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As of 29 February, apart from mainland China, the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak had spread to several other countries around the world, with the most affected being South Korea, Italy, and Iran. National response measures have included containment measures such as lockdowns, quarantines, and curfews.

China

The first person known to have fallen ill due to the new virus was in Wuhan on 1 December 2019. A public notice on the outbreak was released on 31 December. WHO was informed of the outbreak on the same day. By 7 January, the Chinese Government were discussing prevention and control of COVID-19.

A quarantine was announced on 23 January 2020 stopping travel in and out of Wuhan. Chinese New Year (25 January) celebrations were cancelled in several places. Private vehicle use was banned.

On 26 January, the government instituted further measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak, including health declarations for travellers and changes to national holidays. The leading group decided to extend the Spring Festival holiday to contain the outbreak. Universities instituted various closures. The regions of Hong Kong and Macau instituted several measures, particularly in regard to schools and universities. Remote working measures were instituted in several Chinese regions. Various travel restrictions were enacted.

Other provinces and cities outside Hubei imposed travel restrictions. Public transport was modified, and museums throughout China were temporarily closed.

• Infrared cameras were installed in Wuhan railway station to check passengers' body temperature before they board the trains
• 'Aerial photography of roads after motor vehicles are banned in central urban areas of Wuhan: few vehicle traces' – Video news from China News Service
• Masked passengers undergoing temperature checks at Changchun Longjia Airport in northeast China
• Hong Kong residents queueing to refund their bullet train tickets to the mainland in West Kowloon railway station
• A screen display in Hefei showing "early detection, early reporting, early quarantine, early diagnosis, early treatment" during the coronavirus outbreak

Quarantine

A quarantine restricting travel for Wuhan residents, involving changes to flights, trains, public buses, the metro system, long-distance coaches, large-scale gatherings and group tours. Several Chinese cities were placed under quarantine measures.

People in numerous regions bought excess supplies of goods. Five million people left Wuhan during the start of the quarantine. Shantou, Guangdong was similarly quarantined; this was reversed two hours later.

Several Chinese cities committed to not imposing similar quarantine measures, and others enacted them.

• People queueing outside a Wuhan pharmacy to buy face masks and medical supplies
• Residents of Wuhan wearing masks rushed out to nearby markets to buy vegetables and other food on 23 January during the outbreak
• Residents of Wuhan waiting for the last train of the city's metro on 10 am, 22 January

Outdoor restrictions

On 1 February, Huanggang, Hubei implemented a measure whereby only one person from each household is permitted to go outside for provisions once every two days, except for medical reasons or to work at shops or pharmacies.

Speciality hospitals

A speciality hospital named Huoshenshan Hospital, with 1000 beds was constructed, modelled on Xiaotangshan Hospital [zh], fabricated for the SARS outbreak of 2003. 14 temporary hospitals were constructed in China in total, but all were reported to have closed after the crisis was determined be under control on 10 March 2020.

• Jinyintan Hospital had initially been tasked with treating those with the coronavirus. Jinyintan Hospital had initially been tasked with treating those with the coronavirus.
• Construction site of Huoshenshan Hospital as it appeared on 24 January

Interprovincial medical aid

As of 16 February 2020, 217 teams of a total of 25,633 medical workers from across China went to Wuhan and other cities in Hubei to help open up more facilities and treat patients.

Censorship and police responses

The early response by city authorities was criticised as prioritising a control of information that might be unfavorable for local officials over public safety, and China was also criticised for cover-ups and downplaying the initial discovery and severity of the outbreak. By the time China had informed the WHO of the new coronavirus on 31 December 2019, The New York Times reported that the government was still keeping "its own citizens in the dark". Observers have attributed this to the censorship institutional structure of the country's press and Internet, exacerbated by China's paramount leader Xi Jinping's crackdown on independent oversight such as journalism and social media that left senior officials with inaccurate information on the outbreak and "contributed to a prolonged period of inaction that allowed the virus to spread". The Human Rights Watch also noted censorship by the authorities of social media posts from families of infected people who were potentially seeking help as well as by people living in cordoned cities who were documenting their daily lives amidst the lockdown.

A group of eight medical personnel, including Li Wenliang, an ophthalmologist from Wuhan Central Hospital who in late December posted warnings on a new coronavirus strain akin to SARS, were taken into custody by Wuhan police and threatened with prosecution for "spreading rumours" for likening it to SARS. Li Wenliang later died of the disease on 7 February, and was widely hailed as a whistleblower in China, but some of the trending hashtags on Weibo such as "Wuhan government owes Dr Li Wenliang an apology" and "We want freedom of speech" were blocked. His death widespread public anger in the aftermath, in what has been described as "one of the biggest outpourings of online criticism of the government in years," was not a topic that was permitted for coverage. One media outlet sent notices to editors, and leaked to reporters, asking them to refrain from "commenting or speculating" and giving instructions to "not hashtag and let the topic gradually die out from the hot search list, and guard against harmful information."

On 20 January, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping made his first public remark on the outbreak and spoke of "the need for the timely release of information". One day later, the CPC Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission, the most powerful political organ in China overseeing legal enforcement and the police, wrote "self-deception will only make the epidemic worse and turn a natural disaster that was controllable into a man-made disaster at great cost," and "only openness can minimise panic to the greatest extent." The commission then added, "anyone who deliberately delays and hides the reporting of cases out of self-interest will be nailed on a pillar of shame for eternity." Xi Jinping later also instructed authorities "to strengthen the guidance of public opinions", language which some view as a call for censorship after commentators on social media became increasingly pointedly critical and angry at the government due to the epidemic. on 30 January, China's Supreme Court, delivered a a rare rebuke against the country's police forces, calling the "unreasonably harsh crackdown on online rumours" as undermining public trust. The supreme court judge Tang Xinghua said that if police had been lenient against rumours and allowed the public to have taken heed of them, an earlier adoption of "measures like wearing masks, strictly disinfecting and avoiding wildlife markets" might have been useful in countering the spread of the epidemic.

As part of the central government's "bifurcated approach to diffuse discontent", citizens were permitted to criticise local officials so long as they did not "question the basic legitimacy of the party". The Cyberspace Administration (CAC) declared its intent to foster a "good online atmosphere," with CAC notices sent to video platforms encouraging them to "not to push any negative story, and not to conduct non-official livestreaming on the virus." Censorship has been observed being applied on news articles and social media posts deemed to hold negative tones about the coronavirus and the governmental response, including posts mocking Xi Jinping for not visiting areas of the epidemic, an article that predicted negative effects of the epidemic on the economy, and calls to remove local government officials. While censorship had been briefly relaxed giving a "window of about two weeks in which Chinese journalists were able to publish hard-hitting stories exposing the mishandling of the novel coronavirus by officials", since then private news outlets were reportedly required to use "planned and controlled publicity" with the authorities' consent.

Italy

The outbreak was confirmed to have spread to Italy on 31 January 2020, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Rome. In response, the Italian government suspended all flights to and from China and declared a state of emergency. On 31 January, the Italian Council of Ministers appointed Angelo Borrelli, head of the Civil Protection, as Special Commissioner for the COVID-19 Emergency. An unassociated cluster of COVID-19 cases was later further detected starting with 16 confirmed cases in Lombardy on 21 February.

On 22 February, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree law to contain the outbreak, including quarantining more than 50,000 people from 11 different municipalities in northern Italy. Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte said "In the outbreak areas, entry and exit will not be provided. Suspension of work activities and sport events has already been ordered in those areas."

On 4 March, the Italian government ordered the full closure of all schools and universities nationwide as Italy reached 100 deaths. All major sporting events, including Serie A football matches, will be held behind closed doors until April. On 9 March, all sport was suspended completely for at least one month.

Quarantines

On 21 February, at least ten towns in the Lombardy and Veneto regions of Italy, with a total population of 50,000, were locked down in quarantine procedure following an outbreak in Codogno in Lombardy. Police mandated a curfew closing all public buildings and controlling access through police checkpoints to the so-called 'red zone' which is enforced by penalties for violations ranging from a €206 fine to three months of imprisonment against trespassers who are not health or supply workers. The government of Giuseppe Conte said that sending in the armed forces to enforce the lockdown was a possibility. The governor of Basilicata, Vito Bardi, instituted a mandatory 14-day quarantine for people arriving from areas in northern Italy affected by the outbreak on 24 February. On the same day, 500 extra police officers were assigned to patrol the quarantined areas in Lodi and Veneto.

On the morning of 8 March 2020, Conte said that much of Italy's northern territories, including Milan and Venice, would be quarantined within their region. Conte said the country was locking down all of the populous Lombardy region, with movement restrictions applying to about 16 million people. This will be the most aggressive response taken in any region beyond China, and will paralyse the wealthiest parts of the country as Italy attempts to constrain the rapid spread of the disease. On 8 March 2020, there have been 7,375 confirmed cases, and 366 deaths in Italy.

On the evening of 9 March 2020, the quarantine was expanded to all of Italy.

South Korea

South Korea confirmed its first case on 20 January. There was a large increase in cases on 20 February, potentially attributable to a gathering in Daegu of a new religious movement known as the Shincheonji Church of Jesus.

A hospital was suspected by some as propagating the outbreak. As of 22 February, among 9,336 followers of the church, 1,261 reported symptoms.

All South Korean military bases were on lockdown after tests confirmed that three soldiers were indeed positive for the virus. Airline schedules were also affected and therefore they were changed.

A petition was circulated requesting the church's disbandment. On 28 February, over 2,000 confirmed cases were reported, rising to 3,150 on 29 February.

North Korea

North Korea officially denies any infection within its borders, but news reports estimate at least 180-200 deaths among the army alone, not counting those among the civilian population. There is no estimate of those merely infected. Army commanders are punished for any deaths in the ranks.

Iran

Iran reported its first confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections on 19 February 2020 in Qom, where according to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, both had died later that day.

Early measures announced by the government included the cancellation of concerts and other cultural events, sporting events, and Friday prayers, closure of universities, higher education institutions and schools, and allocated 5 trillion rials to combat the virus. President Hassan Rouhani said on 26 February 2020 that there were no plans to quarantine areas affected by the outbreak, and only individuals would be quarantined. However, Shia shrines in Qom remained open to pilgrims.

Iran became a center of the spread of the virus after China. Amidst claims of a cover-up of the extent of the outbreak in the country, over ten countries have traced their cases back to Iran, indicating that the extent of the outbreak may be more severe than that admitted by the Iranian government. The Iranian Parliament was shut down, with 23 of the 290 members of parliament reported to have had tested positive for the virus on 3 March. A number of senior government officials as well as two members of parliament have died from the disease.

France

On 24 January 2020, the first case of COVID-19 in France was confirmed in Bordeaux.

Spain

On 31 January 2020, the first case was confirmed when a tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in La Gomera, Spain.

Germany

On 27 January 2020, the first COVID-19 case was positively confirmed in Bavaria in Germany.

United States

On 31 January 2020, President Donald Trump issued a proclamation limiting entry into the United States, as immigrants or nonimmigrants, of all aliens who were physically present within the People's Republic of China, excluding the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, during the 14-day period preceding their entry or attempted entry into the United States.

In the Pacific Northwest state of Washington, the first six confirmed deaths in the United States were reported in late February 2020, with two deaths and an outbreak at a Life Care Centers of America elderly care in Kirkland, Washington, affecting residents, staff, firefighters, and nursing students. Washington governor Jay Inslee declared a state of emergency on 28 February after a man there died of COVID-19, the first such reported death in the United States. Florida governor Ron DeSantis also declared a state of emergency. On 4 March, California governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency after the first death within state borders, in addition to 53 confirmed cases within the state.

Major US corporations have imposed employee travel restrictions. Twitter "suspend all non-critical business travel and events". Facebook cancelled its F8 developer conference. Goldman Sachs cancelled all "non-essential" travel and put in place specific restrictions on travel to China, South Korea, Italy, and Iran. Amazon, who confirmed an employee in the Seattle area tested positive for COVID-19, banned nonessential employee travel. Nike closed its Oregon headquarters and its European headquarters in Amsterdam "out of an abundance of caution". As required by regulation, large American banks are reviewing emergency plans to ensure that they can continue to operate if conditions worsen; contingency plans include having employees work from their homes, transferring staff to backup offices and even sending staff to offices in other cities. Some companies, including Microsoft, GitHub, and Square, Inc., have also encouraged employees to work from home.

Over a dozen schools in the Seattle area cancelled classes on 3 March for disinfection and other precautionary measures. On 6 March, the University of Washington cancelled in-person classes. The Seattle-based university is home to 50,000 students. Multiple public and private schools outside New York City have closed as a result of the virus, including the Westchester County public school districts of Hastings-on-Hudson and Mount Vernon. All schools within the Elk Grove Unified School District in the Sacramento area shut down on 7 March after a case of the virus appeared in Elk Grove.

By 8 March 2020, the number of deaths in the US had risen to 22, with over 500 cases reported.

Some Americans seem resentful at being asked to worry, and believe that COVID-19 appears no worse than the flu.

Japan

On 27 February 2020, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe requested that all Japanese elementary, junior high, and high schools close until early April to help contain the virus.

The outbreak has been a concern for the 2020 Summer Olympics which is scheduled to take place in Tokyo starting at the end of July. The Japanese government has thus been taking extra precautions to help minimise the outbreak's impact.

Switzerland

On 28 February, Switzerland's Federal Council announced an immediate ban on all public and private events involving more than 1000 participants.

Philippines

The first COVID-19 death outside China occurred in the Philippines on 21 January. As of 10 March, the number of confirmed cases in the country is 33. There are 91 Filipinos abroad who have the disease. On 9 March, President Rodrigo R. Duterte suspended classes in all levels in Metro Manila from 10 to 15 March.

India

The Indian government airlifted 324 of its citizens from China on 31 January and 1 February via Air India special chartered flights. After Pakistan's refusal to evacuate its students from Wuhan, the Indian government offered to support them with evacuation along with citizens of other neighbouring countries. On 17 February, India announced a special C-17 Globemaster flight carrying medical supplies to support China in Wuhan and evacuating citizens of India and neighbouring countries. India eventually evacuated 647 people including citizens of Maldives and Bangladesh.

See also

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