The U.S. government argued that it had complied with international law, under which there was precedence for the executive of a nation, through his military commanders, to exercise discretion as to whether there was an exemption of fishing vessels from prize capture. It was never contested that the U.S. could violate international law.
Decision
In essence, both parties in the case were invoking customary international law, the prevailing and long-running practices and norms that are observed and accepted by most countries as obligatory. In a 6-3 decision authored by Justice Gray, the Supreme Court ruled that coastal fishing vessels are exempt from capture as prize of war under customary international law, and that baring a "controlling executive or judicial decision," such law must be incorporated into the corpus of U.S. law.
The Court cited lengthy legal precedents in support of this conclusion, which it described as an "ancient usage among civilized nations, beginning centuries ago, and gradually ripening into a rule of international law." In 1403, King Henry IV of England issued his officers leave fisherman alone during times of war. He then signed a treaty with France reaffirming this act between both parties. Again, in 1521, between Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France a treaty was assigned that was invoked due to a desperate rise in the markets for herring. With the war between the two countries raging on, fisherman dared not venture out to sea. Therefore, a treaty was necessary on both accounts to prevent starvation among those who relied upon cheap herring, namely the lower classes.
Justice Gray also relied on the theories and opinions of contemporary jurists and commentators from across the world to buttress the Court's reasoning, decades before such scholarly legal work would be codified as a primary source of international law:
t the present day, by the general consent of the civilized nations of the world, and independently of any express treaty or other public act, it is an established rule of international law, founded on considerations of humanity. . . and of the mutual convenience of belligerent states, that coast fishing vessels, with their implements and supplies, cargoes and crews, unarmed and honestly pursuing their peaceful calling of catching and bringing in fresh fish, are exempt from capture as prize of war.
Among the most oft-cited and famous quotes of the decision concerned the relationship of international law to domestic U.S. law:
International law is part of our law, and must be ascertained and administered by the courts of justice of appropriate jurisdiction as often as questions of right depending upon it are duly presented for their determination. For this purpose, where there is no treaty and no controlling executive or legislative act or judicial decision, resort must be had to the customs and usages of civilized nations, and, as evidence of these, to the works of jurists and commentators who by years of labor, research, and experience have made themselves peculiarly well acquainted with the subjects of which they treat. Such works are resorted to by judicial tribunals, not for the speculations of their authors concerning what the law ought to be, but for trustworthy evidence of what the law really is.
The Supreme Court decision reversed the district court, ordering that the proceeds of the auctions, as well as any profits made from vessels' cargo, be restored to the claimants "with damages and costs."
Fuller's dissent
Justice Fuller delivered a dissenting opinion, which was joined by Justices Harlan and McKenna.
See also
References
- [REDACTED] Works related to The Paquete Habana at Wikisource
- Text of The Paquete Habana, 175 U.S. 677 (1900) is available from: Findlaw Justia Library of Congress
- The Paquete Habana Case Brief
- Abridged version of the case
![[REDACTED]](https://u3vuiephb.global.ssl.fastly.net/File:Wikisource-logo.svg){kind=link}
- John O. McGinnis and Ilya Somin, "Should International Law Be Part of Our Law?" Stanford Law Review at 59 STAN. L. REV. 1175 (2007),
- ^ Stucky, Scott (1985-01-01). "The Paquete Habana: A Case History in the Development of International Law". University of Baltimore Law Review. 15 (1): 30–31. ISSN 0091-5440.
- ^ Dodge, William S. (2005-11-14). "The Story of the Paquete Habana: Customary International Law as Part of Our Law". Rochester, NY.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Eric George Reeves, United States V. Ja Vino: Reconsidering The Relationship Of Customary International Law To Domestic Law, 50 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 877 (1993), https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr/vol50/iss2/17