Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Gogo Dodo (talk | contribs) at 18:20, 25 February 2007 (Revert to revision 110869762 dated 2007-02-25 18:19:03 by Mailer diablo using popups). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For Misplaced Pages's main table of contents, see Misplaced Pages:Contents

Misplaced Pages

Screenshot of Misplaced Pages's multilingual portal
Type of site	Internet encyclopedia project
Available in	182 active editions (250 in total)
Headquarters	Miami, Florida
Owner	Wikimedia Foundation
Created by	Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger
URL	http://www.wikipedia.org/
Commercial	No
Registration	Optional

Misplaced Pages (IPA: /ˌwiːkiːˈpiːdi.ə/ or /ˌwɪːkiːˈpiːdi.ə/) is a multilingual, Web-based, free content encyclopedia project. Misplaced Pages is written collaboratively by volunteers; its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the Web site. The name is a blend of the words wiki (a type of collaborative website) and encyclopedia. Its primary servers are in Tampa, Florida, with additional servers in Amsterdam and Seoul.

Misplaced Pages was launched as the English Misplaced Pages on January 15 2001, as a complement to Nupedia, an expert-written and now defunct encyclopedia. The project is now operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization created by Jimmy Wales, and has over six million articles in 250 languages, including 1.6 million in the English edition. Misplaced Pages has steadily risen in popularity since its inception and currently ranks among the twelve most-visited websites worldwide.

Misplaced Pages's reliability and accuracy have been questioned. The site has also been criticised for its susceptibility to vandalism, uneven quality, systemic bias and inconsistencies, and for favouring consensus over credentials in its editorial process. Misplaced Pages's content policies and sub-projects set up by contributors seek to address these concerns. Two scholarly studies have concluded that vandalism is generally short-lived and that Misplaced Pages is roughly as accurate as other online encyclopedias.

Characteristics

Software

Misplaced Pages uses wiki software to allow multiple authors to edit the encyclopedia simultaneously and to archive their changes in a database. Relevant articles may be found by following hyperlinks from one article to another, in the same way as cross-references in traditional works. Misplaced Pages also has its own topical organization; articles are grouped into a searchable category system analogous to the Outline of Knowledge found in the Propædia of the Encyclopædia Britannica, except that it is not strictly hierarchical. Misplaced Pages also has portals intended to provide readers with an overview of a topic.

Editorial process

Those who would like to contribute are encouraged to create a user account, which allows them to create new articles, move and retitle articles, and store user preferences. However, authors may also edit anonymously; in such cases, their IP address is recorded as the author name. Past edits to Misplaced Pages articles are retained, and remain viewable through "edit history" pages sorted chronologically, making it possible to see former versions of any page at any time.

Changes to Misplaced Pages are made available immediately on the Web, without formal peer review. Misplaced Pages's philosophy is that unmoderated collaboration among well-meaning, informed editors will gradually improve the encyclopedia in its breadth, depth and accuracy, and that, given enough time, the truth will win out and even subtle errors will be caught and corrected. Thus, Misplaced Pages allows almost anyone to edit, except for users banned for persistent malfeasance after a lengthy arbitration process. Similarly, almost every article can be edited; editing is sometimes temporarily disabled for a small number of articles due to persistent vandalism or unresolved disputes among contributors. Misplaced Pages has not declared any of its articles "complete" or "finished".

As a general encyclopedia, Misplaced Pages seeks to describe as wide a range of topics as possible. It covers the subjects customarily found in traditional encyclopedias, as well as many cultural and technical topics often absent from such works or confined to subject-specialized references. In addition to the roughly exponential growth in number of articles, the average length of each article has increased steadily, as has the number of "featured articles" recognized for their high quality. However, significant gaps in the project's coverage remain, and many articles are not well-referenced in a manner consistent with Misplaced Pages's editorial policy.

One notable strength of Misplaced Pages is its timeliness. Traditionally, new editions of encyclopedias were released every few decades, as their information became noticeably outdated. The idea of continuous revision, in which the entire encyclopedia revised and reprinted every few years, replaced this and is now employed by most encyclopedias. Misplaced Pages takes continuous revision to its ultimate limit — almost all articles may undergo revision at any time, allowing the project to incorporate current events. For example, the article on the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake in the English-language edition was cited frequently by the press in the days following the event.

Policies and guidelines

Decisions on the content and editorial processes of Misplaced Pages are made largely through consensus decision-making and, occasionally, by voting; Jimmy Wales and the Wikimedia Foundation retain final judgement. Misplaced Pages has several policies and guidelines, also developed through consensus, that guide activity on the project, covering behavioural, content-related and legal issues. One of the most important states that articles must be written from a "neutral point of view", presenting all noteworthy perspectives on an issue along with the evidence supporting them — thus, rather than aspiring to determine the objective truth of their subjects, articles attempt to describe them impartially from all significant viewpoints. Individual edits that contain libelous statements, copyright violations, and other content that could incur legal liability or be otherwise detrimental to Misplaced Pages are permanently hidden from view using a process called "oversight".

Free content and licensing

Contributions to Misplaced Pages are covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), one of the many copyleft licenses that permit the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content. This license allows Misplaced Pages's editors to retain copyright of their work, but allows others to build upon that work and republish it, as long as the original author is credited and the derivative work is likewise covered by the GFDL. This license ensures that Misplaced Pages can be edited freely; each author's contributions are recorded for posterity in a database. Larry Sanger has said that having the GFDL as a "guarantee of freedom is a strong motivation to work on a 💕".

Misplaced Pages also contains images and other media that were not created by its editors, but are in the public domain. Other content on Misplaced Pages is released under different copyleft terms or licenses compatible with the GFDL, such as Creative Commons licenses. Still other items such as corporate logos, song samples, or copyrighted news photos are presented with a claim of fair use under the United States copyright law. The Wikimedia Commons, a media repository and sister project in which many of Misplaced Pages's images are stored, also allows other copyleft licenses, but does not accept fair use images. Contributors may choose to multi-license their contributions under both the GFDL and the public domain, or the GFDL and other licenses, allowing third parties to use the content under any of these licenses.

Misplaced Pages's open license fosters other innovative uses and presentations of its content. A spoken version is available for some articles in the Ogg Vorbis format, as the more widely used MP3 format is covered by software patents which encumber redistribution under a free license. Stand-alone versions of Misplaced Pages such as Lexipedia are available for handheld devices. SOS Children distributes the encyclopedia on a CD (2006 Misplaced Pages CD Selection). Published copies of selected Misplaced Pages articles are also available via PediaPress, a print on demand service. A project within Misplaced Pages is working on "Misplaced Pages 1.0", a collection of Misplaced Pages articles that have been verified for accuracy and are ready for printing or burning to CD. The German Misplaced Pages has been distributed on DVD; print and digital versions of the English edition are being planned.

History

Misplaced Pages began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed by a formal process. Nupedia was founded on March 9 2000, under the ownership of Bomis, Inc, a web portal company. Its principal figures were Jimmy Wales, Bomis CEO, and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Misplaced Pages. Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GFDL before Misplaced Pages's founding at the urging of Richard Stallman.

On January 10 2001, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia. Misplaced Pages was formally launched on January 15 2001, as a single English-language edition at http://www.wikipedia.com/, and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. Misplaced Pages's policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, and was similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbiased" policy. Otherwise, there were relatively few rules initially and Misplaced Pages operated independently of Nupedia. Misplaced Pages gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and search engine indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles, and 18 language editions, by the end of 2001. It grew to 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004. Nupedia and Misplaced Pages coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Misplaced Pages.

Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to Ward Cunningham's WikiWikiWeb or Portland Pattern Repository. Although Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly-editable encyclopedia, Sanger is usually credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal.

Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Misplaced Pages, users of the Spanish Misplaced Pages forked from Misplaced Pages to create the Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002. Later that year, Wales announced that Misplaced Pages would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org. Various other projects have since forked from Misplaced Pages for editorial reasons. Wikinfo does not require neutral point of view and allows original research. New Misplaced Pages-inspired projects — such as Citizendium, Scholarpedia and Amapedia — have been started to address perceived limitations of Misplaced Pages, such as its policies on peer review, original research and commercial advertising.

The Wikimedia Foundation was created from Misplaced Pages and Nupedia on June 20 2003.

The Wikimedia Foundation applied to the United States Patent and Trademark Office to trademark Misplaced Pages® on September 17 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10 2006. Trademark protection was accorded by Japan on December 16 2004 and in the European Union on January 20 2005. Technically a service mark, the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of information in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the Internet". There are plans to license the usage of the Misplaced Pages trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.

As of 2007, English Misplaced Pages had over 1.6 million articles, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, eclipsing even the Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), which held the record for nearly 600 years.

Authorship and management

During December 2005, about 27,000 users made at least five edits to Misplaced Pages; of these, 17,000 worked on the English edition. Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of volunteers; these include developers, who work on the MediaWiki software, and other trusted users with various permission levels including "steward", "bureaucrat" and "administrator". Stewards and bureaucrats are able to promote or demote users to different permission levels. Administrators are the largest group of specially privileged users, and have the ability to delete pages, prevent articles from being edited, or block users from editing. Administrators are, however, required to follow community policy when exercising these powers. These permissions are normally granted by community consensus; stewards are elected at irregular intervals. Vandalism or the minor infraction of policies may result in a warning or temporary block, while long-term or permanent blocks for prolonged and serious infractions are given by (or in the name of) Jimmy Wales or, on the English-language edition, an elected "Arbitration Committee".

Misplaced Pages is funded through the Wikimedia Foundation. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $321,000 USD, with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget. The Wikimedia Foundation currently relies primarily on private donations, and holds regular fundraisers; the January 2007 fundraiser raised just over $1 million.

Software and hardware

The operation of Misplaced Pages depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database. The software incorporates modern programming features, such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Misplaced Pages ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double brackets were incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Misplaced Pages began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Misplaced Pages by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Misplaced Pages shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker.

Misplaced Pages runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers in Florida and in four other locations. Misplaced Pages employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running MySQL, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the Apache HTTP Server, and seven Squid cache servers. By September 2005, its server cluster had grown to around 100 servers in four locations around the world.

Page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Squid caching servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Perlbal software, which in turn pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Misplaced Pages. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. To further accelerate response times, Wikimedia is building a global network of caching servers, beginning with three caching servers in France. Two larger clusters in the Netherlands and Korea now handle much of Misplaced Pages's traffic load.

Language editions

Misplaced Pages has been described as "an effort to create and distribute a 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". There are presently 250 language editions of Misplaced Pages; of these, the top 16 have over 100,000 articles and the top 128 have over 1,000 articles. According to Alexa Internet's audience measurement service, the English subdomain (en.wikipedia.org) receives approximately 55% of Misplaced Pages's cumulative traffic, with the remaining 45% split among the other languages. The various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view," though they may diverge on subtler points of policy and practice.

The editing of the language editions is not coordinated, and articles of one edition need not match their counterparts in another edition. Multilingual editors of sufficient fluency are encouraged to manually translate articles; automated translation of articles is explicitly disallowed. Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions. Articles available in more than one language offer "InterWiki" links in their left margins, which link to the counterpart articles in other editions. Images and other non-verbal media are shared among the various language editions through the Wikimedia Commons repository.

Reliability and bias

Misplaced Pages appeals to the authority of peer-reviewed publications rather than the personal authority of experts. Misplaced Pages does not require that its contributors give their legal names or provide other information to establish their identity. Although some contributors are authorities in their field, Misplaced Pages requires that even their contributions be supported by published sources. A drawback of this citation-only approach is that readers may be unable to judge the credibility of a cited source.

Misplaced Pages tries to address the problem of systemic bias, and to deal with zealous editors who seek to influence the presentation of an article in a biased way, by insisting on a neutral point of view. The English-language Misplaced Pages has introduced a scale against which the quality of articles is judged; other editions have also adopted this. Roughly 1200 have passed a rigorous set of criteria to reach the highest rank, "featured article" status; such articles are intended to provide a thorough, well-written coverage of their topic, and be supported by many references to peer-reviewed publications.

Academic evaluation

Studies suggest that Misplaced Pages provides a good starting point for research, but sometimes suffers from significant omissions and inaccuracies. An investigation by Nature compared Misplaced Pages to the Encyclopædia Britannica and suggested a similar level of accuracy; however, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., described this study as "fatally flawed", to which Nature later responded. Other studies have concluded that Misplaced Pages's coverage of history is significantly broader and deeper than that of Encarta, while being just as accurate, and that obvious vandalism is usually reverted quickly. In a study of Misplaced Pages as a community, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in wiki software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation. Misplaced Pages has been viewed as a social experiment; founder Jimmy Wales has stated that it is not intended as one, though that is a consequence.

Criticism and controversy

Misplaced Pages has been accused of exhibiting systemic bias and inconsistency; critics argue that Misplaced Pages's open nature, and favouring consensus over credentials in its editorial process, makes it unauthoritative, and that a lack of proper sources for much of the information makes it unreliable. Some commentators suggest that Misplaced Pages is usually reliable, but that it is not always clear how much. The project's preference for consensus over credentials has been labelled "anti-elitism". Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia. Many university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources; some specifically prohibit Misplaced Pages citations. Founder Jimmy Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative. Technology writer Bill Thompson commented that the debate was possibly "symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today."

Concerns have also been raised regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity, and that it is vulnerable to vandalism and Internet trolls. False information was introduced into the biography of John Seigenthaler, Sr. and remained undetected for four months.

Misplaced Pages's community has been described as "cult-like", although not always with entirely negative connotations, and criticised for failing to accommodate inexperienced users. The addition of political spin to articles by organizations including the U.S. House of Representatives and special interest groups has been noted, and organizations such as Microsoft have offered financial incentives to improve certain articles. Misplaced Pages has been parodied by its critics, notably by Stephen Colbert in The Colbert Report.

In 2007 the Misplaced Pages article on then-Montana senator Conrad Burns was edited by his own staff, causing political scandal among his own constituents.

Misplaced Pages's content policies and sub-projects set up by contributors seek to address these concerns. Several scholarly studies have concluded that vandalism is generally short-lived, and that Misplaced Pages is roughly as accurate as other online encyclopedias.

Awards

Misplaced Pages won two major awards in May 2004. The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category. Misplaced Pages was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. In September 2004, the Japanese Misplaced Pages was awarded a Web Creation Award from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project.

In a 2006 Multiscope research study, the Dutch Misplaced Pages was rated the third best Dutch language site, after Google and Gmail, with a score of 8.1. On 26 January 2007, Misplaced Pages was also awarded the fourth highest brand ranking by the readers of brandchannel.com, receiving 15% of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?" Founder Jimmy Wales was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by TIME Magazine in 2006. In 2006, the Russian Misplaced Pages won the "Science and education" category of the "Prize of the Runet" (Russian: Премия Рунета, Premiya Runeta) award, established by the Russian government.

In the media

Misplaced Pages's content has been mirrored and forked by hundreds of sites including database dumps. Misplaced Pages content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences. Misplaced Pages has also been used in court cases, and the Parliament of Canada website refers to Misplaced Pages's article on same-sex marriage in the "further reading" list of Civil Marriage Act. Misplaced Pages maintains a (non-comprehensive) list of such uses. Misplaced Pages's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the U.S. Federal courts and the World Intellectual Property Office — though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case. Misplaced Pages has also been used as a source in journalism, sometimes without attribution; several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Misplaced Pages.

With increased usage and awareness, there have been an increasing number of references to Misplaced Pages in popular culture. Many parody Misplaced Pages's openness, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Uncyclopedia is the largest such website; its Main Page claims that it is the "content-💕 that anyone can edit," parodying the English Misplaced Pages's welcome message on its ]. In the episode "Wikiality" of The Colbert Report, host Stephen Colbert has instigated his viewers to vandalize articles in humorous ways, once doing so on the Misplaced Pages article on elephants. "Weird Al" Yankovic's character in his video 'White & Nerdy' is seen vandalising the entry for the Atlantic record label with the exclamation "You suck!," after they rescinded permission for a parody.

Related projects

Misplaced Pages has spawned several sister projects. The first, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki", created in October 2002, detailed the September 11, 2001 attacks; this project was closed in October 2006 and is no longer managed by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wiktionary, a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002; Wikiquote, a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched, and Wikibooks, a collection of collaboratively-written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects.

A similar non-wiki project, the GNUpedia project, co-existed with Nupedia early in its history; however, it has been retired and its creator, free-software figure Richard Stallman, has lent his support to Misplaced Pages.

Other websites centered around collaborative knowledge base development have drawn inspiration from or inspired Misplaced Pages. Some, such as Susning.nu, Enciclopedia Libre, and WikiZnanie likewise employ no formal review process, whereas others use more traditional peer review, such as the expert-written Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, h2g2 and Everything2.

See also

• List of encyclopedias
• List of wikis
• Open content
• User-generated content
• Congressional staffer edits to Misplaced Pages
• List of Wikipedias

References

1. ^ "List of Wikipedias". Meta-Wiki. 2007-01-24. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
2. There is some controversy over who founded Misplaced Pages. Wales has always considered himself to be the sole founder of Misplaced Pages and has told the Boston Globe that "it's preposterous" to call Sanger the co-founder. However, Sanger strongly contests that description. He was identified as a co-founder of Misplaced Pages at least as early as September 2001 and referred to himself that way as early as January 2002.
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77. Kane, Margaret (2006-01-30). "Politicians notice Misplaced Pages". CNET. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
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79. Caroline McCarthy (2006-08-01). "Colbert speaks, America follows: All Hail Wikiality!". c-net news.com.
80. Williams, Walt (2007-01-01). "Burns' office may have tampered with Misplaced Pages entry". Bozeman Daily Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
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82. "Trophy Box", Meta-Wiki (March 28 2005).
83. "Webby Awards 2004"
84. "Nederlandse Misplaced Pages groeit als kool (Website in Dutch Language), Recovered December 27, 2006
85. "Similar Search Results: Google Wins", Interbrand (January 29 2007). Retrieved on 2007-01-28.
86. "Jimmy Wales in Time 100", TIME, 08:58 December 18 2006.
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88. "Bourgeois et al v. Peters et al." (PDF). Retrieved 2007-02-06.
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92. Cohen, Noam (29 January 2007). "Courts Turn to Misplaced Pages, but Selectively". New York Times. {{cite news}}: External link in |title= (help)
93. "Basayev: Russia's most wanted man", CNN, 8 September 2004.
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100. First edit to the wiki In Memoriam: September 11 wiki (October 28, 2002)
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104. Richard Stallman (1999). "The 💕 Project". Free Software Foundation.

External links

Template:Sisterlinkqsc

2. Part 2

• Misplaced Pages - multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions of the project)
• Misplaced Pages - English language edition
• Template:SourceWatch
• Misplaced Pages at the Open Directory Project

Template:Link FA ru-sib:Википеддя

• 2001 establishments
• 💕s
• Online encyclopedias
• Misplaced Pages
• Wikimedia projects
• Web 2.0
• Virtual communities
• Advertising-free websites
• General encyclopedias