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Puerto Rican literature
Benitez First row: Alejandro Tapia y Rivera • Alejandrina Benitez de Gautier • José Gautier Benítez Second row: Mercedes Negrón Muñoz • Dr. Antonio S. Pedreira

Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of oral story telling to its present day status. Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government. Only those who were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island were allowed to write.

It wasn't until the late 19th century with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters that Puerto Rican literature began to flourish. The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists. After the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War and the island was ceded to the Americans as a condition of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, writers and poets began to express their opposition of the new colonial rule by writing about patriotic themes.

With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the 1940s, Puerto Rican literature was greatly influenced by a phenomenon known as the Nuyorican Movement. Puerto Rican literature continued to flourish and many Puerto Ricans have distinguished themselves as authors, poets, novelists, playwrights, essayists and in all the fields of literature. The influence of Puerto Rican literature has transcended the boundaries of the island to the United States and the rest of the world.

Early history

Puerto Rican literature got off to a late start. This was because the Spanish colonial government, which ruled over Puerto Rico at that time, feared that Puerto Rico would develop its own social and cultural identity and eventually seek its independence. Therefore, written works by the native islanders were prohibited and were punishable by prison terms or banishment. The island, which depended on an agricultural economy, had an illiteracy rate of over 80% in the beginning of the 19th century. The only people who had access to the libraries and who could afford books were either appointed Spanish government officials or wealthy land owners. The poor had to resort to oral story-telling in what are traditionally known in Puerto Rico as Coplas and Decimas.

The island's first writers were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document only the chronological history of the island. Among these writers were Father Diego de Torres Vargas who wrote about the history of Puerto Rico, Father Francisco Ayerra de Santa María who wrote poems about religious and historical themes and Juan Ponce de León II who was commissioned to write a general description of the West Indies. The first native-born Puerto Rican governor, Ponce de León II included information on Taíno culture, particularly their religious ceremonies and language. He also covered the early exploits of the conquistadors. These documents were then sent to the National Archives in Sevilla, Spain, where they were kept.

Puerto Rican history, however, was to change forever with the arrival of the first printing press from Mexico in 1806. That same year Juan Rodríguez Calderón (a Spaniard) wrote and published the first book in the island, titled Ocios de la Juventud. In 1851, the Spanish appointed governor of Puerto Rico, Juan de la Pezuela Cevallo, founded the Royal Academy of Belles Letters. This institution contributed greatly to the intellectual and literary progress of the island. The school licensed primary school teachers, formulated school methods, and held literary contests. However, only those with government positions and the wealthy benefited from the formation of the institution. It was ironic that the first Puerto Rican writers came from some of the island's wealthiest families, who were fed up with the injustices of the Spanish Crown.

19th century

The first written works in Puerto Rico were influenced by the Romanticism of the time. Journalists were the first writers to express their political views in the newspapers of the day and later in the books which they authored. Through their books and novels, they expressed what they believed were the social injustices, which included slavery and poverty, brought upon the common Puerto Rican by the Spanish Crown. Many of these writers were considered to be dangerous liberals by the colonial government and were banished from the island. An example of this treatment was poet and journalist Francisco Gonzalo Marín, who wrote against the Spanish Crown. Some went to the Dominican Republic, Cuba or New York where they continued to write about patriotic themes while in exile. The literature of these writers helped fuel the desire of some to revolt against the Spanish government in Puerto Rico, resulting in the failed attempt known as the Grito de Lares in 1868.

When the Americans invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War in 1898, many members of the Puerto Rican literary class welcomed them believing that eventually Puerto Rico would be granted its independence. Instead, Puerto Rico was declared a territory of the United States. The new government failed to realize that Puerto Rico was already a nation with its own culture and proceeded to Americanize the island. Many writers and poets expressed their opposition by writing about patriotic themes through their work. Puerto Rican literature continued to flourish.

Twentieth century migration to the U.S.

During the early part of the 20th century, many Puerto Ricans moved to the eastern coast and Mid-western parts of the United States in search of a better way of life. Most settled in cities such as New York and Chicago. There they faced racial discrimination and other hardships. Jesús Colón, known as the Father of the Nuyorican Movement, was discriminated against because of the color of his skin (he was Black) and because of his difficulty speaking the English language. He wrote about his experiences, as well as the experiences of other immigrants, becoming among the first Puerto Ricans to do so in English. His best known work, A Puerto Rican in New York, set the stage for the literary movement known as the "Nuyorican Movement". The aim of the Nuyorican Movement is to maintain the cultural identity in a foreign land of the Puerto Rican people. This movement is composed by a group of intellectuals which includes writers and poets who express their experiences as Nuyoricans living in the United States. Some of these writers and poets founded the Nuyorican Poets Café. Colón inspired notable authors and playwrights such as Nicholasa Mohr (Whose El Bronx collection of stories earned her a finalist position for the National Book Award), Piri Thomas, Pedro Pietri, Esmeralda Santiago, Giannina Braschi and others.

Books and novels

Some of Puerto Rico's earliest writers were influenced by the teachings of Rafael Cordero. Among these was Dr. Manuel A. Alonso, the first Puerto Rican writer of notable importance. In 1849 he published El Gíbaro, a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer. Eugenio María de Hostos who wrote La peregrinación de Bayoán in 1863, which used Bartolomé de las Casas as a spring board to reflect on Caribbean identity. After this first novel, Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change. Alejandro Tapia y Rivera also known as the Father of Puerto Rican Literature, ushered in a new age of historiography with the publication of The Historical Library of Puerto Rico. Cayetano Coll y Toste was a renowned Puerto Rican historian and writer. His work The Indo-Antillano Vocabulary is valuable in understanding the way the Taínos lived. Dr. Manuel Zeno Gandía in 1899 wrote La Charca and told about the harsh life in the remote and mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico. Dr. Antonio S. Pedreira, described in his work Insularismo the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the American invasion. Prominent Puerto Rican novelists and short story writers whose works recount the hardships experienced by Puerto Rican immigrants to New York City include Giannina Braschi, author of "Yo-Yo Boing!", Manuel Ramos Otero, and Pedro Juan Soto author of Spiks .

Poetry

Early Poetry

María Bibiana Benítez was Puerto Rico's first poetess and playwright. In 1832 she published her first poem "La Ninfa de Puerto Rico". Her niece was Alejandrina Benítez de Gautier, whose "Aguinaldo Puertorriqueño", published in 1843, gave her the recognition of being one of the island's great poets. Alejandrina's son José Gautier Benítez is considered by many to be Puerto Rico's greatest Romantic-era poet. Lola Rodríguez de Tió was the poetess who wrote the lyrics to the revolutionary "La Borinqueña" used by the revolutionists in the Grito de Lares. Poets José de Diego, Virgilio Dávila, Luis Llorens Torres, Nemesio Canales, Francisco Matos Paoli, Juan Antonio Corretjer, Clemente Soto Vélez and Hugo Margenat were independence advocates who wrote poems with patriotic inspired themes.

Nationalism

In 1928, Soto Vélez together with Alfredo Margenat (father of Hugo Margenat), Pedro Carrasquillo, Graciany Miranda Archilla, Fernando González Alberti, Luis Hernández Aquino, Samuel Lugo, Juan Calderón Escobar and Antonio Cruz Nieves founded the group "El Atalaya de los Dioses" which turned into the literary movement known as "Atalayismo." The "El Grupo Atalaya" movement sought to connect the poetic/literary world with political action and most of its members, including Soto Vélez became involved with the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.

Universal lyricism

External audio
You may listen to Marilyn Pupo recite Julia de Burgos in "Marilyn Pupo declama "A Julia de Burgos"".

Mercedes Negrón Muñoz wrote under the name "Clara Lair" and published "Arras de Cristal" in 1937. In her poem she describes the everyday struggles of the common Puerto Rican. However, it was Julia de Burgos who was to be considered by many as one of the greatest poets to be born in Puerto Rico and who later lived in New York. The inspiration spurred by her love of Puerto Rico is reflected in her poem "Río Grande de Loíza". Of the great poets of Puerto Rico, Julia de Burgos, Luis Palés Matos, Giannina Braschi, Luis Llorens Torres, and Evaristo Ribera Chevremont, the latter is considered by some the most lyrical. In her scholarly book Evaristo Ribera Chevremont: Voz de Vanguardia, Carmen Irene Marxuach has argued that while several of Ribera Chevremont's dozens of published books do treat the subjects of Puerto Rican nationality and regionalism, the majority of his verses move away from folkloric subject matter and excel in a more universal lyricism. Robert Márquez's anthology Puerto Rican Poetry: A Selection from Aboriginal to Contemporary Times offers a useful overview and translation into English of many of the most important Puerto Rican poets.

Playwrights and essayists

External audio
You may view and listen to Act 1 - Part 1 of René Marqués' ""La Carreta"".

One of Puerto Rico's greatest essayists and playwrights was Francisco Arriví (1915–2007) known as "The Father of the Puerto Rican Theater". Arriví who used a style known as "Areyto" presented in 1955, what is considered by many as one of greatest works, "Bolero y plena" at the University Theater and in 1958, he presented "Vejigantes" in the First Festival of Puerto Rican Theater. These were followed by "Sirena" (Mermaid) and "Medusa en la Bahía" (Medusa in the Bay). Arriví gained international recognition and his plays were presented abroad. He was instrumental in the establishemnt of various theater festivals and in the establishment of the Centro de Bellas Artes Luis A. Ferré (Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center) in Puerto Rico. Among the other great playwrights of Puerto Rico are René Marqués, whose "Oxcart" (La carreta) follows the hardships of a Puerto Rican family that moves from the island to New York City and whose El puertorriqueño dócil y otros ensayos describes the psychological and political realities of the island, José Luis González, whose País de cuatro pisos y otros ensayos describes the rigid structures of island society, and Luis Rafael Sánchez, whose plays, short stories, essays, and novels, especially La guaracha del Macho Camacho (translated by Gregory Rabassa as Macho Camacho's Beat) have rendered him one of Puerto Rico's greatest contemporary writers.

Modern and contemporary Puerto Rican literature

After a vibrant nationalist tradition of Puerto Rican writers from the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, the island has maintained a solid production of outstanding authors. Oftentimes, these writers are cataloged by decade into "generations" (for example, writers who got their start in the 1950s are identified as "the Generation of 1950"). Some highly representative writers from the early and mid-20th century were: Juan Antonio Corretjer, Luis Lloréns Torres, Luis Palés Matos, Enrique Laguerre, and Francisco Matos Paoli. These Puerto Rican writers wrote in Spanish and reflected a literary Latin American tradition, and offered a variety of universal and social themes. Some of the most important writers who got their start in the 1950s were José Luis González, René Marqués, Pedro Juan Soto, and Emilio Díaz Valcárcel. Writers who started in the 1960s and 1970s included Carmen Lugo Filippi, Lourdes Vázquez, Rosario Ferré, Luis Rafael Sánchez, Manuel Ramos Otero, Ángel Encarnación, Edgardo Sanabria Santaliz, Olga Nolla, Edgardo Rodríguez Juliá, and Luis López Nieves. Writers whose careers took off in the 1980s and 1990s include Ana Lydia Vega, Giannina Braschi, Mayra Santos-Febres, Luz María Umpierre and Dr. Delma S. Arrigoitia whose written works cover the life and works of some of Puerto Ricos most prominent politicians of the early 20th century. New and emerging voices on the island include Rafael Acevedo, Moisés Agosto, Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro, Ana María Fuster Lavín, Zoé Jiménez Corretjer, Alberto Martínez Márquez, Maribel Ortiz, Max Resto, and José E. Santos, while Spanish-language writers such as Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes, Angel Lozada, and Alfredo Villanueva Collado write and publish their works in the U.S., Puerto Rican literature in English continues to flourish with the important contributions of authors such as Erika Lopez, Ernesto Quiñonez, and Abraham Rodríguez, Jr..

Numerous anthologies focus on the work of Puerto Rican writers. Some of these are Literatura y narrativa puertorriqueña: La escritura entre siglos edited by Mario Cancel; Literatura puertorriqueña del siglo XX: Antología edited by Mercedes López Baralt; and Los otros cuerpos: Antología de temática gay, lésbica y queer desde Puerto Rico y su diáspora, edited by David Caleb Acevedo, Moisés Agosto, and Luis Negrón, which focuses on LGBT Puerto Rican literature.

Most recently, the more than 300 editorials published by Nelson Antonio Denis, Esq. in El Diario La Prensa, all of them on the cutting edge of the New York/Puerto Rican diaspora, were recognized with repeated "Best Editorial Writing" Awards from the National Association of Hispanic Journalists.

See also

• Did you know-Puerto Rico?
• Latin American literature
• List of famous Puerto Ricans
• List of Puerto Rican writers
• Nuyorican Movement
• Nuyorican Poets Café

References

1. Father of Nuyorican movement
3. Guide to the Clemente Soto Vélez and Amanda Vélez Papers 1924-1996
4. Youtube.com
5. Marxuach, Carmen Irene. Evaristo Ribera Chevremont: Voz De Vanguardia. San Juan: Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe y la Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1987. OCLC 19267286
6. Márquez, Robert, ed. Puerto Rican Poetry: A Selection from Aboriginal to Contemporary Times. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007. ISBN 1558495614
7. Youtube.com
8. El Nuevo Dia
9. Puerto Rico Daily Sun
10. UPRH.edu
11. Cancel, Mario R. Literatura y narrativa puertorriqueña: la escritura entre siglos. Puerto Rico: Editorial Pasadizo, 2007. ISBN 0979165008
12. López Baralt, Mercedes. Literatura puertorriqueña del siglo XX: Antología. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 2004. ISBN 0847701565
13. Acevedo, David Caleb, Moisés Agosto, and Luis Negrón, eds. Los otros cuerpos: Antología de temática gay, lésbica y queer desde Puerto Rico y su diáspora. San Juan: Editorial Tiempo Nuevo, 2007. ISBN 0977361284

Further Research

• "Antología de Poesía Puertorriqueña". (Vol. 1: Romanticismo, Vol. 2 Modernismo y Post Modernismo, Vol. 3 Contemporanea, Vol.4 Contemporanea), by Rubén A. Moreira, 1992-1993.
• "Los nuevos caníbales: Antología de la más reciente poesía del Caribe hispano". Pausides, Alex and Gómez Beras, Carlos et.al. San Juan: Isla Negra Editores, 2003.
• "Cuerpos errantes: literatura latina y latinoamericana en Estados Unidos": Poetas en Nueva York: Julia de Burgos y Giannina Braschi, by Laura R. Loustau, 2002.
• "Cultural Identity and Postmodern Writing": Enchantment or Fright? Identity and Postmodern Writing in Contempory Puerto Rico, by Kristian van Haesondonck, Rodopi, 2006.
• "US Latina Caribbean Women Poets" by Carolota Caulfield, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2007.

External links

• University of Notre Dame Library, The Hispanic Caribbean Literature
• Evaristo Ribera Chevremont;Bio and Poems
• Gordis, Yanis. "Island and Continental Puerto Rican Literature: Cross-Cultural and Intertextual Considerations". Special Section: Multicultural Literature, Part IV. In ADE Bulletin 91 (Winter 1988). One of five articles about Puerto Rican literature.
• Puerto Rican poetry

• Cultural history of Puerto Rico
• Puerto Rican literature