Digestive system - Misplaced Pages

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The digestive system is the organ system that breaks down and absorbs nutrients that are essential for growth and maintenance. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, (intestines), rectum, and anus.

External links

Overview at Colorado State University

Human systems and organs

Musculoskeletal system

Skeletal system	Bone Carpus Collar bone (clavicle) Thigh bone (femur) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage
Joints	Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint
Muscular system	Muscle Tendon Diaphragm

Circulatory system

Cardiovascular system	peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart
Lymphatic system	primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system

Nervous system

Integumentary system

Haematopoietic and immune systems

Respiratory system

Upper
- Nose
- Nasopharynx
- Larynx
Lower
- Trachea
- Bronchus
- Lung

Digestive system

Mouth
- Salivary gland
- Tongue
- Lip
- Tooth
upper GI
lower GI
- Small intestine
- Appendix
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anus
accessory

Urinary system

Reproductive system

Male
- Scrotum
- Penis
- Prostate
- Testicle
- Seminal vesicle
Female
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Vulva
- Ovary
- Placenta

Endocrine system

Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, excluding the mouth

Upper

Pharynx	Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Pyriform sinus
Esophagus	Sphincters upper lower glands crop
Stomach	Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cells Parietal cells Gastric chief cells Enterochromaffin-like cells

Lower

Small intestine

Microanatomy	Intestinal villi Microvilli Intestinal glands Enterocytes Enteroendocrine cells Goblet cells Paneth cells
Duodenum	Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner's glands
Jejunum	No substructures
Ileum	Ileocecal valve Peyer's patches Microfold cells

Large intestine

Cecum	Appendix
Colon	Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix
Rectum	Transverse folds Ampulla
Anal canal	Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter

Wall

Anatomy of the liver, pancreas and biliary tree

Liver

Biliary tract

Bile ducts	Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Cells Cholangiocyte
Gallbladder	Cystic duct Common bile duct Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Cells Cholecystocyte

Pancreas

Gross
- Tail
- Body
- Neck
- Head (Uncinate process)
Ducts
- main
- accessory
Microanatomy

v t e Development of the digestive system
Foregut	Stomodeum Buccopharyngeal membrane Rathke's pouch Tracheoesophageal septum Pancreatic bud Hepatic diverticulum
Midgut	Midgut
Hindgut	Urorectal septum Proctodeum Cloaca Cloacal membrane

Diseases of the human digestive system

Upper GI tract

Esophagus

Stomach

Lower GI tract
Enteropathy

Small intestine (Duodenum/Jejunum/Ileum)	Enteritis Duodenitis Jejunitis Ileitis Peptic (duodenal) ulcer Curling's ulcer Malabsorption: Coeliac Tropical sprue Blind loop syndrome Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth Whipple's Short bowel syndrome Steatorrhea Milroy disease Bile acid malabsorption
Large intestine (Appendix/Colon)	Appendicitis Colitis Pseudomembranous Ulcerative Ischemic Microscopic Collagenous Lymphocytic Dysentery Functional colonic disease IBS Intestinal pseudoobstruction / Ogilvie syndrome Megacolon / Toxic megacolon Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis/SCAD
Large and/or small	Enterocolitis Necrotizing Gastroenterocolitis IBD Crohn's disease Vascular: Abdominal angina Mesenteric ischemia Angiodysplasia Bowel obstruction: Ileus Intussusception Volvulus Fecal impaction Constipation Functional Diarrhea Infectious Intestinal adhesions
Rectum	Proctitis Radiation proctitis Proctalgia fugax Rectal prolapse Anismus Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome Rectal stricture
Anal canal	Anal fissure/Anal fistula Anal abscess Hemorrhoid Anal dysplasia Pruritus ani Anal stricture

GI bleeding

Accessory

Liver	Hepatitis Viral hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis PBC Fatty liver MASLD Vascular Budd–Chiari syndrome Hepatic veno-occlusive disease Portal hypertension Nutmeg liver Alcoholic liver disease Liver failure Hepatic encephalopathy Acute liver failure Liver abscess Pyogenic Amoebic Hepatorenal syndrome Peliosis hepatis Metabolic disorders Wilson's disease Hemochromatosis
Gallbladder	Cholecystitis Gallstone / Cholelithiasis Cholesterolosis Adenomyomatosis Postcholecystectomy syndrome Porcelain gallbladder
Bile duct/ Other biliary tree	Cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Secondary sclerosing cholangitis Ascending Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome Biliary fistula Haemobilia Common bile duct Choledocholithiasis Biliary dyskinesia Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
Pancreatic	Pancreatitis Acute Chronic Hereditary Pancreatic abscess Pancreatic pseudocyst Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic fistula

Other

Hernia

Lumbar
- Petit's
- Grynfeltt–Lesshaft

Undefined location

Peritoneal

Physiology of the gastrointestinal system

GI tract

Upper

Exocrine	Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO₃ Mucus
Processes	Swallowing Vomiting Gastric emptying
Fluids	Saliva Gastric acid
Gastric acid secretion	Gastrin G cells Histamine ECL cells Somatostatin D cells

Lower

Endocrine/paracrine

Bile and pancreatic secretion	Enterogastrone Cholecystokinin I cells Secretin S cells
Glucose homeostasis (incretins)	GIP K cells GLP-1 L cells
Endocrine cell types	Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell
Exocrine cell types	Goblet cells

Fluids

Intestinal juice

Processes

Enteric nervous system

Either/both

Processes	Peristalsis (Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Enterocyte

Accessory

Fluids	Bile Pancreatic juice
Processes	Enterohepatic circulation

Abdominopelvic

Peritoneal fluid

Tests and procedures involving the human digestive system

Digestive system surgery

Digestive tract

Upper GI tract

SGs / Esophagus	Esophagectomy Heller myotomy Sialography Impedance–pH monitoring Esophageal pH monitoring Esophageal motility study Functional Lumen Imaging Probe High resolution manometry
Stomach	Sengstaken–Blakemore tube) Nasogastric tube Gastric lavage Bariatric surgery Adjustable gastric band Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty Gastric bypass surgery Sleeve gastrectomy Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery Collis gastroplasty Gastrectomy Billroth I Billroth II Roux-en-Y Gastroenterostomy Gastropexy Gastrostomy Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Esophagogastric dissociation Hill repair Nissen fundoplication Pyloromyotomy Schilling test
Medical imaging	Endoscopy Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Barium swallow Upper gastrointestinal series

Lower GI tract

Small bowel	Bariatric surgery Duodenal switch Jejunoileal bypass Bowel resection Ileostomy Intestine transplantation Jejunostomy Partial ileal bypass surgery Strictureplasty
Large bowel	Appendectomy Colectomy Colonic polypectomy Colostomy Hartmann's operation
Rectum	Abdominoperineal resection Lower anterior resection Total mesorectal excision Ventral rectopexy
Anal canal	Anal sphincterotomy Anorectal manometry Lateral internal sphincterotomy Rubber band ligation Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
Medical imaging	Endoscopy: Colonoscopy Anoscopy Capsule endoscopy Enteroscopy Proctoscopy Sigmoidoscopy Abdominal ultrasonography Defecography Double-contrast barium enema Endoanal ultrasound Enteroclysis Lower gastrointestinal series Small-bowel follow-through Transrectal ultrasonography Virtual colonoscopy
Stool tests	Fecal fat test Fecal pH test Stool guaiac test

Accessory

Liver

Gallbladder, bile duct

Pancreas

Abdominopelvic

Peritoneum	Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Intraperitoneal injection Laparoscopy Omentopexy Paracentesis Peritoneal dialysis
Hernia	Hernia repair Inguinal hernia surgery Femoral hernia repair

Other

Clinical prediction rules

Category:

Digestive system