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Revision as of 01:06, 20 April 2006 by BigMar992 (talk | contribs) (→Porno cannabis: garbage)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)The drug cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, is produced from parts of the cannabis plant, primarily the cured flowers and gathered trichomes of the female plant. The major active chemical compound tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly referred to as THC, has psychoactive and medicinal effects when consumed, usually by smoking or ingestion. Cannabis has been consumed by humans for thousands of years; in the 20th century there was an upswing in the use of cannabis for recreational and religious purposes.
The possession, use, or sale of psychoactive cannabis products became illegal in many parts of the world during the early 20th century, especially during the War on Drugs. It has remained so into the 21st century, although prohibitions have been relaxed in some jurisdictions.
Wild Cannabis
Cannabis still grows wild in many places around the world, the most prominent species being Cannabis sativa. This species has been found growing wild in Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, parts of China, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, India, and Nepal. Wild Cannabis indica is mainly confined to hash producing areas such as Afghanistan, parts of the US Virgin Islands, and in Morocco. The genetic makeup of wild C. sativa shows great variation from place to place. For example, in warm places, the wild C. sativa can reach heights up to 20 ft (6 meters) tall, but in colder climates it can be as short as 1 ft (30 centimeters) in height. Almost every single flower bract bears a seed. The wild C. sativa has long, thin and airy buds and a Christmas tree shape structure. Wild C. indica remains compact and bushy with thick buds for the most part, and is sometimes used by the locals for hashish production. Generally, there are far fewer seeds in wild C. indica. In many areas the wild population of cannabis is threatened due to government eradication and urbanization.
Ancient history
The most famous users of cannabis were the ancient Hindus. It was called 'ganjika' in Sanskrit ('ganja' in modern Indian languages). According to legend, Shiva, the destructive aspect of the Hindu trinity, told his disciples to revere the plant. The ancient drug soma, mentioned in the Vedas as a sacred intoxicating hallucinogen, was sometimes associated with cannabis. It has also been identified with a number of other plants and a mushroom, Amanita muscaria, so the involvement of cannabis cannot be definitively quantified.
Cannabis was also known to the Scythians, as well as to the Thracians/Dacians (ancestors of present day Eastern-Europeans), whose shamans (the kapnobatai - "those who walk on smoke/clouds") burned cannabis flowers in order to induce trances. The cult of Dionysus, which is believed to have originated in Thrace, is also believed to have inhaled cannabis smoke.
Spiritual use
Main article: Cannabis (spiritual use)Cannabis has a long history of spiritual use, especially in India, where it has been used by wandering spiritual sadhus for centuries. The most famous religious group to use cannabis in a spiritual context is the Rastafari movement, though it is by no means the only group (e.g. Church of the Universe). Some historians and emologists have claimed that cannabis was used by ancient Jews, early Christians, and of early Muslims of the Sufi order. Hashish was used by the Hashshashin, a warrior Shi'a sect.
Many individuals also consider their use of cannabis to be spiritual regardless of organized religion, though it is banned in many parts of the world (and in some cases 'because' it is banned, cf. Bob Marley, the more man smoke, the more Babylon fall).
Medical use
Main article: Medical marijuanaMedically, cannabis is most often used as an appetite stimulant and pain reliever for certain terminal illnesses such as cancer and AIDS. It is used to relieve glaucoma and certain neurological illnesses such as epilepsy, migraine and bipolar disorder. It has also been found to relieve nausea for chemotherapy patients. The medical use of cannabis is politically controversial, but it is sometimes recommended informally by physicians. A synthetic version of the major active chemical in cannabis, THC, is readily available in the form of a pill as the prescription drug Marinol. THC has also been found to reduce arterial blockages. A sublingual spray derived from an extract of cannabis has also been approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis in Canada as the prescription drug Sativex - this drug may now be legally imported into the United Kingdom and Spain on prescription. Eleven states in the US allow marijuana consumption for medical purposes; however, Gonzales v. Raich ruled marijuana illegal for any purpose.
In the case United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers Cooperative, 00-151, the Supreme Court ruled against marijuana. The Supreme Court ruled 8-0 that there is no exception in federal law for people to use marijuana to ease their pain from cancer, AIDS or other illnesses.
See the History section for information on historic and other medicinal use.
New breeding and cultivation techniques
Main article: Cannabis (drug) cultivationAdvances in breeding and cultivation techniques have increased the diversity and potency of cannabis strains since 1970, and these strains are now widely smoked all over the world. These advances are known as the sensimilla techniques of production; sensimilla are the dried, seedless female flowers of the cannabis plant which has been grown in the absence of males to ensure no pollination takes place. Because THC potency and production drops off once pollination takes place, various techniques such as seed banks, hydroponics, cloning, lighting techniques, and sea of green have been utilized, in part as a response to prohibition enforcement efforts which have made outdoor cultivation more risky; thus, efficient indoor cultivation has become more common. These same advances have led to fewer seeds being present in cannabis currently than were present 20 years ago.
The increases in potency—and ramifications thereof—have been exaggerated by many opponents of cannabis use both in and out of government. In the United States, government advertisements encourage parents to disregard their own experience with cannabis when speaking to their children, on the premise that pot today is significantly stronger and thus more dangerous than that which they themselves might have smoked in the past. In a general pattern of proposing reverses in cannabis rescheduling, the UK government is considering scheduling stronger cannabis (skunk, in local parlance) as a separate, more restricted substance.
Preparations for human consumption
Cannabis is prepared for human consumption in several forms:
- Marijuana or buds, the resin gland-rich flowering tops of female plants.
- kief or kif, a powder containing the resin glands (glandular trichomes, often incorrectly called "crystals" or "pollen"). It is produced by sifting marijuana and leaves.
- Hashish, a concentrated resin made from pressing kif into blocks.
- Charas, produced by hand-rubbing the resin from the resin gland-rich parts of the plant. Often thin dark rectangular pieces.
- Bhang, prepared by the wet grinding of the leaves of the plant and used as a drink.
- Hash oil, resulting from extraction or distillation of THC-rich parts of the plant.
- Minimally potent leaves and detritus, called shake, bush or leaf.
There are also three species of Cannabis. These include Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis, the last containing much less THC and generally not used as a psychoactive. They differ in their appearance and the highs they produce. There have also been claims to a fourth species of cannabis, which has been nicknamed "Cannabis rasta". It is not yet a formally accepted species and similar to "Cannabis sativa" with regards to psychoactivity.
Smoking
Main article: Methods of smoking cannabisThere are several methods of smoking Cannabis. The most popular include the joint, the bong, the pipe, the shotgun, and the one-hitter.
To create a joint, or spliff, cannabis is rolled up into a cigarette, using rolling paper. Cannabis cigars, or blunts, can also be created by using the wrapper of a standard cigar.
A bong is a water-pipe through which cannabis smoke is filtered. Variants include the gravity bong, which consists of a cone atop a perforated or cut water bottle. This method of cannabis smoking is one of the most efficient, as the presence of chamber and carb reduce smoke waste.
Pipes are usually made of blown glass, wood, or non-reactive metals. Metal pipes are made of interchangeable pieces. Glass pipes have a carb (short for carburetor) which is covered for suction then released for inhalation. Some users also prefer vertically held pipes, or improvised pipes made from aluminum foil, small plumbing fittings, soda cans, or crisp fruits or vegetables.
A shotgun involves two people. One person takes a hit then puts the joint ember first into his mouth. Another person then places his mouth over the front end, and first person exhales through the joint, blowing both his smoke and the joint’s smoke into the other person’s mouth. More efficient variations of shotgunning involve both members curling their hands to form a 'shotgun' chamber. Simultaneous exhaling by one member and inhaling by the other member will effectively transfer smoke between the two people.
A one-hitter is a device that looks similar to a cigarette. Seedless, stemless, marijuana buds are loaded into a compartment in a dugout. A hitter, contained in another compartment, is loaded and lit. This needs to be done for each hit. This method is also efficient in terms of smoke conservation.
Oral consumption
Cannabis may be orally consumed by blending it with ethanol or lipids. With this method, some claim that more cannabis must be used, though considering that the effects of oral consumption are different than inhalation, others may claim that less is required. The effects of the drug take longer to begin, but last longer and may be more physical rather than mental, though there are claims to the contrary. It has been suggested that the effects are more subjectively "pharmaceutical" in nature, as opposed to "narcotic." A dose of oral cannabis is often considered to give a stronger experience than the equivalent dose of smoked cannabis. A common belief holds that while smoked cannabis has a large volume exhaled, or simply burned, without consumption, ingested cannabis has 100% consumption, an assertion which cannot be confirmed without objective analysis. It is thought that the active component of cannabis, delta-9 THC, is converted to the more psychoactive delta-11 THC in the liver. It takes some experience for one to regulate the dose. Common preparations involve blending with butter, to create cannabutter that is used in preparing brownies, fudge, cookies or ganja goo balls or "space cakes." Infusion in drinks containing milk and flavoring herbs is also possible, and more common in India.
As with other drugs that are taken orally, it is sometimes customary to fast before taking the drug to increase the effect, possibly because an empty stomach will absorb the drug faster so it 'hits' more strongly. However, some people do eat before consuming the drug because eating it on an empty stomach makes them feel sick. Still, time to effect onset is an hour or sometimes more, as opposed to smoking, where effects can be almost immediate.
Cannabis could also be consumed as a tea. THC is lipophilic and only a little water soluble with a solubility of only a few grams per litre, but enough to make a tea effective. Water-based infusion is generally considered to be inefficient.
The seeds of the plant, high in protein and fatty acids, are appreciated by many species of birds. Contrary to popular belief, marijuana seeds capable of growing are illegal under United States law. Federal law only makes an exception in the case of sterilized seeds, incapable of growing, and the mature stalks of the plant.
Vaporization
Usually with a vaporizer, cannabis can be heated to a temperature of about 365 °F (185 °C), at which the active ingredients are released into gaseous form with little or no burning of the plant material. With this method, the user does not inhale as many (or any) toxic chemicals depending on the quality of the vaporizer. Scientific studies by MAPS/NORML have yielded varied results on the effectiveness of vaporizing as a method of cannabis consumption. One particular study by MAPS/NORML found 95% THC and NO toxins delivered in the vapor. Conversly, An older study by MAPS/NORMLshowed minimal reduction of toxins, the difference as such seems to be in the particular model of vaporizer. Some users claim to experience subtly different effects when using cannabis in this way, and others claim to experience a far more intense effect from a smaller amount of cannabis. In addition, users note an improved ability to distinguish subtle characteristics of flavor and aroma, in absence of lighter gas fumes or burnt matter.
Knifing
Main article: KnifersHot-knifing, blasting or doing blades is a process in which the tips of two knives are heated to a very high temperature, often by inserting them into the heating elements of a stove. The marijuana is then pressed between the heated knife-tips, rapidly combusting it. The vaporized cannabis is often funneled into the mouth of the smoker through the use of a plastic bottle-top, empty pen, or other hollow tube or funnel. In New Zealand, this is also known as 'spots', and most famously undertaken at 'The Flat'. A modified method of "spotting", uses knife blades heated to a much lower temperature, hot enough to vaporise the active ingredients, leaving the organic material scorched, rather than burned, thus removing potential harmful consequenses of the smoke itself.
Immediate effects of human consumption
The nature and intensity of the immediate effects of cannabis consumption vary according to the dose, the species or hybridization of the source plant, the method of consumption, the user's mental and physical characteristics (such as possible tolerance), and the environment of consumption. This is sometimes referred to as set and setting. Smoking the same cannabis either in a different frame of mind (set) or in a different location (setting) can alter the effects or perception of the effects by the individual. Effects of cannabis consumption may be loosely classified as cognitive and physical. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the Cannabis sativa species tends to produce more of the cognitive or perceptual effects, while Cannabis indica tends to produce more of the physical effects.
Active ingredients, metabolism, and method of activity
Of the approximately 400 different chemicals found in Cannabis, the main active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, THC). THC can degrade to CBL and CBN (other cannabinoids), which can make one feel sleepy and disoriented. Different cannabis products have different ratios of these and other cannabinoids. Depending on the ratio, the quality of the "high" will vary.
THC has an effect on the modulation of the immune system which may have an effect on malignant cells, but there is insufficient scientific study to determine whether this might promote or limit cancer. Cannabinoid receptors are also present in the human reproductive system, but there is insufficient scientific study to conclusively determine the effects of cannabis on reproduction. Mild allergies to cannabis may be possible in some members of the population.
A study has shown that holding cannabis smoke in one's lungs for longer periods of time does not conclusively increase THC's effects.
Cognitive, behavioral, or perceptual
Cannabis has a broad spectrum of possible cognitive, behavioral, or perceptual effects, the occurrence of which vary from user to user. Some of these are the intended effect desired by users, some may be considered desirable depending on the situation, and others are generally considered undesirable. Users of cannabis report that these kinds of effects are more often produced by the sativa species of Cannabis.
Cannabis also has effects that are predominantly physical or sensory, widely believed to be more common with the indica species.
List of effects
- Anti-emetic properties
- Cannabis may deplete neural-chemical transfer in the nervous system
- Modulation of working and short-term memory
- Impairment of short-term memory in some users
- Dexterity and visual perception is inhibited due to neural chemicals shooting off haphazardly
- Enhancement of many other drug effects (including those of alcohol, ecstasy, tobacco, heroin, cocaine)
- Auditory or visual hallucinations at high doses in some users
- Paramnesia, repetitiveness and ambiguation
- Increased appetite (often referred to as "the munchies"), an effect of stimulation of the endocannabinoid system, which affects body weight, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia.
- Induced sense of novelty
- Increased or decreased sexual pleasure
- Increased awareness of sensation
- Increased awareness of patterns and colors
- Increased appreciation of music and other arts
- Increased mental activity, like metacognition
- Initial wakefulness followed by drowsiness and lassitude ('burnt out')
- Introspective or meditative states of mind
- Gain or loss of some inhibitions
- Mild euphoria, feelings of general well-being
- Relaxation or stress reduction
- Mild tachycardia (Increased heart rate)
- Mild, temporary dry mouth (sometimes referred to as cottonmouth, pasties, or the drys (NZ))
- Mild, temporary keratoconjunctivitis sicca (sometimes referred to as blood-shot eyes, dry eyes or red eye(UK))
- Varying amounts of paranoia and anxiety in some users
List of therapeutic effects
- Pain relief (especially headaches, cramps, and eye pain due to lowered intraocular pressure).
- Increased appetite, food subjectively tastes better.
- Reduced nausea, (especially from chemotherapy), though may cause or exacerbate nausea for some.
- Dilation of alveoli (air sacs) in lungs, resulting in deeper respiration.
- Increase in productive coughs
- Dilation of blood vessels (vasodilation), resulting in:
- Increased blood flow and heart rate
- Reddening of the conjunctivae (red eye)
- Lower intra-ocular pressure (beneficial to glaucoma patients).
- Lower blood pressure while standing. Higher blood pressure while sitting (note that this can lead to instances of orthostatic hypotension a.k.a. head rush).
- Induces drowsiness (beneficial to sufferers of insomnia and sleep deprivation).
- Relaxation
- Reduced stress
- Mild entheogenesis (e.g. per Rastafarian users, more "Jah-Vibrations")
Lethal dose
It is generally considered to be impossible to achieve a lethal overdose by smoking cannabis. According to the Merck Index, 12th edition, the LD50, the lethal dose for 50% of rats tested by inhalation, is 42 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. That is equivalent of a 165 lb (75 kg) man ingesting all of the THC in 21 one-gram cigarettes of maximum-potency (15% THC) cannabis buds at once, assuming no THC was lost through burning or exhalation. For oral consumption, the LD50 for rats is 1270 mg/kg and 730 mg/kg for males and females, respectively, equivalent to the THC in about a pound of 15% THC cannabis. Only with intravenous administration — an unheard-of method of use — may such a level be even theoretically possible.
There has only ever been one recorded verdict of fatal overdose due to cannabis. In January 2004, Lee Maisey of Pembrokeshire, Wales was found dead. The coroner's report stated "Death due to probable cannabis toxicity". It had been reported that Maisey smoked about six joints a day. Mr. Maisey's blood contained 130 nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml) of the THC metabolite THC-COOH.
The validity of the finding did not stand up well under review. As reported on 2004-01-28 in the Neue Züricher Zeitung, the Federal Health Ministry of Switzerland asked Dr. Rudolf Brenneisen, a professor at the department for clinical research at the University of Bern, to review the data of this case. Dr. Brenneisen said that the data of the toxicological analysis and collected by autopsy were "scanty and not conclusive" and that the conclusion "death by cannabis intoxication" was "not legitimate". Additionally, Dr. Franjo Grotenhermen of the Nova-Institute in Cologne, Germany said: "A concentration of 130 ng/ml THC-COOH in blood is a moderate concentration, which may be observed some hours after the use of one or two joints. Heavy regular use of cannabis easily results in THC-COOH concentrations of above 500 ng/ml. Many people use much more cannabis than Mr. Maisey did, without any negative consequences."
Health issues and the effects of cannabis
Main article: Health issues and the effects of cannabisThere is little conclusive scientific evidence about the long-term effects of human cannabis consumption. The findings of many earlier studies purporting to demonstrate the effects of the drug are unreliable and generally regarded as junk science, as the studies were flawed, with strong bias and poor methodology. The most significant confounding factor is the use of other drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, by test subjects in conjunction with cannabis. When subjects using only cannabis were combined in the same sample with subjects using other drugs as well, researchers could not reach a conclusion as to whether their findings were caused by cannabis, other drugs or the interaction between them. In addition, research using cannabis is heavily restricted in many countries, making it difficult to get new studies funded or approved. Since there are so many different compounds in cannabis, it is difficult to predict or accurately measure its effects.
Some conclusions established with some degree of certainty, however, are that cannabis is less likely to cause emphysema or cancer than tobacco, that sustained early-adolescent cannabis use among certain genetically predisposed individuals has an elevated correlation with certain mental illness outcomes, ranging from momentary minor psychotic episodes to clinical schizophrenia, that cannabis use is generally higher among schizophrenics, but causality has not been established, that it temporarily impairs motor skills, and that it is unlikely to cause birth defects or developmental delays in the children of users.
Legality
Main article: Legal issues of cannabisSince the twentieth century, most countries have laws against the cultivation, use, possession, or transfer of cannabis. Naturally, these laws impact adversely on the herb's cultivation for non-recreational purposes, but there are many regions where, under certain circumstances, handling of cannabis is legal or licensed, and others where laws against its use, possession, or sale are not enforced. Many jurisdictions have also decriminalized possession of small quantities of cannabis, so that it is punished by confiscation or a fine, rather than imprisonment. By effectively removing the user from the criminal justice system, decriminalization focuses more on those who traffic and sell the drug on the black market. However, this does not solve the problem of how a user will obtain the "legal amount" of marijuana, since buying or growing marijuana is still illegal. Increasingly, many jurisdictions also permit cannabis use for medicinal purposes. However, simple possession can carry long jail sentences in some countries, particularly in East Asia, and the sale of cannabis can lead to life in prison or even execution.
See also: Prohibition and criminalization of cannabis in the United StatesRecent history
Under the name cannabis, 19th century medical practitioners sold the drug, (usually as a tincture) popularizing the word amongst English-speakers. It was rumoured to have been used to treat Queen Victoria's menstrual pains as her personal physician, Sir John Russell Reynolds, was a staunch supporter of the benefits of cannabis. Cannabis was also openly available from shops in the US. By the end of the 19th century, its medicinal use began to fall as other drugs like aspirin took over its use as a pain reliever.
The name marijuana (Mexican Spanish marihuana, mariguana) is associated almost exclusively with the herb’s drug potential. The term is now well known in English as a name for drug material due largely to the efforts of US drug prohibitionists during the 1920s and 1930s, who deliberately used a Mexican name for cannabis in order to turn the populace against the idea that it should be legal. (see 1937 Marijuana Tax Act)
Although cannabis has been used for its psychoactive effects since ancient times, it first became well known in the United States during the jazz music scene of the late 1920s and 1930s. Louis Armstrong became a prominent and life-long devotee. It was popular in the blues scene as well, and gradually became a prominent part of 1960s counterculture.
Decriminalization
Main article: Legal issues of cannabisIn recent decades, a movement to decriminalize cannabis has arisen in several countries. This movement seeks to make simple possession of cannabis punishable by only confiscation or a fine, rather than prison. In the past several years, the movement has started to have some successes. These include Denver, Colorado legalizing possession of up to an ounce of cannabis, a broad coalition of political parties in Amsterdam, Netherlands unveiling a pilot program to allow farmers to legally grow it, and Massachusetts voting in favor of a bill to decriminalize the possession of up to an ounce of marijuana. In 2001 in the United Kingdom, it was announced that cannabis would become a Class C drug, rather than a Class B, effectively eliminating the threat of arrest for possession; this change took effect in 2004.
References
Notes
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(help) - "Spray alternative to pot on the market in Canada". 2005-06-23.
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ignored (help) - "Europe: Satvex Coming to England, Spain". Retrieved 2006-03-25.
- "State Medical Marijuana Laws". Retrieved 2006-4-12.
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(help) - "FindLaw U.S. v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers Cooperative". Retrieved 2006-03-25.
- "Controlled Substances Act". 21 USCS § 801. United States Drug Enforcement Agency. Retrieved November 4.
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suggested) (help) - Block RI, Farinpour R & Braverman K. (1992). "Acute effects of marijuana on cognition: relationships to chronic effects and smoking techniques". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour. 43(3): 907–917.
- Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - Fred Gardner (2006-07-06). "Marijuana Smoking Does Not Cause Lung Cancer".
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ignored (help) - Louise Arseneault, Mary Cannon, Richie Poulton, Robin Murray, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E Moffitt (2002). "Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study" (PDF). British Medical Journal.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt, Mary Cannon, Joseph McClay, Robin Murray, HonaLee Harrington, Alan Taylor, Louise Arseneault, Ben Williams, Antony Braithwaite, Richie Poulton, and Ian W. Craig (January 2005). "Moderation of the Effect of Adolescent-Onset Cannabis Use on Adult Psychosis by a Functional Polymorphism in the catechol-O-Methyltransferase Gene:Longitudinal Evidence of a Gene X Environment Interaction" (PDF). Society of Biological Psychiatry.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: year (link) - Cécile Henquet, Lydia Krabbendam, Janneke Spauwen, Charles Kaplan, Roselind Lieb, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen and Jim van Os (2004). "Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people". British Medical Journal. 330 (11).
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- Patrick O'Driscoll. "Denver votes to legalize marijuana possession". Retrieved 2005-03-11.
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ignored (help) - "Dutch Politicians Seek Marijuana Rules". Retrieved 2006-02-25.
- "Marijuana fight nears". Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- "Home Office- Class B to Class C". Retrieved 2006-03-27.
Bibliography
- Howard Markel (2002-10-27). "For Addicts, Relief May Be an Office Visit Away". New York Times.
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(help) - Louise Arsenault, Mary Cannon, Richie Poulton, Robin Murray, Avshalom Caspi, and Terrie E. Moffitt (2002). "Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longtudinal prospective study" (PDF). British Medical Journal. 325: 1212–1213.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt, Mary Cannon, Joseph McClay, Robin Murray, HonaLee Harrington, Alan Taylor, Louise Arsenault, Ben Williams, Antony Braithwaite, Richie Poulton, and Ian W. Craig (2005). "Moderation of the effect of adult-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the Catchol-O-Methyltransferase gene: Longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction" (PDF). Biol Psychiatry. 25: 1117–1127.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Henderson, Mark (2005-04-12). "One in four at risk of cannabis psychosis". The Times.
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(help) - Bruce Mirken and Mitch Earleywine: "Psychosis, Hype And Baloney". AlterNet. 2005-03-07.
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(help) - James Huff and Po Chan (October 2000). "Antitumor Effects of THC". Environmental Health Perspectives. 108(10): Correspondence. PMID 11097557.
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