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Buddhism in Kazakhstan is a minority religion with historical presence since the 17th century. Ehnic groups such as the Kalmyks, Tuvans, and Mongols form the Buddhist population in the country.
According to the 2021 census, there are approximately 15,458 Buddhists in Kazakhstan, constituting less than 1% of the total population. This reflects a slight increase from the 2009 census, which reported 14,663 Buddhists.
History
As early as the 6th century, Buddhism began influencing Turkic tribes in Central Asia. The Western Turkic Khaganate, which encompassed parts of present-day Kazakhstan, was a notable patron of Buddhism from the early 7th to early 8th centuries. During this period, Buddhist teachings and culture permeated the region, facilitated by the Silk Road's role as a conduit for religious and cultural exchange.
Archaeological discoveries in Kazakhstan highlight Buddhism's historical influence in the region. Notable evidence includes ancient Buddhist rock carvings found along the Ili River and in the Tarbagatai Mountains. Additionally, structures such as the Kyzyl Kent palace in Karaganda oblast and the Ablainkit fortress-monastery in East Kazakhstan oblast, both dating back to the 17th century, provide clear links to the region's Buddhist heritage.
Decline
The rise of Islam in the 10th century, particularly after it was declared the state religion by the Karakhanid dynasty, led to a gradual decline in Buddhism's prominence in Kazakhstan.