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List of nearest exoplanets

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A total of 75 exoplanets have been observed by astronomers to exist within 50 light-years away from the Solar System. Although there is no official organization that acknowledges such reports, multiple observations have been made to confirm the existence of these exoplanets and to indicate that these objects are not massive enough to be classified as brown dwarfs—as proposed by the Working Group on Extrasolar Planets of the International Astronomical Union in 2003. 

The existence of at least another 25 exoplanets has been suggested but not yet confirmed. This corresponds to only 38 stars with confirmed planetary systems (and another five with only unconfirmed exoplanets) of the around 1,400 stars that are estimated to be located within 50 light-years away. However, of the around 133 stars which are bright enough to be visible with the naked eye, 20 have confirmed planetary systems.

Reports of planetary systems first came in 1996 for three stars located over 40 light-years away: 55 Cancri, Upsilon Andromedae, and 47 Ursae Majoris. In 1999, two other planets were reported to revolve around Upsilon Andromedae, thus making it the closest multiplanetary system at that time. From 2000 on, more planets were reported by the astronomical community, including a total of six planets revolving around Gliese 667 C, five around 55 Cancri, and four planets around Gliese 876, Gliese 581, and Upsilon Andromedae. An additional planet has been suggested to revolve around Gliese 667 C, another two around Gliese 876 and around Gliese 581, and a total of five unconfirmed planets revolving around Tau Ceti. Seven star systems have three confirmed planetary partners; five other have only two planets; while the remaining 21 systems have only one confirmed planet.

At only 4 light-years (ly) distance from our Solar System, the closest star system, Alpha Centauri, has been reported to contain a planetary companion that may be similar in size to Earth. But of the next the 38 closest star systems (within 14.5 ly), only Epsilon Eridani has confirmed planetary partners. Of the total of 38 planetary systems located within 50 ly, 23 are located within 40 ly, 14 are within 30 ly, seven are within 20 ly, and a single one is within 10 ly.

Essentially all the nearest exoplanets have been discovered by measuring the changes in the radial velocity of the host star, technique which allows for a good refinement of the orbital parameters and the lower-mass limits. Of the 75 confirmed planets within 50 light-years, over 40 were found to revolve around their star closer and complete an orbit faster than Mercury does around the Sun, and 23 have a more eccentric orbit than that of Mercury.

The planetary masses has been measured precisely for only 18 of the 75 exoplanets. For the others, because no precise estimation the orbital inclination (i) has been made available, only their minimum masses (Mreal*sin(i)) are known. It is generally expected that most of these masses to be close to their true masses (there is only a 13% chance for the planet to be more than double its minimum mass), but there have been a few cases where planetary candidates were suggested but later refinement showed that these were more than 13 times more massive than Jupiter, and thus are likely brown dwarfs. This was the case for WISE 0458+6434 B, WISE 1217+16A B, 2M 0746+20 B, MOA-2008-BLG-379L B, SDSS 141624 B, or HD 104304 B. Considering their minimum masses, 48 are expected to be gas giants, and only 27 are less than 10 times more massive than Earth. The smallest of these is Alpha Centauri Bb with a minimum mass 1.13 times that of Earth's. Only few exoplanets have been imaged during transit events with their host stars, and thus have had their planetary radii measured: Gliese 436 b at 0.365 RJ, 55 Cancri e at 0.178 RJ and GJ 1214 b at 0.238 RJ,.

List

  Green rows show values corresponding to Mercury, Earth and Jupiter (for comparison purposes).
  Gray rows denote unconfirmed exoplanets.
  Yellow rows denote confirmed multiplanetary systems.

Host star system Companion exoplanet (in order from star) Notes
Name Distance
(ly)
Apparent
magnitude
Mass
(M☉)
Temperature
(K)
Age
(Gyr)
Label Mass
(MJ)
Semimajor axis
(AU)
Orbital period
(days)
Eccentricity
Inclination
(°)
Discovery year
Sun 0 −26.74 1.000 5,780 4.57 Mercury 0.00017 0.387 87.97 0.205 — — —
Earth 0.00314 1.0 365.26 0.0167 — — —
Jupiter 1 5.204 4,332.6 0.0488 — — —
Alpha Centauri 4.09 1.33 0.934 5,210 5.0 Bb >0.00355 0.04185 3.24 ~0 — 2012
Luhman 16 6.59 23.0 ~0.04 ~1,300 <4.5 – ~10 — — — — 2013
Epsilon Eridani 10.49 3.73 0.820 5,120 0.66 b 1.55 3.38 2,500 0.25 30.1 2000
d — ~20 — — — 2008
c ~0.1 ~40 ~100,000 ~0.3 — 2002
Epsilon Indi 11.81 4.83 0.762 4,630 1.3 – >0.97 8.57 >10,000 — — 2002
Tau Ceti 11.90 3.50 0.783 5,340 5.8 b >0.0063 0.105 13.96 0.16 — 2012
c >0.0098 0.195 35.4 0.03 — 2012
d >0.0113 0.374 94.1 0.08 — 2012
e >0.0135 0.552 168 0.05 — 2012
f >0.0208 1.35 642 0.03 — 2012
Gliese 687 14.77 9.15 0.431 3,400 — b >0.058 0.1635 38.1 0.04 — 2014
Gliese 674 14.81 9.36 0.354 3,610 0.55 b >0.0349 0.0387 4.69 0.20 — 2007
Gliese 876 15.29 10.2 0.334 3,350 2.5 d 0.0215 0.0208 1.938 0.21 50 2005
c 0.714 0.130 30.1 0.26 48.1 2000
b 2.276 0.208 61.1 0.032 48.9 2000
e 0.046 0.334 124 0.055 59.5 2010
Gliese 832 16.16 8.67 0.450 3,620 — b >0.64 3.4 3,420 0.12 — 2008
82 G. Eridani 19.71 4.26 0.701 5,490 14.0 b >0.0085 0.1207 18.3 — — 2011
c >0.0076 0.2036 40.1 — — 2011
d >0.015 0.3499 90.3 — — 2011
Gliese 581 20.37 10.55 0.31 3,500 8.0 e >0.028 0.028 3.15 0.32 — 2009
b >0.05 0.041 5.37 0.031 — 2005
c >0.017 0.073 12.9 0.07 — 2007
g >0.01 0.146 36.7 — — 2010
d >0.019 0.22 66.6 0.21 — 2007
f >0.023 0.758 430 — — 2010
Gliese 667 23.60 10.22 0.33 3,600 >2.0 Cb >0.01781 0.050 7.200 0.122 — 2009
Ch >0.0035 0.0893 16.95 0.06 — 2013
Cc >0.01167 0.125 28.143 0.133 — 2011
Cf >0.0085 0.156 39.0 0.03 — 2013
Ce >0.0085 0.213 62.2 0.02 — 2013
Cd >0.0218 0.304 106 0.68 — 2012
Cg >0.0145 0.549 256 0.08 — 2013
Fomalhaut 25.13 1.16 1.920 8,590 0.55 b — 177 ~620,000 0.8 -55 2008
61 Virginis 27.90 4.74 0.942 5,530 8.96 b >0.016 0.0502 4.22 0.12 — 2009
c >0.0573 0.2175 38.0 0.14 — 2009
d >0.072 0.476 123 0.35 — 2009
Gliese 785 28.78 6.13 0.778 5,140 7.8 b >0.053 0.32 74.7 0.13 — 2010
c >0.075 1.18 526 0.32 — 2011
Gliese 433 28.97 9.79 0.48 3,550 — b >0.0182 0.058 7.37 0.08 — 2009
c >0.14 3.6 3,700 0.17 — 2012
Gliese 849 29.67 10.42 0.490 3,600 — b >0.9 2.35 1,910 0.012 — 2006
c >0.77 ~5 7,050 0.218 — 2013
HD 102365 30.08 4.89 0.890 5,650 9.0 b >0.05 0.46 122 0.34 — 2011
Gliese 176 30.25 9.96 0.490 3,350 0.56??? b >0.0265 0.066 8.78 — — 2007
c >0.044 0.18 40 — — 2009
Gliese 436 33.08 10.68 0.452 3,350 6.0 c 0.0009 0.0185 1.37 — 86.7 2012
b 0.0724 0.0288 2.64 0.15 85.8 2004
d >0.00085 — — — — 2012
Gliese 649 33.74 9.62 0.542 3,700 0.48??? c >0.03 0.043 4.48 0.2 — 2013
b >0.328 1.135 598 0.3 — 2009
Pollux 33.79 1.15 2.080 4,670 0.72 b >2.9 1.69 589 0.02 — 2006
Gliese 86 35.17 6.17 0.796 5,350 2.03 b >4.0 0.11 15.8 0.046 — 2000
HIP 57050 35.88 11.9 0.340 3,190 — b >0.298 0.1635 41.4 0.31 — 2010
54 Piscium 36.07 5.8 0.882 5,220 5.1 Ac >0.09 0.186 31.0 0.04 — 2013
Ab 0.23 0.284 62.2 0.63 83 2003
Gliese 370 36.37 7.67 0.687 4,720 5.6 b >0.011 0.26 58.4 0.11 — 2011
Gliese 179 40.1 11.96 0.357 3,370 — b >0.82 2.41 2,290 0.21 — 2010
55 Cancri 40.25 5.95 0.905 5,200 10.2 e 0.0262 0.0156 0.737 <0.06 81 2004
b >0.8 0.1134 14.7 0.016 — 1996
c >0.169 0.2403 44.3 0.053 — 2002
f >0.144 0.781 261 0.0002 — 2007
d 4.80 5.76 5,200 0.03 53 2002
HD 69830 40.75 5.95 0.849 5,360 7.0 b 0.13 0.0785 8.67 0.1 13 2006
c 0.17 0.186 31.6 0.13 13 2006
d 0.26 0.63 197 0.07 13 2006
HD 147513 41.68 5.38 1.072 5,930 0.65 b >1.21 1.32 528 0.26 — 2003
GJ 1214 42.25 14.71 0.157 3,030 6.0 b 0.0203 0.0143 1.580 0.27 88.67 2009
HD 40307 42.39 7.2 0.740 4,980 1.2 b >0.0126 0.0468 4.31 0.2 — 2008
c >0.0208 0.0799 9.62 0.06 — 2008
d >0.0299 0.1321 20.4 0.07 — 2008
e >0.011 0.1886 34.6 0.15 — 2012
f >0.0164 0.247 51.8 0.02 — 2012
g >0.0223 0.6 198 0.29 — 2012
Upsilon Andromedae 44.00 4.09 1.310 6,210 3.8 b 0.62–1.24 0.059 4.62 0.013 >30 1996
c ~14 0.861 238 0.24 8 1999
d 10.19 2.55 1,300 0.27 24 1999
e >1.059 5.25 3,850 0.0054 — 2010
47 Ursae Majoris 45.87 5.10 1.063 5,880 7.4 b 2.53–7 2.1 1,078 0.032 — 1996
c >0.54 3.6 2,390 0.098 — 2001
d >1.64 11.6 14,000 0.16 — 2010
Gamma Cephei 46.00 3.23 1.26 4,760 6.6 Ab 1.85–19 2.05 903 0.049 5.7 2003
HIP 79431 46.96 11.34 0.491 3,190 — b >2.1 0.36 112 0.29 — 2010
Nu Lupi 48.27 5.65 0.91 5,660 10.4 b >0.0166 0.0933 11.6 0.18 — 2011
c >0.0358 0.1665 27.6 0.16 — 2011
d >0.03 0.411 107 0.43 — 2011
Gliese 163 48.92 11.3 0.40 3,500 3.0 b >0.0334 0.0607 8.63 0.0106 — 2012
e >0.012 0.10 19.5 0.32 — 2013
c >0.02285 0.1254 25.6 0.094 — 2013
f >0.023 0.33 108 0.41 — 2013
d >0.0695 1.027 601 0.40 — 2012
HD 176051 48.89 5.22 0.71 6,000 8.1 Bb >1.5 1.76 1,020 — — 2010
Gliese 317 49.2 12.0 0.42 3,510 — b 1.8–3.6 1.15 692 0.11 >25 2007
c >2.0 ~30 >10,000 0.81 — 2007
HD 38858 49.6 5.97 0.886 5,660 6.2 b >0.0961 1.038 407 0.27 — 2011

Statistics

By host star

Systems by planet count
Confirmed
exoplanets 		No. of
systems 		Systems
6 1 Gliese 667
5 1 55 Cancri
4 3 Gliese 876, Gliese 581, Upsilon Andromedae
3 7 82 G. Eridani, 61 Virginis, HD 69830, HD 40307, 47 Ursae Majoris, Nu Lupi, Gliese 163
2 5 Gliese 785, Gliese 433, Gliese 849, Gliese 649, 54 Piscium
1 21 —
Total 38
0 5 —
Systems by distance
Distance Confirmed
systems 		Unconfirmed
systems
< 10 ly 1 1
10–20 ly 6 4
20–30 ly 7 0
30–40 ly 9 0
40–50 ly 15 0
Systems visible to a typical human eye
Visible Confirmed
systems 		Unconfirmed
systems
Yes (H < 6.5) 20 2
No (H > 6.5) 18 3

By planets

Exoplanets by size
Type Subtype Mass range Confirmed Unconfirmed
Terrestrial Sub-terran <0.0015 MJ (<0.5 ME) 0 2
Terran 0.0015–0.006 MJ (0.5–2 ME) 1 1
Super-terran 0.006–0.03 MJ (2–10 ME) 26 13
Gas giant Neptunian 0.03–0.15 MJ (10–50 ME) 18 3
Jovian 0.15–1.8 MJ (50–600 ME) 19 2
Super-jovian >1.8 MJ (>600 ME) 11 3
Total 75 24
Exoplanets by orbital radius
Orbital radius Confirmed Unconfirmed
< 0.4 AU 46 13
0.4–1.0 AU 7 3
1.0–5.0 AU 18 1
>5.0 AU 4 4
Exoplanets by orbital period
Orbital period Confirmed Unconfirmed
< 90 days 42 12
90–365 days 11 5
1–12 years 18 2
>12 years 4 3
Exoplanets by orbital eccentricity
Orbital eccentricity Confirmed Unconfirmed
< 0.02 7 1
0.02–0.20 40 9
> 0.20 23 5
Exoplanets by discovery year
Year Confirmed Unconfirmed
1996 3 0
1999 2 0
2000 4 0
2001 1 0
2002 2 2
2003 3 0
2004 2 0
2005 2 0
2006 5 0
2007 6 1
2008 5 2
2009 8 1
2010 8 2
2011 11 0
2012 5 11
2013 7 4
2014 1 2
Total 75 25

See also

Notes

  1. Current list is compiled from the following databases:
    "The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
    "Exoplanets Data Explorer".
    "Open Exoplanet Catalogue".
    "NASA Exoplanet Archive".
  2. There is usually a notable error in the known distances of the stars. A few stars that are sometimes reported to be under the 50 light-years threshold, but they were not included in the current list: Mu Arae (50.59 ly), 51 Pegasi (50.7 ly), Tau Boötis (50.9 ly).
  3. For comparison, the 99th and 100th closest known star systems, Gliese 892 and LHS 3003 (Proxima Hydrae), are about 21 light-years away from the Solar System.
  4. An astronomical object is generally considered to be visible to the naked eye under "typical" dark sky conditions if it has an apparent magnitude smaller than +6.0 to +6.3. To the unaided eye the limiting magnitude is +7.6 to +8.0 (with effort).

References

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