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Khulnaiya

@Batternut Hi, the Khulnaiya words were collected from a native speaker of Khulnaiya. Sagir Ahmed Msa (talk) 09:23, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

The article discusses the distinct languages of the Bengali–Assamese family. Bengali has many dialects, as do the others. It just is not feasible to put all the dialects in the comparison table. Besides, there is very little evidence of the notability of Khulnaiya, and your comment above rather suggests that the addition was original research, which is not allowed. Batternut (talk) 10:10, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

The comparison table compares the languages which makes classifying (according to linguistics, not ethnicity or socio-politics) and studying languages easier for linguists. Sagir Ahmed Msa (talk) 14:20, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

The place to write educational texts is Wikibooks. Batternut (talk) 17:13, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

Rohingya

@Dlohcierekim:, @Anatoliatheo:, @Raymond3023: Why did you remove the sourced Rohingya words?

@Dlohcierekim:, @Anatoliatheo:, @Raymond3023: No answer???

Script

According to all the sources added here, the languages use Bengali script and not Eastern Nagari. So please don't revert to push this unsourced POV. Za-ari-masen (talk) 12:34, 18 February 2019 (UTC)

Script

The Assamese script is used in the Hajong language. The Assamese ৰ /ɹɔ/ and ৱ /vo/ are used in this language. And Koch Rajbanshi also uses these. @Chaipau:, any suggestions in this matter? Axomiya deka (talk) 00:11, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

The inline Ethnologue citation says Bengali and Latin script. So it should be that way. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 18:43, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

This is Hajong language, but this is not Bengali script.

Axomiya deka (talk) 00:26, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

The source says "Bengali script" for all languages here so we should follow that. Anyway it redirects to Bengali-Assamese script which is used by all of these languages. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 10:46, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

The script is Eastern Nagari, but neither Bengali nor Assamese alphabet. The example is ৰৗ. The consonant is not found in Bengali alphabet and the vowel is not found in Assamese alphabet. Chaipau (talk) 06:43, 12 April 2019 (UTC)

Script names

@Za-ari-masen: the name of the script is Bengali-Assamese script in Misplaced Pages and the alphabets are different. Chaipau (talk) 10:05, 11 May 2019 (UTC)

The name of the script in[REDACTED] has been changed if that's the only reason you have. Please follow the sources and don't edit war. Za-ari-masen (talk) 23:13, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

@Za-ari-masen:, please do not keep claiming Alphabets and Scripts are same. You are linking the scripts to alphabets. Furthermore, the Assamese alphabet is not at all the Bengali alphabet. This is adequately documented both in "Origin of Bengali Script" and the "Evolution of Assamese Script". So please desist from these false claims. Chaipau (talk) 23:27, 3 October 2019 (UTC)

Please follow the sources. All the sources clearly indicate that these languages use Bengali script. Don't use the title of a[REDACTED] article as a justification to push your POV. Za-ari-masen (talk) 21:33, 11 January 2020 (UTC)

The name of the script has been discussed and resolved Talk:Bengali–Assamese_script/Archive_1#Requested_move_13_February_2019. Chaipau (talk) 08:24, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

Chaipau, you just did exactly the thing I asked you to not to. Za-ari-masen (talk) 19:46, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

Za-ari-masen please resolve this issue in the talk page of Bengali-Assamese script. This page is just following the convention set there. Chaipau (talk) 07:06, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

Title of a[REDACTED] article (which has been tagged with numerous issues) cannot be a justification to change the content. The sources say these languages use Bengali Script. If you want to change it, bring proper sources to back your claim. That's the only convention here. You are now being stubbornly disruptive. Za-ari-masen (talk) 09:18, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

Richard Keatinge, since you have just reverted my edit, can you point me any source at this talkpage that says these languages use "Bengali-Assamese script"? If not, please self-revert otherwise this would be regarded as a team-warring. Za-ari-masen (talk) 09:39, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

Chaipau, bring a source that says these languages use "Bengali-Assamese script" and we can have a discussion. Otherwise, quit repeating the same thing and wasting both of our time. Za-ari-masen (talk) 19:31, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

Edit Warring

User:Chaipau you are involved in persistent edit warring to prove your seemingly unsubstantiated claims. Immediately stop the edit war and build consensus with other editors here. Thank you.भास्कर् Bhagawati Speak 16:17, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

@Bhaskarbhagawati: This is clearly not edit warring and the point is definitely not unsubstantiated.

• There is a reason why there are separate articles for "scripts" and "alphabets". What should not be done in this article is use ]
• One cannot pass off "Bengali alphabet" to mean "Bengali script". The script that is used for Assamese is called "Assamese script" in Assam (Bora, Mahendra (1981). The Evolution of Assamese Script. Jorhat, Assam: Assam Sahitya Sabha.) and the script for Bengali is called Bengali script (Banerji, R D (1919). The Origin of the Bengali Script. University of Calcutta.). These are not scripts in themselves, but rather alphabets used for specific languages.
• Writers such has Brandt have pointed out that the over arching script is better called "Easter Nagari script", since the script is used in many languages in their own specific ways. For example, Meitei uses the Bengali "ro" but the Assamese "wo". Thus it uses neither the Assamese nor the Bengali alphabet but an alphabet specific for itself which is neither "Bengali" nor "Assamese".
• Brandt also asserts that the Bengali naturally asserts the script is called "Bengali" without merit.

Chaipau (talk) 17:19, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

I appreciate that identity and naming are difficult in this subject. From the references presented on these pages, it seems to me that the most appropriate names are those that Chaipau presents - but I think that "Easter Nagari script" should be "Eastern Nagari script". I hope this helps. Richard Keatinge (talk) 12:11, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

It's only this single source that mentions Eastern Nagari and this source is the only thing that Chaipau try to present everywhere which has already been discarded at the talk page of that article with consensus. On the other hand, there are numerous sources that call it Bengali script which is also officially accepted by Unicode standard. Za-ari-masen (talk) 09:54, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

No one is calling it Eastern Nagari. We are using the name that has been agreed upon, even though it is a misnomer. Chaipau (talk) 15:26, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

Map

I have removed this map from the article as it's misleading and inaccurate. There is no source added in the file description. As another editor has also expressed the same concern, do not re-add the map without reaching a consensus. Za-ari-masen (talk) 08:44, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

I have added the map again. I agree with the editor who inserted it. The map is based on Suniti Kumar Chatterji's four group of Magadhi Apabhramsa, and the citation clearly references it. The citation is: . Please do not remove the map. Chaipau (talk) 09:29, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

Chaipau, the map is still misleading. Suniti Kumar Chatterji includes North Bengali (Rangpur, Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, South Darjeeling, West Goalpara, East Purnia) and Assamese under Kamarupic dialects but the map includes parts of Nepal, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland as well. Za-ari-masen (talk) 09:52, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

@Za-ari-masen: Nepal has pockets of North Bengali speakers and Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland have Nefamese and Nagamese, which are Assamese-based creoles, which are showed shaded. Thus the map gives a much fuller and accurate depiction of the Bengali-Assamese languages. Chaipau (talk) 10:12, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

You need to provide a source for the North Bengali speakers in Nepal, migrants don't count. Nefamese is a pidgin, not native to Arunachal Pradesh and according to the[REDACTED] article, its usage is already endangered, being replaced by Hindi. I won't be opposing the inclusion of the map for now and will wait and see if anybody else raises such concern in future. Za-ari-masen (talk) 10:37, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

Nefamese and Nagamese are native to Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. These creoles were used in All India Radio broadcasts. Nefamese is endangered, but that does not mean it does not exist or did not exist. Nagamese is veritably the lingua franca in Nagaland. The portion of Nepal showed within the Bengali-Assamese language map was within the Koch kingdom, and the Bengali-Assamese speakers there are native to that place. Chaipau (talk) 10:49, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

Glottolog classifies Nagamese as a Bengali-Assamese pidgin and it has 3 million speakers. I notice that it is missing throughout the page - this is definitely a knowledge gap.

Word comparison

@Chaipau: The word Jol is also an Assamese word, please refer to any Assamese dictionary. The word Pani is actually of Persian origin, & was probably derived from Bengali during the colonial era when it was imposed, which also resulted in the change of the script. Just like the word for book was originally Pustok (like Dhormopustok - the 1st Bible) in Assamese but now its Kitaab (of Persian origin). Jol is also present in many Assamese words - Jolpropat (waterfall), Jolpan (snacks), Jolpoth (water channel) etc. Tizen03 (talk) 16:50, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

@Tizen03: yes it is used as part of another word, but never on its own. It does not matter what the source of pani is. Chaipau (talk) 17:08, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

As far as I know, Hindu Bengalis almost strictly use jol. Had interactions with them in different parts India, some guys coming from interior villages do not even know what the hell paani is. One guy in my college (in Punjab) would ask for jol in the mess and most Punjabis wouldn't understand. Average northernly people have almost forgotten the root word jal. Pani is more natural for the Muslims of Bengal region, though the ones living in west Bengal would use jol. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 04:11, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

The word pānī is not "of Persian origin", it derives straight from Sanskrit पानीय. The Persian word is āb, which was not widely loaned into Indo-Aryan languages. –Austronesier (talk) 05:55, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

@Austronesier: Absolutely true. The names Punjab , Chenab, etc have that Persian -ab, which doesn't seem to have spread beyond that region. Muslims of Bengal use synonymous terms more common in colloquial Hindu-Urdu like paani, bhabhi, etc instead of the terms commonly used by the Hindus. Along with many of the Persian terms like zameen, which are also used in other languages. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 10:56, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

Alphabet

Might it be helpful to remove the entire "Alphabet" column in the script table? Much steam in the discussion around this article exudes from that column... –Austronesier (talk) 09:40, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Austronesier: I introduced the alphabet column because Za-ari-masen inserted internal links that pointed to the Bengali alphabet and not to Bengali-Assamese script. Languages such as Bishnupriya Manipuri language uses neither the Bengali alphabet nor the Assamese alphabet but a hybrid. So does the Meitei language. I am OK removing the alphabet columns as long as the internal links point to the Bengali-Assamese script. But I don't think they will remain so—e.g. . To resolve this issue, I had started an RfC (Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Linguistics#Is_an_"alphabet"_and_a_"script"_same?), but that discussion digressed into something else. Chaipau (talk) 10:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Why not remove both the script and alphabet columns to keep it cool? Since all the sources cited here call the script "Bengali", it's a borderline source misrepresentation and synthesis to have Bengali-Assamese as the script anyway. Za-ari-masen (talk) 11:45, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

There is not need to remove the information on scripts just to accommodate a particular reading of references. It is well known (and mentioned in the Bengali-Assamese script article with citations) that many authors, especially those from Bengal, call the Bengali-Assamese/Eastern-Nagari script "Bengali". These authors are referring to the script, not to the alphabet. Bishnupriya Manipuri does not use the Bengali alphabet. There is no ৱ in the Bengali alphabet and Bishnupriya uses it profusely (bpy:বিশেষ:সব_পাতা/ৱ). Chaipau (talk) 12:17, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

That is the WP:SYNTHESIS I'm talking about, one has to point towards other sources to prove that the Bengali script mentioned in these citations are same as Bengali-Assamese. Besides, most of these languages use the same script with few exceptions, this could be easily mentioned in prose. There is no need to have this problematic script column that only repeats "Bengali-Assamese" serially and that too with a synthesis. Za-ari-masen (talk) 12:35, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Za-ari-masen: When a thing is called differently by different people, and we use a source that calls that thing differently from the way we do, that's not synthesis. –Austronesier (talk) 12:41, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Austronesier when you combine multiple sources to form an information, it's WP:SYNTHESIS. For example, the source for Sylheti language says it uses "Bengali script" but we have Bengali-Assamese added here as the script pointing to the sources cited on Bengali-Assamese script. That's a synthesis. Za-ari-masen (talk) 12:46, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Za-ari-masen: No, it's not synthesis if it is just two different names for the same thing. We can cite works about "Cristobal Colon" in our article about Christopher Columbus. –Austronesier (talk) 12:55, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Za-ari-masen: SYNTH is not a policy, per se, but a part of WP:OR Misplaced Pages:What_SYNTH_is_not#SYNTH_is_not_a_policy. Could you please point to where any new information that was generated? Also look at Misplaced Pages:What_SYNTH_is_not#SYNTH_is_not_summary. Your reading cannot be verified , but OTOH what you call SYNTH can be verified! Your reading of SYNTH is at best Misplaced Pages:What_SYNTH_is_not#SYNTH_is_not_a_rigid_rule and at worst WP:GAME. Chaipau (talk) 12:59, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Austronesier, can you show me a source that says Sylheti language uses Bengali-Assamese script? If not, then you have to combine multiple sources to prove that "Bengali script" = "Bengali-Assamese script" and thus Sylheti uses Bengali-Assamese script, that's a classic WP:SYNTHESIS. I'm pinging Kmzayeem, UserNumber to know if I'm wrong in my interpretation of WP:synthesis. Za-ari-masen (talk) 13:03, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Just would like to point out that this could be WP:CANVASS. Chaipau (talk) 13:06, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

We are not having a poll here like AfD or RfC so it's not canvassing, there is no harm in seeking opinions of editors in discussions. Za-ari-masen (talk) 13:10, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Za-ari-masen: Per what I have explained above, and per the links cited by Chaipau, I don't have to. Identifying synoynms, and replacing one with another in a statement to make it conform with our consensus nomenclature, is not a chain of arguments to reach a new conclusion. Btw, I don't mind UserNumber being pinged here, who has a good understanding of sensible linguistics details. –Austronesier (talk) 13:17, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Austronesier your example of Cristobal Colon/Christopher Columbus is not relevant here IMO which is the Spanish/English name for a person, we are not just talking about alternative names in different languages here. Bengali script also refers to Bengali alphabet so one could very well interpret it this way. Since we are again deflecting from the main discussion, I'm proposing to remove both script and alphabet columns for the reasons mentioned earlier. Let's see what Kmzayeem and UserNumber have to say. Za-ari-masen (talk) 13:25, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Za-ari-masen: Alternative names in English a.k.a synonyms. –Austronesier (talk) 13:31, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Za-ari-masen: CANVASS does not cover just AfD or RfC but all discussions. Canvassing is notification done with the intention of influencing the outcome of a discussion in a particular way, and is considered inappropriate. Please don't keep "bending it". Chaipau (talk) 13:42, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Chaipau: Moi? –Austronesier (talk) 13:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Austronesier: Apologies. Now corrected. Need coffee (or Darjeeling Tea!). Chaipau (talk) 14:41, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Za-ari-masen: No, This article should not be downgraded with less information to satisfy a flawed reading of Misplaced Pages policies. Chaipau (talk) 15:51, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

I retract my suggestion. The idea was to reduce steam pressure, but it's not the kettle that's to blame, but the fire... –Austronesier (talk) 16:03, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Austronesier: I think your suggestion was right-on and we should implement it since we have settled the issue. If this (Bengali script = Bengali-Assamese script) is not taken as consensus we should move forward with other mechanisms. Should we let the fire smolder? What do you say? Chaipau (talk) 16:32, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

• Comment - The discussion seems a bit too long and I'm not sure I understand the underlying dispute. All I can say is follow what the reliable sources say. --Zayeem 16:48, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Kmzayeem, the discussion is mainly about whether to keep the script and alphabet columns in the article or not. Initially suggested by Austronesier to remove the alphabet column as it has been a source of disputes to which I suggested we should remove both script and alphabet columns. My rationale about removing the column has been given in this two diffs: , . Also, Chaipau don't change contents from Bishnupriya Manipuri language referring to this discussion. The discussion here is different from that and we still haven't reached any consensus here. Za-ari-masen (talk) 17:27, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Za-ari-masen: @Kmzayeem: it was pointed out to user:Za-ari-masen that "Bengali script" was synonymous with the standard nomenclature of the script in Misplaced Pages which is Bengali-Assamese script. This follows from the the sources, such as Brandt, and also passes WP:V from bpy:বিশেষ:সব_পাতা/ৱ. Za-ari-masen's claim that the source means Bengali alphabet fails WP:V.

@Austronesier: Look at this: . Chaipau (talk) 17:48, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

(edit conflict)Well, my understanding is that apart from Bengali and Assamese, most of these languages are primarily used only in oral form. There are both a script and an alphabet added for Chittagonian language which doesn't have any written form, might seem a bit amusing to a native Chittagonian. I think we can do without the script and alphabet list. May be a column for native demography could be added. Like for Chakma language, there is Chakma people and so on. --Zayeem 17:59, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

I agree with Kmzayeem's suggestion. The script column is more purposeless since all these languages use the same script with few exceptions which can be adequately mentioned in prose. The main purpose of such lists is to show the variance among the subjects. Demography is an interesting topic which could show enough variance to justify a separate column here. Za-ari-masen (talk) 11:42, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

Adding demographics is fine, but that does not mean writing systems should go away. Writing systems are an integral part of a language. Chaipau (talk) 13:23, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

Remove both script and alphabet; there is a native name header which can include the names in different scripts used.UserNumber (talk) 15:44, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

What is the rationale for removing legitimate information? Chaipau (talk) 16:26, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

It's more-so subjective information; there's too many differential opinions. Also, a lot of the information is inaccurate as it mentions historic scripts which are no longer in use as well as many of these languages being spoken varieties and rarely written in, and never officially. UserNumber (talk) 10:25, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

@UserNumber:, @Kmzayeem:, it seems we have a consensus here to remove the script and alphabet columns. Chaipau, I'd suggest you to be careful of WP:IDHT in your discussion here. Za-ari-masen (talk) 10:51, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

This is not CONSENSUS. Austronesier has retracted his earlier suggestion. Chaipau (talk) 10:56, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

Exactly, my suggestion was explicitly linked to a hope of diminishing WP:BATTLEGROUND mentality. But to the contrary, it set off the same Pavlovian behavioral pattern we have witnessed on numerous talk pages before. With all due respect to @UserNumber: and @Kmzayeem: and their well-argued positions, we so far only have a sample of input from canvassed editors. –Austronesier (talk) 11:05, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

@UserNumber: Note that you are removing legitimate information. You have yourself said there are many smaller languages that use a variety of different scripts, and many that do not have a strong literary tradition. Yes, this is a fact. But why do you want to suppress it in Misplaced Pages? There are many languages that are trying to develop their own languages and improve literary activity. Misplaced Pages too supports these different languages, no matter how small or "insignificant" now. For example bpy:. The entire linguistic community is involved in the preservation of languages and sustaining them. Please understand that to suppress the reality of these languages is blatantly political and definitely not WP:NPOV.

@Za-ari-masen: The "alphabet" column I introduced was an effort to converge and create CONSENSUS, so you may insert the links to Bengali alphabet you so seem to be fixated on. But this was a mechanism that makes the meanings of these links clear and not give undue weight to a dominant language (Brandt). But it seems you are not interested in CONSENSUS but ramming through a POV by sheer number by GAMING the rules. I request you to stop using these tactics.

Chaipau (talk) 11:38, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

Chaipau, You are wrong, Misplaced Pages doesn't support anything, it's not a place for activism. We are all supposed to improve the accuracy of the information by citing reliable sources. And I don't know what information UserNumber removed, he hasn't even edited the article. POV is precisely what is seen in your behaviour here. When Austronesier decided to withdraw his suggestion, you argued the suggestion should be implemented ignoring my arguments. Now when the consensus is going against you, you are saying that Austronesier has retracted his suggestion so there is no consensus. Furthermore, everywhere you give undue weight to particular sources (e.g. brandt, solomon) that support your POV and reject all the other sources shown by your opponents. When others point out the flaws in your argument, you would shout "POV", "GAMING" and accuse others of being "nationalist". Your behavior in these talk pages has been highly disruptive which is not conducive to a healthy discussion. Za-ari-masen (talk) 12:47, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

@Chaipau:, You said at the start that there is no ৱ in the Bengali alphabet. This is only true for the MODERN Bengali alphabet. Before the 20th century, ৱ was used in Bengali as well. So for this article are we judging languages by their past or present? UserNumber (talk) 14:13, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

@UserNumber: When did Bengali alphabet drop the ৱ? Maybe that will help us determine what kind of past we are looking at. Chaipau (talk) 14:20, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

Following the reforms of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in the 1800s in association with Fort William College. Funnily enough as I type this I just realised the former page has been vandalised and much information has been removed (old revision) UserNumber (talk) 17:20, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

Strange it should be "dropped" then, because Halhed's Bengali Grammar did not have it either. When did it come back between Halhed and Vidyasagar? Also, there are many similarities between East Bengal and Assam in many respects, not just because Sylhet and Assam were together for a while. So that is a gray area. Chaipau (talk) 17:51, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

The information in Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#Bengali_alphabet_and_language_reconstruction was removed because it was unsourced, so it was not "vandalized". It would be great if could be retrieved with a citation. –Austronesier (talk) 18:03, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

Here is a page from the Encyclopédie, published between 1751–1766. Look at the third line in the Consonants (Consonnes) section, it includes ৱ as vô. Secondly, I never mentioned anything about Sylhet, I am aware that Eastern Bengali (Bangladeshi) has many similarities with Assamese. Halhed and Vidyasagar were both based in West Bengal, let's not neglect the East. UserNumber (talk) 10:05, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

@Austronesier:, so I can now remove any information on any page if it is unsourced? UserNumber (talk) 10:07, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

@UserNumber: Certainly, per WP:UNSOURCED. The best and most civil procedure IMO is to tag such information first, unless it is highly dubious. The community must get a chance to improve the situation either way: add sources, or delete the text if no source can be provided within due time. The pity with the aforementioned information was that it had been tagged for more than a year already. A removal of content at such a stage is definitely not reproachable—WP:V is not negotiable. –Austronesier (talk) 10:33, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Arbitrary break: Off topic

Chaipau, the source says "exclusively written in Bangla", it's not the script but the alphabet the source Kim & Kim talks about. You can add Bengali-Assamese when the source is for the script and not the alphabet. And you are again derailing the thread which is disruptive, please stop doing that. Keep discussions about Bishnupriya on Talk:Bishnupriya Manipuri language. Za-ari-masen (talk) 18:06, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

@Za-ari-masen: sure, it means it is exclusively written in Bengali-Assamese script and not in Devanagari script as well as was done in the past; the full quote reads: "Also, although Bishnupriya is now written exclusively using the Bangla script, this wasn’t always so. According to some, Bishnupriya was written using the Devanagri script prior to the takeover of Manipur by the Meiteis." Chaipau (talk) 22:17, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Update

@Austronesier: I have finally dropped the alphabet column. This is because the script name has settled on Bengali-Assamese script and there is no need to now distinguish the alphabets. Chaipau (talk) 21:30, 17 January 2021 (UTC)

I've reverted it, please refrain from making mass changes without discussion, especially when the edit is controversial and has been debated earlier. Za-ari-masen (talk) 13:31, 19 January 2021 (UTC)

History of the Bengali and Assamese language

Origin of Bengali and Assamese languages:

Historical background of the creation of Bengali language and Assamese language:

West Bengal, the gateway to eastern India, has an ancient history. Historical records of the state of West Bengal include the Maurya, Gupta and Mughal eras and the Pundra, Pala and Sena dynasties. The earliest parts of the history of West Bengal are recorded as belonging to the Vedic period when the state was inhabited by countless people of various origins and ethnicities. The kingdom was ruled by a number of chieftains during the epic Mahabharata period and was ruled by the Aryas during the later Vedic period.

In 551 BC Mahajanapada Banga, Mahabharata Anga, Banga and Kalinga kingdoms are mentioned as kingdoms close to Bharatvarsha or ancient India. Civilization in Greater Bengal dates back to 4,000 years ago. During this period Dravidian, Tibeto-Burmese and Arasu-Asiatic ethnic groups came and settled in the region. The actual origin of the word Banga or Bangla is unknown. However, it is believed that the region was named after the Dravidian-speaking "Bong" ethnic group who settled in the region around 1000 BC. In 551 BC Mahajanapada Banga, Mahabharata Anga, Banga and Kalinga kingdoms are mentioned as kingdoms close to Bharatvarsha or ancient India. Civilization in Greater Bengal dates back to 4,000 years ago. During this period Dravidian, Tibeto-Burmese and Astro-Assiatic ethnic groups came and settled in the region. The actual origin of the word Banga or Bangla is unknown. However, it is believed that the region was named after the Dravidian-speaking "Bong" ethnic group who settled in the region around 1000 BC. Greek sources mention the existence of a region called Gangaridai around 100 BC. It is probably one of the earliest references to Bengal in foreign literature. The word Gangaridai is believed to be a corruption of Gangahrid (ie, the region in which the Ganges flows through its heart). In the seventh century BC, the kingdom of Magadha was formed with the territory of Bengal and Bihar. The kingdom of Magadha, a conglomeration of several Mahajanapadas, was one of the four principal kingdoms of India during the time of Mahavira and Gautama Buddha. During the reign of the Maurya dynasty almost the whole of South Asia was included in the Magadha Empire. During the reign of Mahamati Ashoka, the greatest hero of this empire in the 3rd century BC, Afghanistan and parts of Persia were also included in this empire.

In ancient times, Bengal had foreign trade relations with Java, Sumatra and Syamadesh (modern Thailand). According to the Buddhist scripture Mahavamsa, a Bengal prince named Vijay Singha conquered Lanka (modern day Sri Lanka) and renamed the country Sinhala. The inhabitants of ancient Bengal went to the Malay Islands and Syamadesh and established their colonies there.

Gaudeshwar Maharajadhiraja Shashankadev was the sovereign ruler of the Gaud Empire of ancient Bengal and the first independent king of a unified state in the Bengal region. He united various small kingdoms of Bengal and formed Gaur township. He is believed to have ruled in the 7th century AD. According to historians he ruled between 593 and 638 AD. The Bengali Calendar or Bangabd starts counting from the day of his accession to the throne. His capital was called Karnasubarna or Kansona. He occupies a prominent place in the history of Bengal. Shashank was the first Bengali emperor and the first independent Bengali artist. He is believed to have ruled roughly between 590 and 625 AD. Two scripts published in his 8th and 10th Rajyangs have been found from Medinipur and another undated script has been discovered from Agra near Kharagpur. Apart from this, we know about him from the copperplates of King Madhavvarma of Ganjam under Shashanka (619 AD), the Banskhera and Madhuban copperplates of Harshvardhan and the Nidhanpur copperplate of King Bhaskarvarman of Kamrup. Inscribed gold and silver coins of Shashanka have also been found. Between the fall of the Guptas and the rise of Shashanka, several independent rulers emerged in Bengal. Their existence is known on the basis of few inscriptions and gold coins. 'Sri Mahasamanta Sashanka' written on a seal found at Rohtasgarh, contemporary literary materials of Banabhata, the accounts of the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen-tsang and the Buddhist treatise Aryamanjushrimulkalpa are important sources of Shashanka's history.

He ascended the throne and introduced Bangabd. Shashanka is credited with creating the Bengali calendar. The term Bangabda is also found in two centuries-old Shiva temples dating back to Akbar's time, suggesting that the Bengali calendar existed long before Akbar's time.

The name Shashanka or Shashankadev is derived from Sanskrit, which is another name for the moon. The name Shashanka-deva therefore expresses the moon god. The Hindu god Shiva is also known as 'Shashank Shekhar' because he holds the moon on his head.

He is referred to as She-shang-qia in the writings of the Chinese monk Xuanzang. He is also called Shashanka Narendragupta, which initially claims that he was a descendant of the later Guptas. In the Sinha dynastic history of Magadha, the names 'Shashanka' and 'Som' are used interchangeably.

Very little is known about Shashank's early life. He is said to have been a Shaiva Brahmin. Nagendranath Bose has argued that Shashanka was the son/descendant of King Karnadeva, who founded the city of Karnasubarna.

After Skandagupta's death in 467 AD, the Gupta Empire saw several weak kings. On the other hand, around 480 AD the Alchan Hun armies began to attack the declining empire from multiple directions. The defense of the vast empire put a strain on the royal treasury. Although the Huns were initially repulsed, prolonged attacks hastened the downfall of the Gupta kings. Note that Indian archaeologist Shankar Sharma has argued that a great flood in the mid-sixth century led to the end of the empire.

In the late sixth century, the empire was ruled by a weak ruler of the later Gupta dynasty, Mahasengupta (r.c. 562–601 CE). The fall of the Gupta Empire threw the empire into disarray. Numerous local kings and rulers, such as Yasodharman, emerged and began competing for control of many parts of the former empire. Shashanka emerged as one of these local rulers, whose aim was to control Gaur and its surrounding region.

The first mention of Shashanka is found in the 7th century hill fort at Rohtasgarh, a small town in the Magadha state. The seal bore an inscription, "Mahasamanta Shashankadeva."

Shashanka is believed to have ruled the state under the Gauda king of Karnasubarna as the Mahasamantha of Rohtasgarh. The Gauda kings of Karnasubarna were probably representatives of the Moukhari dynasty. Another king Jainaga of Karnasubarna appears to have been a contemporary of Shashanka. Actually Karnasubarna was Shashanka's capital and this famous city was located near Chiruti railway station near Rajbaridanga (ancient site of Raktamritika Mahavihara or modern Rangamati) in present day Murshidabad district of West Bengal.

Shashanka is described as the ruler of Gauda in Lipimala and literary sources. Gaur in the narrow sense is the region between the Padma and Bhagirathi rivers. But in course of time a wider area is covered. In the 7th Patala 'Satapanchashaddesavibhaga' of the Saktisangam Tantra, it is stated that the boundaries of the Gauras extended from Bengal to Bhubanesh (Bhubaneswar in Orissa). It is not impossible that the writer Shashanka's Rajyaseema, which also included a part of Orissa, contemplated the extent of the Gauda country.

The destruction and fall of the Gupta empire coincided with important advances in remote areas. Many unfamiliar areas, which were probably ruled by clan chiefs and where the population was sparse, gained historical fame. Among these areas were the red soil areas of West Bengal, North Orissa and adjacent areas of Madhya Pradesh, where farming and living is very difficult.

In this context, Shashank took initiatives to expand his political influence in different parts of India. His first task was to free Magadha from the firm control of the Moukharis. Shashanka, along with his ally Malava king Devagupta, engaged in a war against Moukhari king Grahavarma, son-in-law of Pushyabhuti king Prabhakarvardhan. Grahavarma was killed by Devagupta. Then Prabhakarvardhan's eldest son, the Buddhist Thaneshwar Raja Rajyavardhan, advanced against Devagupta and defeated and killed Devagupta. But Rajyavardhan was killed in a clash with Devagupta's ally Shashanka.

Shashank first established himself in Gaudah and set his sights on Magadha. At that time Magadha was under Moukhari rule and Shashanka again vowed to liberate it.

While most scholars accept the fact of Rajyavardhan's meeting with the Gaur king Shashanka as true, Shashanka avoids the allegation of Rajyavardhan's death. According to Banabhata, Rajyavardhana completely defeated the Malava army with ease and he was 'slain in the enemy's camp unarmed and alone, persuaded by the false promises of the king of Gauda'. The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen-tsang gives a similar description. Detailed information about the actual circumstances of Shashank's enemy's death is lacking. Hence it is impossible to analyze Shashanka's behavior towards Rajyavardhan. Both Banabhatta, who was deeply saddened by the death of his patron's brother, and Hiuen-tsang, who was particularly fond of Buddhism and personally grateful to Harshavardhana, are well known for their attitudes. Perhaps that is why they have failed to temper emotions in the accounts of Rajyavardhan's death.

Some scholars believe that Rajyavardhan was very likely ready to negotiate peace with Shashanka and that is why he came to the enemy camp. Sankara, the fourteenth-century commentator on the Harsharchita, mentions that the Gaur king Shashanka invited Rajyavardhana to discuss the marriage of his daughter with Rajyavardhana. It is difficult to say for sure how much of this is true, because nothing is said about the source of this information given by Shankar.

Harshavardhana's script sources the information about Rajyavardhana's death recorded in the Banskhera copper plate is insufficient. But the situation created by the accounts of Banabhatta and Hiuen Tsang is alleviated when the Banskhera copper plate records that Harshavardhana's brother Rajyavardhana died in the enemy's abode 'for the sake of truth'. However, the name of the enemy was not revealed here either. From this it seems that Rajyavardhan died because of the unfinished peace talks. But Shashank's personal responsibility for this accident cannot be determined with certainty.

After this incident, Rajyavardhana's younger brother Harshavardhana, who ascended the throne of Thaneswar, marched to punish Shashanka with a large army and formed an alliance with Shashanka's eastern border neighbor Kamrup Raj Bhaskaravarman (Kumar mentioned in Banavatta). According to Banabhatta sources, Harshvardhan entrusted the responsibility of the army to Bhandi and was busy rescuing his sister Rajyashri in the forest of Vindhya Parbat. After rescuing his sister, he reunited with his army. Harshavardhana then ascended the throne of Kanyakunjar (Kanauj) with the permission of his sister Rajyashri. Nothing more is known about the progress of Bhandi's army. But there is no doubt that Shashanka continued to rule his kingdom with bravery. Shashanka also annexed northern Orissa and the southern part of the Bengal delta. Harshavardhana seems to have established dominance in south-eastern Bihar and Orissa towards the end of his reign in 640-43 AD, and around the same time Bhaskaravarman took possession of the capital city of Karnasuvarna. All these events probably took place after the death of Shashanka, for by that time Gauda's power had declined and not much was heard of Shashanka. But the story of Shashanka's defeat by Harsha in the battle of Pundravardhana in the Buddhist text Aryamanjushrimulkalpa and Shashanka's reign of 17 years are not supported by any other contemporary sources. Rather, the more recently discovered Shashanka inscription from South Midnapore mentions the existence of the town of Dandabhukti, which consisted of parts of Midnapore and Odisa.

Harshavardhana was initially a follower of Shaivism, but gradually he became a great patron of Buddhism. An ardent devotee of Buddhism, he convened a large Sangeet in Kanauj to preach the Mahayana doctrine. Harshavardhana is said to have suppressed the revolt of the Brahmins with great cruelty. After Kanauj he also organized a similar grand Buddhist Sangeet at Prayag. Hiuen-tsang and the kings, ministers, nobles, etc. of all the border states attended the Buddhist gatherings of Kanauj and Prayag. Hiuen-tsang specifically mentions that Harsha was born at the behest of the Bodhisattva to chastise Shashanka, who was hostile to Buddhism. He also gives examples of some of Shashanka's anti-Buddhist activities.

But the remarkable development of Nalanda Mahavihara, the university at Nalanda, where Hiuen-tsang himself studied for some time, and the existence of a number of Buddhist monasteries, including Raktamritika Mahavihara, on the outskirts of Shashanka's capital city of Karnasubarna, seems to indicate that Hiuen-tsang's information is incorrect. On the other hand, the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen-tsang, who was patronized by Harshavardhana, appears to have been deeply partial to Harsha when speaking of his patron's enemy Shashanka. Against Gauradhip (Shashanka's name is not mentioned; Shashanka means 'Shiva', and probably Banabhatta himself was a Shaivite), Harshavardhana's sativa poet Banabhatta expressed his hatred of Shashanka by using derogatory language such as 'gaudbhujanga' or 'gauradham'. It is true that Shashanka was a strong patron of Brahmanism and a great devotee of Shaivism. He had no sympathy for the wealthy merchant class and Buddhism patronized by his arch-rival Harshavardhana. It is not impossible that the sentiments of the Buddhist community at that time were hurt by this.

On the other hand, Harshavardhana's fondness for Buddhism and hostility towards Brahminism (in this context the brutal suppression of a large number of Brahmins during the Kanauj rally) discouraged the followers of Hinduism and they migrated to eastern India in large numbers. Hiuen-tsang mentions the departure of several learned Brahmins as Kamrup. Several Brahmins received grants of land from Bhaskaravarman to live as Kamarus. The Kulaji text mentions the migration of several Brahmins from Kanauj to Bengal. This is also known from the Nidhanpur copper plate of King Bhaskara Varman of Kamrup. The story of the migration of the Grahabipras from the Saryu region towards Bengal, perhaps at the invitation of Shashanka, may be mentioned in this context. Though initially welcomed by Bengal and Kamrup, this massive immigration ultimately had an adverse effect on the socio-economic conditions of these two countries.

Research on the origin of Bengali language has been going on for many years now, the fact that has emerged through modern research is that two languages ​​have been created directly from Banga-Kamrupi: 1) Bengali, 2) Assamese. But from where this Banga-Kamrupi language came, it should be known.

One important point needs to be mentioned here, that is - "Pundrabardhan" area, we all know that there was a very prosperous kingdom called Pundrabardhan in ancient India. Parts of that kingdom later came to be known as Barendrabhumi and even later as Gaur. We all know from history that the ruler of ancient prosperous Pundrabardhan was Poundra Kshatriya. These Poundra Kshatriyas were defeated by the Magadha king Mahapadmananda in the 4th century AD and took refuge in Western Kamrup (Kamrup Ratnapith), Nepal and Orissa. So still living in Sambalpur area of ​​Orissa state and the language is also Rajvanshi. As a result, the language of Poundra Kshatriya people (Gouri Prakrit or Magadhi Prakrit) (300-200BC) spread and mixed with the languages ​​of those places to create new languages. The Pundra Apabhramsa (Gouri Apabhramsa or Magadhi Apabhrasa) language (400–600AD) was formed due to the mixing of this Poundra language with other languages.)

After this Apabhramsa language evolved from 1) Bihari (Maithili), 2) Old Oriya, 3) Banga-Kamrupi / Banga-Assomiya (Western Kamrupi / Rajbanshi) (500AD).

As a result of the migration of Brahmins to Gauda, ​​the language of North India, Maithili language and the language of Magadha combined with the local language of Gauda (the language of the Pundras) to form Bengali. It should be noted here - Bhaskar Bama occupied Gauda and gave land to the Brahmins in large numbers. Maithili gave land to Brahmin as Kama. Later, a large number of these Brahmins migrated to East Bengal and Rarbanga.

This was followed by the amalgamation of “Banga-Kamrupi + Maithili + North Indian language to form the Bangla language" and the amalgamation of “Banga-Kamrupi + Maithili + Eastern Kamrupi + Bhotchinyo to form the Assamese language.”

Among Bengali linguists, some linguists identified Kamarupi language and Barendri language as dialects of Bengali. That has been followed till now. But later modern native and foreign linguists, through modern research, have succeeded in proving that Kamarupi language and Barendri language are not dialects of Bengali language. Modern linguists have not only succeeded in proving, they have also proved that Kamarupi and Barendri are the same language.

Earlier linguists identified the language as Bengali-Kamrupi / Bengali-Assamese, modern linguists identify the Bengali-Kamrupi / Bengali-Assameselanguage as Rajbanshi / Kamtapuri language.

According to Prove linguists, two languages ​​arose directly from Bengali-Kamrupi / Bengali-Assamese language. 1) Bengali language and 2) Assamese language. Meanwhile, modern linguists have proved that the Bengali-Kamrupi language is Rajbanshi / Kamtapuri language.

So based on the evidence of modern linguists, it has to be accepted that Kamarupi language and Barendri language are not dialects of Bengali language. It should be remembered here that the Kamarupi language is the Rajbanshi / Kamtapuri language and the Barendri language is the Pundravadhana language. The Pundrakshatriyas are the present-day royal Kshatriya caste. We all know the history of this royal Kshatriya nation. But as a result of the change of religion, Rajbanshi caste is now divided into Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, Christian sects. But the language is the same.

If this is the case, then it proves that the Rajvanshi/Kamtapuri/Barendri language is the mother of Bengali and Assamese languages.

The important thing here is that if you know the Western Kamrupi (Rajbanshi) language, you can understand and speak Bengali, Oriya, Maithili, Hindi, Nepali, Assamese very easily and with a little effort.

But the two languages ​​that have contributed the most to the creation of this Bengali language are 1) Maithili language and 2) Western Kamrupi (Rajbanshi) language. But the creation of this beautiful Bengali language would not have happened, if Maharaja Bhaskar Bama of Kamrup in the seventh century was a strong political Don't decide. His decision allowed Maithili and Pundra Gana languages ​​to merge. Otherwise we would not be able to speak Bengali today.

During the rule of the Buddhist Pala kings, there were not so many social barriers in terms of association, manners and customs between different classes, but during the Sena kings, who were early supporters of Brahmanism, these barriers existed strongly. As a result, the distance between different classes of people increases. The rise of the lower and lower classes in the society became increasingly evident.

After the advent of Islam in India, Islam spread in the Bengal region as well. A Turkish general of the slave dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate named Bakhtiyar Khalji defeated the last Sen Raja Lakshmanasena and took possession of a large area of ​​Bengal. For several centuries the region was ruled by sultanate dynasties or feudal lords subordinate to the Delhi Sultanate.

In the 16th century, Mughal general Islam Khan conquered Bengal. However, the royal court of the Mughal Empire gave semi-independence to the rulers of Suba Bengal in terms of governance. The administration of this region was entrusted to the Nawabs of Murshidabad. The Nawabs were also respectful of the Mughal sovereignty of Delhi.

Kamrupa – Kamtapur – Ahom – Coochbehar Kingdom and Language:

         The Kamarupa also called Pragjyotisha or Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa an early state during the Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, was the first historical kingdom of North Eastern India. 
         Though Kamarupa prevailed from 350 to 1228, Davaka was absorbed by Kamarupa in the 5th century CE. Ruled by three dynasties from their capitals in present-day Guwahati, North Guwahati and Tezpur, Kamarupa at its height covered the entire Brahmaputra Valley, North Bengal, Bhutan and northern part of Bangladesh, and at times portions of what is now West Bengal, Bihar and Sylhet. 
         Though the historical kingdom disappeared by the 12th century to be replaced by smaller political entities, the notion of Kamarupa persisted and ancient and medieval chroniclers continued to call a part of this kingdom Kamrup. In the 16th century the Ahom kingdom came into prominence and assumed for them selves the legacy of the ancient Kamarupa kingdom and aspired to extend their kingdom to the Karatoya River. 

         The Kamata Kingdom emerged in western Kamarupa probably when Sandhya Roy, son of Maharaja Pithu Roy a ruler of Kamarupanagara, moved his capital west to Kamatapur sometime after 1228 CE. Since it originated in the old seat of the Kamarupa kingdom, and since it covered most of the western parts of it, the kingdom is also sometimes called as Kamarupa-Kamata. It covered a region corresponding to present-day undivided districts of Kamrup, Goalpara, North Bengal in India and North Bengal in Bangladesh and northern parts of Mymensingh in Bangladesh. The rise of the Kamata kingdom marked the end of the ancient period in the history of Assam and the beginning of the medieval period. The last rulers were the Khens, who were later displaced in 1498 by Alauddin Hussain Shah, the ruler of the Bengal Sultanate. Though Hussain Shah developed extensive administrative structures, he lost political control to a confederation of Baro-Bhuyan within a few years.

         The Ahom dynasty (1228–1826) ruled the Ahom Kingdom in present-day Assam, India for nearly 598 years. The dynasty was established by Sukaphaa, a Shan prince of Mong Mao (present-day Yunnan, China) who came to Assam after crossing the Patkai mountains. The rule of this dynasty ended with the Burmese invasion of Assam and the subsequent annexation by the British East India Company following the Treaty of Yandabo in 1826.

          In external medieval chronicles the kings of this dynasty were called Asam Raja, whereas the subjects of the kingdom called them Chaopha, or Swargadeo (in Assamese).

.

          The Coochbehar Kingdom (1510–1949) ruled parts of eastern Indian subcontinent in present-day Assam and Bengal. Chandan established power in the erstwhile Kamata Kingdom which had emerged from the decaying Kamarupa Kingdom. The dynasty came to power by removing the Baro-Bhuyans, who had earlier removed the short-lived rule established by Alauddin Hussain Shah.

          The dynasty split into three among the descendants of Biswa Singha's three sons; two antagonistic branches Koch Bihar and Koch Hajo and a third branch at Khaspur. Koch Bihar aligned with the Mughals and the Koch Hajo branch broke up into various sub-branches under the Ahom kingdom. Koch Bihar became a princely state during British rule and was absorbed after Indian independence. The third branch at Khaspur disappeared into the Kachari kingdom. Raikat is a collateral branch of the Koch dynasty that claim descent from the Sisya Singha, the brother of Biswa Singha.

               So from the above description, it is understood that from the seventh century to the fourteenth century, there was no administration of Bengal in Northeast India and there was no Bengali language. The present boundaries are: North Bengal, East Bihar, East Nepal, North Bangladesh and North East India. How then Charja Pader language is the ancient form of Bengali language?

So from the above description, it is understood that from the seventh century to the fourteenth century, there was no administration of Bengal in Northeast India and there was no Bengali language. The present boundaries are: North Bengal, East Bihar, East Nepal, North Bangladesh and North East India. How then Charja Pader language is the ancient form of Bengali language? The Charja Pader language is not that similar to the current Bengali language, but the Cha'pader language still has a direct similarity to the current Rajbanshi language, even after more than a thousand years.

Example: “Talot mor ghar, nahi parobeshi. Harit bhat nai, Niti Abeshi".

European traders arrived in the Bengal region in the late fifteenth century. All these merchants were able to expand their influence in the region. Finally, in 1757, the British East India Company defeated the last independent Nawab of Bengal, Sirajddaula, at the Battle of Palashi. After this, the right to collect the revenue of Suba Bengal was taken over by the company. Bengal Presidency was established in 1765. Gradually all the British-occupied territories from the Ganga-Brahmaputra estuary north of the Central Provinces (present-day Madhya Pradesh) to the Himalayas and the Punjab were included in the Bengal Presidency. Millions of ordinary people died in the 1970s. Calcutta was declared the capital of British India in 1772. Bengal's renaissance and the Brahmo Samaj-centered socio-cultural reform movement had a profound impact on the cultural and economic life of Bengal.

Kamrupi/Rajvanshi language's nimittatha'k anusag' 'bade' (tore bade = for you) is obsolete in Sadhu or Chalit Bengali. But such suffixes are paralleled in other early Magadhi-naturalized languages ​​(compare: Bhojpuri nimittatha'k anusag' 'bade') This suffix may be a reminder of Bengali's kinship with other Magadhi language groups.

A famous verse of Sri Krishna Keet'an 'বন পোড়ে আগ বড়ায়ি জগজনে জানী/মোর মন পোড়ে যেহ্ন কুম্ভারের পনী।'In the words of a North Bengal villager, the following can be heard: "বন পোড়া যায সোগ্গায় দেখে/মন পোড়া যায় কাহয় না জানে।" Just one example suggests that many proverbs and idioms of ancient and Middle Bengal can be found in North Bengal folklore if one searches.

Here the question will arise, how all these medieval language scripts were preserved in Kamrupi / Rajbanshi / Kamtapuri? The answer can be found in the pages of history. Although the Bengali language was prevalent in almost all parts of North-Eastern India, the political separation of Lower and Other Bengal with the North and North-East in the Middle Ages.

At that time, when other parts of Bengal were dominated by Pathan-Mughal and Samantha kings, this place was an integral kingdom. Due to this political disunity, there was a gradual disparity between the two Bengals regarding the development and progress of the language.

The distinct Assamese language was formed by mixing the eastern part of the Bango-Kamrupi / Bong-Assamese / Rajbanshi languages ​​with the Votochinian and Maithili languages.

But even during the medieval period the Rajbanshi/Kamtapuri/Kamrupi language was established as the royal language of the Kamta kingdom. Even before the accession of Cooch Behar state to India.

The letter written in Kamrupi / Rabbanshi / Kamtapuri in 1555 AD by Maharaja Naranarayan of Cooch Behar to Ahomaraja Sagadev Chukamfa is referred to by historians/linguists of Bengali literature as the earliest reference to Bengali prose. Needless to say not only this letter but also other royal letters of Kamta Rajya and Cooch Behar state were written in this Rajbanshi / Kamatapur / Kamarupi language.

It is noteworthy in this context that not only practical letters were written in this Rajbanshi language, but in Kamrup/Kamtapur/Kochbihar, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas were translated into verse, genealogies were written, dramatizations and padabalis were written in this language.

But it is a great pain that this ancient rich Kamarupi language has been rendered obsolete in modern times. It is even more painful that this ancient language is declared a dialect of Bengali. But as the saying goes, "History is never suppressed. It will be revealed one day or another." Even more surprising, the rich literature of the Kamarupi language has been shared among Bengali and Assamese linguists. Just as ancestral property is divided among the heirs. But that usually happens when parents leave their heirs forever. But what has happened with Kamarupi / Rajvanshi language is like beating the living parents out of the house for the greed of property. How accurate this comparison is with language, I can't say but I feel compelled to make the comparison.

As the saying goes, “History speaks”. Now everything is proven through modern research that Kamrupi / Kamtapuri / Rajbanshi / Goalpariya / Rangpuri / Tajpuri / Suryapuri / Barendri / Banga-Kamarupi / Banga-Assamese language, the same language and different names are known in different places.

Even international linguists have proved that “Bengali language and Assamese language” – originated from Banga-Kamrupi / Banga-Assamese / Rajbanshi language”.

So, the Rajbanshi language(Banga-Kamrupi / Banga-Assamese), mother of Bengali language and Assamese language.

Currently Rajbanshi / Kamtapuri language is recognized as official language in West Bengal and Nepal. That is, Rajbanshi language now means international language.

But the modern Bengali language that we use today is associated with many local and foreign languages. Therefore, behind the modern form of Bengali, the most complex language in the world, there are many languages ​​of the world. So from that point of view, Bengali is not only the language of Bengali but also the language of all. 2409:4061:8E39:100C:0:0:4A08:7C0E (talk) 08:14, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

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