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Revision as of 05:37, 6 July 2021 by Citation bot (talk | contribs) (Alter: pages. Formatted dashes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation | #UCB_Category 866/3978)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)Ethnic group native to the northeastern Caucasus (present-day Republic of Ingushetia, Russia) Ethnic group
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| ± 500,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Russia | 444,833 (2010) |
 Ingushetia | 385,537 (2010) |
 Chechnya | 1,296 (2010) |
 North Ossetia-Alania | 28 336 (2010) |
 Kazakhstan | 15 120 (2009) |
 Ukraine | 455 |
| Languages | |
| Ingush | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Sunni Islam (Shafii Madhhab) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Nakh peoples (Chechens, Bats, Kists) | |
The Ingush (/ˈɪŋɡʊʃ/, Template:Lang-inh, pronounced Template:IPA-cau) are a Northeast Caucasian native ethnic group of the North Caucasus, mostly inhabiting their native Ingushetia, a federal republic of Russian Federation. The Ingush are predominantly Sunni Muslims and speak the Ingush language. The Ingush are known as the Vainakh.
Etymology
The ethnonym Ingush derives from the village Angusht (Tarskoye in today's Northern-Ossetia), in which 24 elders representing several local clans took the oath to join Russia. According to popular folklore the endonym Ghalghaj comes from the Ingush word "ghala" (meaning tower/fortress). Another theory based on historical development of the area indicates it might be a composition of the words kha and khal, which directly translated means three cities. According to this theory the inhabitans of the 3 settlements Targim, Khamkhi and Egikal, are the eponym of the Ingush selfname. This is supported by the first actual mention of the word in 1590, when the "mountain people Kolkan" attacked 2 Russian ambassadors in the Darial pass and the late establishment of the word among south-western Nakh people only several centuries later, up until the early 1920s.
History
Main article: IngushetiaThe ancestors of the Ingush people have been historically mentioned under many different names, such as Dzurdzuks, Kists or Ghlighvi, although none of them was used as an ethnonym and are of Georgian origin. The latter was first mentioned by the Georgian prince Vakhushti of Kartli in 1745, as a territory next to Dzurdzukia and Kisteti. These were previously known as Dzurdzukia until it's splitting. Contemporary sources also mention the ethnonym Nakhchoy, which Chechens still use today. However, due to political and hostile disagreements, the term was replaced starting from the 19th century up to the introduction of "Vainakh" ("our people" in Chechen/Ingush) in the early 20th century.
«The Shatoy and Nazran (Ingush) people are reluctant to call themselves Nakhchoy, which stems from their previous hostile attitudes towards the Chechens. But with the outpouring of heartfelt feelings at meetings, at a party, on the way, etc. they always confirm their unity of tribe, expressing themselves: "We are common brothers (wai tsa vezherey detsy)" or "We are the same Nakhchoy (wai tsa nakhchoy du)".»
The Ingush never had a feudal system and were always governerned by highly esteemed selected elders among the local clans. In 1770, the elders of 24 Ingush tribes signed a treaty with Russia, but are commonly considered under Russian rule from 1810. The Ingush, however, considered themselves independent, and were unwilling to conform to Russian laws, which led to various skirmishes with Russian forces in Ingushetia, such as the uprising of Nazran in 1858, when 5000 armed Ingush residing in Nazran tried storming the local fortress. After 2 failed attempts of aid in June and July by Imam Shamil, the Russians succeeded in suppressing the revolt. The leaders of the uprising were hanged and many of the participants physically punished. Nevertheless many Ingush, like the national hero Utsig Malsag, stood true to the oath with Russia from 1810, which included the order to fight off the enemies of Russia, particularly the Chechens and Kabardians. Under Soviet rule during World War II the Ingush, along with the Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the Nazis and thus, the entire population was deported to the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics. The Ingush were rehabilitated in the 1950s, after the death of Joseph Stalin, and allowed to return home in 1957, though by that time western Ingush lands had been ceded to North Ossetia.
Architecture
The famous Soviet archaeologist and historian, professor E.I. Krupnov described the Vainakh towers as «in the true sense the pinnacle of the architectural and constructional mastery of the ancient population of the region».
Culture
The Ingush possess a varied culture of traditions, legends, epics, tales, songs, proverbs, and sayings. Music, songs and dance are particularly highly regarded. Popular musical instruments include the dachick-panderr (a kind of balalaika), kekhat ponder (accordion, generally played by girls), mirz ponder (a three-stringed violin), zurna (a type of oboe), tambourine, and drums.
Religion
The Ingush are predominantly Sunni Muslims of the Shāfi‘ī Madh'hab, with a Sufi background belonging to the Qadiriyya tariqa of the Chechen preacher Kunta Haji. Before converting to Islam, the Ingush used to be Christian and Pagan. Huge monuments from the Ingush Pagan past are still stored in museums such as the Phallic statue of Kok in Ingushetia, which was described by the Russian historian Krupnov. Likewise another statue was mentioned in the village of Lemi in Ingushetia. Plaetschke mentions that infertile women secretly visit the statue and pray to it, before breaking off a splinter of it and using it as an talisman. Both statues were build in honor of the goddess of fertility Tusholi and are connected to other Phallic statues in Armenia.
Ingush genetics
Further information: Vainakh § Genetics, and Genetic history of the CaucasusThe Caucasus populations exhibit, on average, less variability than other populations for the eight Alu insertion poly-morphisms analysed here. The average heterozygosity is less than that for any other region of the world, with the exception of Sahul. Within the Caucasus, Ingushians have much lower levels of variability than any of the other populations. The Ingushians also showed unusual patterns of mtDNA variation when compared with other Caucasus populations (Nasidze and Stoneking, submitted), which indicates that some feature of the Ingushian population history, or of this particular sample of Ingushians, must be responsible for their different patterns of genetic variation at both mtDNA and the Alu insertion loci.
— European Journal of Human Genetics, 2001
According to one test by Nasidze in 2003 (analyzed further in 2004), the Y-chromosome structure of the Ingush greatly resembled that of neighboring Caucasian populations (especially Chechens, their linguistic and cultural brethren).
There has been only one notable study on the Ingush Y chromosome. These following statistics should not be regarded as final, as Nasidze's test had a notably low sample data for the Ingush. However, they do give an idea of the main haplogroups of the Ingush.
- J2 – 89% of Ingush have the highest reported frequency of J2 which is associated with the Fertile Crescent.
- F* – (11% of Ingush) This haplogroup was called "F*" by Nasidze. It may have actually been any haplogroup under F that was not under G, I, J2, or K; however, it is probably consists of haplotypes that are either under J1 (typical of the region, with very high frequencies in parts of Dagestan, as well as Arabia, albeit in a different subclade) or F3.
- G – (27% of Ingush) Typical of the Middle East, the Mediterranean and the Caucasus. The highest values were found among Georgians, Circassians and Ossetes. There was a noticeable difference in G between Ingush and Chechens (in J2 and F*, Ingush and Chechens have similar levels), possibly attributable to low samples that were all from the same town.
In the mtDNA, the Ingush formed a more clearly distinct population, with distance from other populations. The closest in an analysis by Nasidze were Chechens, Kabardins and Adyghe (Circassians), but these were all much closer to other populations than they were to the Ingush.
See also
References
- ^ "Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity". Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Перепись 2009. Archived 2012-05-01 at the Wayback Machine
- Nichols, J. and Vagapov, A. D. (2004). Chechen-English and English-Chechen Dictionary, p. 4. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-415-31594-8.
- "Caucasian Highlander". Prague. 1924.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Географические и статистические описания Кавказа, И. А. (1809). графические и статистические описания Кавказа (рус.).
- Яковлев, Николай Феофанович. Ингуши.
- Кодзоев, Н. Д. Российские и иностранные исследователи. и путешественники XVI—XIX вв. об Ингушетии и ингушах.
- Шнирельман, В. А. (2016). Быть аланами. Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение. p. 103.
- Heinrich Julius Klaproth. "Inguschen-Ghalgha (Khißt-Ghlighwa)" Geographisch-historische Beschreibung des östlichen Kaukasus, zwischen den Flüssen Terek, Aragwi, Kur und dem Kaspischen Meere Pt.2 of Volume 50, Bibliothek der neuesten und wichtigsten Reisebeschreibungen zur Erweiterung der Erdkunde nach einem systematischen Plane bearbeitet, und in Verbindung mit einigen andern Gelehrten bearbeitet und hrsg. von M.C. Sprengel, 1800-1814.
- Dietrich Christoph von Rommel. "Kisten (Inguschen)" Die Völker des Caucasus nach den Berichten der Reisebeschreiber Volume 1 van Aus dem Archiv für Ethnographie und Linguistik. Verlage des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, 1808. Oxford University.
- Bagrationi, Vakhushti (1745). Description of the Georgian Kingdom. Bakhushti Bagrationi.
- Берже, А.П. (1859). Чечня и Чеченцы. pp. 65–66.
- Шнирельман, В. А. Быть аланами. Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке. — М.: Новое литературное обозрение.
- Лаудаев, Умалат (1872). Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах Вып. VI. Тифлис.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - le Carré, John. "Our Game".
- Güldenstädt, Johann Anton (1787). "Travels through Russia and the Caucasus Mountains" Vol. 1.
- Tornau, Baron F.F. (1844). "Memoires Of A Caucasian Officer".
- "История ингушского народа. Глава 5. ГЛАВА 5 ИНГУШЕТИЯ В XIX В. § 1. Ингушетия в первой половине XIX в. Основание Назрани".
- "Уциг Малсаг Долгиев". Ингуш.RU (in Russian). 08.05.2008. Archived from the original on 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - Акты Кавк. Археогр. Комиссии. Т. IV . Тифлис. 1870 г., док. 1382. стр. 899—901.
- Крупнов, Е.И. (1971). Medieval Ingushetia.
- Stefano Allievi; Jørgen S. Nielsen (2003). Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe. Vol. 1.
- Керимович, Далгат, Башир. Христианство и магометанство в Чечне. Распространение христианства и магометанства среди ингушей.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Plaetschke, Bruno (1929). The Chechens. p. 58.
- Krupnov, Evgeniy (1971). СРЕДНЕВЕКОВАЯ ИНГУШЕТИЯ. pp. 45–47.
- Ivane Nasidze; et al. (2001). "Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (4): 267–272. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615. PMID 11313770.
- Nasidze, I; Risch, GM; Robichaux, M; Sherry, ST; Batzer, MA; Stoneking, M (April 2001). "Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus" (PDF). Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 9 (4): 267–72. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615. PMID 11313770. S2CID 7021736.
- Nasidze I, Sarkisian T, Kerimov A, Stoneking M (March 2003). "Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome" (PDF). Human Genetics. 112 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4. PMID 12596050. S2CID 13232436. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
- ^ Nasidze, I.; Ling, E. Y. S.; Quinque, D.; et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus" (PDF). Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (3): 205–221. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. PMID 15180701. S2CID 27204150. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-08.
- Oleg Balanovsky, Khadizhat Dibirova, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak, Svetlana Frolova, Elvira Pocheshkhova, Marc Haber, Daniel Platt, Theodore Schurr, Wolfgang Haak, Marina Kuznetsova, Magomed Radzhabov, Olga Balaganskaya, Alexey Romanov, Tatiana Zakharova, David F. Soria Hernanz, Pierre Zalloua, Sergey Koshel, Merritt Ruhlen, Colin Renfrew, R. Spencer Wells, Chris Tyler-Smith, Elena Balanovska, and The Genographic Consortium Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011 : msr126v1-msr126.
External links
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