Misplaced Pages

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Bomis (/ˈbɒms/ to rhyme with "promise") was a dot-com company best known for having supported the creation of the free-content online-encyclopedia projects Nupedia and Misplaced Pages. It was founded in 1996 by Jimmy Wales, Tim Shell and Michael Davis. Davis became acquainted with Wales after hiring him at Chicago Options Associates in 1994, and Wales became friends with Shell through mailing lists discussing philosophy. The primary business of Bomis was the sale of advertising on the Bomis.com search portal.

The company initially tried a number of ideas for content, including being a directory of information about Chicago. The site subsequently focused on content geared to a male audience, including information on sporting activities, automobiles and women. Bomis became successful after focusing on X-rated media. "Bomis Babes" was devoted to erotic images; the "Bomis Babe Report" featured adult pictures. Bomis Premium, available for an additional fee, provided explicit material. "The Babe Engine" helped users find erotic content through a web search engine. The advertising director for Bomis noted that 99 percent of queries on the site were for nude women.

Bomis created Nupedia as a free online encyclopedia (with content submitted by experts) but it had a tedious, slow review process. Misplaced Pages was initially launched by Bomis to provide content for Nupedia, and was a for-profit venture (a Bomis subsidiary) through the end of 2002. As the costs of Misplaced Pages rose with its popularity, Bomis' revenues declined as result of the dot-com crash. Since Misplaced Pages was a drain on Bomis' resources, Wales and philosophy graduate student Larry Sanger decided to fund the project as a charity; Sanger was laid off from Bomis in 2002. Nupedia content was merged into Misplaced Pages, and it ceased in 2003.

The non-profit Wikimedia Foundation began in 2003 with a Board of Trustees composed of Bomis' three founders (Wales, Davis and Shell) and was first headquartered in St. Petersburg, Florida, Bomis' location. Wales used about US$100,000 of revenue from Bomis to fund Misplaced Pages before the decision to shift the encyclopedia to non-profit status. Wales stepped down from his role as CEO of Bomis in 2004. Shell served as CEO of the company in 2005, while on the Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees. Wales edited Misplaced Pages in 2005 to remove the characterizations of Bomis as providing soft-core pornography, which attracted media attention; Wales expressed regret for his actions. The Atlantic gave Bomis the nickname "Playboy of the Internet", and the term caught on in other media outlets. Scholars have described Bomis as a provider of soft-core pornography.

History

Background

Jimmy Wales left a study track at Indiana University as a PhD candidate to work in finance before completing his doctoral dissertation. In 1994 Wales was hired by Michael Davis, CEO of finance company Chicago Options Associates, as a trader focusing on futures contracts and options. Wales was adept at determining future movements of foreign currencies and interest rates; he was successful in Chicago, became independently wealthy and was director of research at Chicago Options Associates from 1994 to 2000. He became acquainted with Tim Shell from email lists discussing philosophy.

Wales wanted to participate in the online-based entrepreneurial ventures which were increasingly popular and successful during the mid-1990s. His experience (from gaming in his youth) impressed on him the importance of networking. Wales was interested in computer science, experimenting with source code on the Internet and improving his skill at computer programming. In his spare time after work at Chicago Options Associates, Wales constructed his own web browser. While at the firm, he noted the successful 1995 initial public offering of Netscape Communications.

Foundation

Wales co-founded Bomis in 1996, with business associates Tim Shell and his then-manager Michael Davis, as a for-profit corporation with joint ownership; Wales was its chief manager. In 1998 he moved from Chicago to San Diego to work for Bomis, and then to St. Petersburg, Florida (where the company subsequently relocated).

The staff at Bomis was originally about five employees. Its 2000 staff included programmer Toan Vo and system administrator Jason Richey; Wales also employed his high-school friend, Terry Foote, as advertising director. In June 2000, Bomis was one of five network partners of Ask Jeeves.

Although Bomis is not an acronym, the name stemmed from "Bitter Old Men in Suits" (as Wales and Shell called themselves in Chicago). The site began as a web portal, trying a number of ideas (including serving as an access point for information about Chicago). It later focused on male-oriented content, including information on sporting activities, automobiles and women.

Hosted content

Bomis created and maintained hundreds of webrings on topics related to lad culture. In 1999 the company introduced the Bomis Browser, which helped users block online pop-up ads. Its webring on Star Wars was considered a useful resource for information on The Phantom Menace. Additional webrings included sections helping users find information on Casablanca, Hunter S. Thompson, Farah Fawcett, Geri Haliwell of the Spice Girls and Snake Eyes. "Bomis: The Buffy the Vampire Slayer Ring", devoted to Buffy the Vampire Slayer, organized over 50 sites related to the program. Sheila Jeffreys noted in her Beauty and Misogyny that in 2004 Bomis maintained "The Lipstick Fetish Ring", which helped users with a particular attraction to women in makeup.

Bomis became successful after it focused on X-rated media. Advertising generated revenue which enabled the company to fund other websites, and the site published suggestive pictures of professional models. In addition to Bomis the company maintained nekkid.com and nekkid.info, which featured pictures of nude women. About ten percent of Bomis' revenue was derived from pornographic films and blogs.

The website included a segment devoted to erotic images, "Bomis Babes", and a feature enabled users to submit recommended links to other sites appealing to a male audience. Peer-to-peer services provided by the site helped users find other websites about female celebrities, including Anna Kournikova and Pamela Anderson. In the Bomis Babes section was the Bomis Babe Report, begun in 2000, with pictures of porn stars in a blog format. The Bomis Babe Report also produced original erotic material, including reports on pornographic film actors and celebrities who had posed nude. It was referred to as The Babe Report for short.

Wales referred to the site's softcore pornography as "glamour photography", and Bomis became familiar to Internet users for its erotic images. During this period Wales was photographed steering a yacht with a peaked cap, posing as a sea captain with a female professional model on either side of him. In the photograph, the women were wearing panties and T-shirts advertising Bomis.

A subscription section, Bomis Premium, provided access to adult content and erotic material; A three-day trial was US$2.95. While Bomis Babes provided nude images of females to subscribers, Bomis Premium featured lesbian sexual practices and female anatomy. Bomis created the Babe Engine, which helped users find erotic material online through a web search engine. According to Bomis advertising director Terry Foote, 99 percent of searches on the site related to nude women.

Nupedia and Misplaced Pages

Bomis is best known for supporting the creation of free-content online-encyclopedia projects Nupedia and Misplaced Pages. Tim Shell and Michael David continued their partnership with Wales during the 2000 Nupedia venture. Larry Sanger met Jimmy Wales through an e-mail communication group about philosophy and objectivism, and joined Bomis in February 2000. Sanger was a graduate student working towards a PhD degree in philosophy, with research focused on epistemology; he received his degree from Ohio State University, moving to San Diego to help Bomis with its encyclopedia venture.

Sanger and Wales began Nupedia with resources from Bomis; at the beginning of 2000, the company agreed to provide early financing for Nupedia from its profits. Nupedia went live in March, when Wales was CEO of Bomis; Sanger was Nupedia's editor-in-chief. Nupedia's reading comprehension was intended for high-school graduates, and Bomis set its goal: "To set a new standard for breadth, depth, timeliness and lack of bias, and in the fullness of time to become the most comprehensive encyclopedia in the history of humankind."

Although Bomis began a search for experts to vet Nupedia articles, this proved tedious. In August 2000 Nupedia had over 60 academics contributing to the peer-review process on the site, most with doctor of philosophy or doctor of medicine degrees. Scholars wishing to contribute to Nupedia were required to submit their credentials via fax for verification. At that time, Bomis was attempting to obtain advertising revenue for Nupedia and the company was optimistic that it could fund the project with ad space on Nupedia.com.

Misplaced Pages began as a feature of Nupedia.com on January 15, 2001, later known as Misplaced Pages Day. It was originally intended only to generate draft articles for Nupedia, with finished articles moved to the latter. Misplaced Pages became a separate site days after the Nupedia advisory board opposed combining the two. In September 2001, Wales was simultaneously CEO of Bomis and co-founder of Misplaced Pages; Sanger was chief organizer of Misplaced Pages and editor-in-chief of Nupedia.

Nupedia was encumbered by its peer-review system, a seven-step process of review and copyediting, and Misplaced Pages grew at a faster rate. In November 2000, Nupedia had 115 potential articles awaiting its peer-review process. By September 2001, after a total investment of US$250,000 from Bomis, Nupedia produced 12 articles; from 2000 through 2003, Nupedia contributors produced a total of 24 finalized articles. However, Misplaced Pages had about 20,000 articles and 18 language versions by the end of 2001.

Bomis originally planned to make Misplaced Pages profitable, providing staffing and hardware for its initial structure; Misplaced Pages would not have survived without this early support. Bomis provided web servers and bandwidth for the projects, owning key items such as domain names. Wales used checks from Bomis to maintain the Misplaced Pages servers in Tampa, Florida.

As the cost of Misplaced Pages rose with its popularity, Bomis' revenues declined as a result of the dot-com crash. In late 2000 Bomis had a staff of about 11 employees, but by early 2002 layoffs reduced the staff to its original size of about five. Sanger was laid off in February 2002; from January 15, 2001 through March 1, 2002, he was the sole paid editor of Misplaced Pages. Sanger stepped down from his dual roles as chief organizer of Misplaced Pages and editor-in-chief of Nupedia on March 1, 2002, feeling unable to commit to these areas on a volunteer basis and a dearth of "the habit or tradition of respect for expertise" from high-ranking Misplaced Pages members. He continued contributing to community discussions, optimistic about Misplaced Pages's future success.

After Sanger's departure, Misplaced Pages was managed by Wales and a burgeoning online community; although he thought advertising a possibility, the Misplaced Pages community was opposed to business development and Internet marketing was difficult at the end of 2002. However, Misplaced Pages remained a for-profit venture (under the auspices of Bomis) through the end of 2002. By then it had moved from a .com domain name to .org, and Wales said that the site would not accept advertising. Material from Nupedia was folded into Misplaced Pages, and by 2003 the former was discontinued.

Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees

By 2003 Misplaced Pages had grown to 100,000 articles in its English-language version, and it became difficult for Bomis to continue financially supporting the project. With Misplaced Pages a drain on the company's resources, Wales and Sanger decided to fund the project on a non-profit basis. Bomis laid off most of its employees to continue operating, since Misplaced Pages was not generating revenue. The company owned Misplaced Pages from its creation through 2003, and Wales used about $100,000 of Bomis' revenue to fund Misplaced Pages before the decision to shift the encyclopedia to non-profit status.

In June 2003 Misplaced Pages was transferred to a nascent non-profit organization, the Wikimedia Foundation, which was formed as a charitable institution to supervise Misplaced Pages and its associated wiki-based sites. When the foundation was esablished, its staff began to solicit public funding and Bomis turned Misplaced Pages over to the non-profit. All Bomis-owned hardware used to run Misplaced Pages-associated websites was donated to the Wikimedia Foundation, and Wales switched Misplaced Pages-related copyrights from Bomis to the foundation. It was first headquartered in St. Petersburg, Florida, where Bomis was located. The foundation shifted Misplaced Pages's dependence away from Bomis, allowing it to purchase hardware for expansion.

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees was initially composed of Bomis' three founders: Jimmy Wales and his two business partners, Michael Davis and Tim Shell. although Shell and Davis were appointed to the board by Wales, when Misplaced Pages community members complained that the board was composed of appointed individuals the first elections were held in 2004. Two community members, Florence Devouard and Angela Beesley, were elected to the Board of Trustees.

In August 2004 Wales was chief executive officer of Bomis, and on September 20 Misplaced Pages reached the million-article mark on an expenditure of $500,000 (most directly from Wales). In November 2004 he told the St. Petersburg Times he no longer controlled Bomis' day-to-day operations, but retained ownership as a shareholder. In 2005, Tim Shell was CEO of Bomis and one of the board members overseeing Misplaced Pages. Shell remained CEO of Bomis in 2006, becoming vice-president of the Wikimedia Foundation and continuing to serve on its board. Bomis co-founder Michael Davis became treasurer of the Wikimedia Foundation that year. Wales told The Sydney Morning Herald in 2007 that although he retained partial ownership of Bomis, "It's pretty much dead." According to the Internet Archive, the Bomis website was last accessible with content in 2010; when accessed in 2013 by the archive, it had a welcome message for PetaBox.

Aftermath

In 2005, Wales made 18 changes to his Misplaced Pages biography. He removed references to Bomis Babes as softcore pornography and erotica, and Larry Sanger as co-founder of Misplaced Pages. Wales' actions were publicized by author Rogers Cadenhead, attracting attention from US and UK media. In 2011, Time listed Wales' 2005 edits in its "Top 10 Misplaced Pages Moments".

Misplaced Pages policy warned users not to edit their own biography pages, with its rules on autobiographical editing quoting Wales: "It is a social faux pas to write about yourself." Larry Sanger said, "It does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history", and began a discussion on the talk page of Wales' biography about historical revisionism.

Wales called his actions fixing mistakes, but after Cadenhead publicized the edits to his biography he expressed regret for his actions. In The Times Wales said that individuals should not edit their own Misplaced Pages biographies, telling The New Yorker that the standard applied to himself as well. Wales warned that the activity should be discouraged because of the potential for bias: "I wish I hadn't done it. It's in poor taste."

Bomis was called the "'Playboy' of the Internet" by The Atlantic, and the sobriquet was adopted by other media outlets. Wales considered the "'Playboy' of the Internet" nickname inappropriate, although he was asked in interviews if his time at Bomis made him a "porn king". The 2010 documentary film about Misplaced Pages, Truth in Numbers?, discussed this characterization of Wales by journalists. Wales, interviewed in the film, called the characterization inaccurate and explained that his company responded to content demand from customers. In later interviews, he responded to "porn king" questions by telling journalists to look at a page on Yahoo! about pornography related to dwarfism. According to Reason, "If he was a porn king, he suggests, so is the head of the biggest Web portal in the world."

Analysis

The Chronicle of Philanthropy characterized Bomis as "... an Internet marketing firm ... which also traded in erotic photographs for a while." Jeff Howe wrote in his book, Crowdsourcing, about "one of Wales's less altruistic ventures, a Web portal called Bomis.com that featured, among other items, soft-core pornography." In his book, The Future of the Internet—And How to Stop It, legal scholar Jonathan Zittrain wrote that "Bomis helped people find 'erotic photography', and earned money through advertising as well as subscription fees for premium content." The Guardian described the site as on "the fringes of the adult entertainment industry", and The Edge called Bomis.com an "explicit-content search engine". Business 2.0 Magazine described it as "a search portal ... which created and hosted Web rings around popular search terms - including, not surprisingly, a lot of adult themes."

See also

Template:Multicol

• Erotica
• Eroticism
• Hypermasculinity
• List of men's magazines

Template:Multicol-break

• Machismo
• Masculism
• Masculine psychology
• Masculinity
• Maxim

Template:Multicol-end

Footnotes

1. Jimmy Wales' edits to Misplaced Pages to change information about Bomis and remove references to Larry Sanger as co-founder of the site was reported in The Times, Wired, New Statesman, Time, the Herald Sun, The New Yorker, and The New York Times.
2. "Playboy of the Internet" as a reference to Bomis was first used by The Atlantic, and subsequently by publications including The Sunday Times, The Daily Telegraph, MSN Money, Wired, The Torch Magazine, and the book The Cult of the Amateur by Andrew Keen.
3. Wales stated in Truth in Numbers?: "You know the press has this idea that I am a porn king. I really wasn't a king of anything, frankly, you know? Because at the time, when we looked at it, we were just like, 'Okay, well, this is what our customers will want, let's follow this.'"

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Further reading

Primary sources

• "Bomis.Com Browser Kills Pop-Up Advertising!". San Diego, California: PR Newswire Association LLC. PR Newswire. March 8, 1999. p. 9941. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
• "Upstart Open Content Encyclopedia Threatens to Displace Britannica, Encarta". San Diego, California: PR Newswire Association LLC. PR Newswire. November 9, 2000. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
• "Bomis What's New". Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• "Bomis FAQ". Bomis. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• "Freedom's Nest". Archived from the original on March 23, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
• "Nekkid.info Whois Record". whois.sc. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
• "Nekkid.info". nekkid.info. Internet Archive. January 14, 2002. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
• Wales, Jimmy (October 28, 2001). "A question". Misplaced Pages-l. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
• Wales, Jimmy (June 20, 2003). "Announcing Wikimedia Foundation". Misplaced Pages-l. Retrieved December 30, 2013.

External links

• Bomis at the Internet Archive
• Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, at Misplaced Pages:Meta
• Former Board of Trustees members, at Wikimedia Foundation

• Companies
• Florida
• Internet
• Nudity
• [REDACTED] Pornography
• Sexuality
• United States

• Ill-formatted IPAc-en transclusions
• Defunct online companies
• Internet companies of the United States
• History of Misplaced Pages
• Companies established in 1996
• Companies based in St. Petersburg, Florida
• Defunct networking companies
• Adult entertainment companies