This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Ceha (talk | contribs) at 12:34, 2 July 2019 (rv (please do not vadalise the article. If you wish to discuss something, you have discussion pages)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 12:34, 2 July 2019 by Ceha (talk | contribs) (rv (please do not vadalise the article. If you wish to discuss something, you have discussion pages))(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
Turkish Croatia (Template:Lang-hr), was a geopolitical term for the territories which formerly belonged to Croatian kingdom, were occupied by Otoman empire during 15th and 16th century, and were still contested with Otoman empire, parts of which where also known as Donji Kraji (Template:Lang-en) and Zapadne Strane (Template:Lang-en)). By the 19th century, with the Croatian population mostly displaced, the name Turkish Croatia was replaced by cartographers in favor of Bosanska Krajina (Bosnian Frontier).
This territory was usually depicted as roughly comprising the land area between the rivers Vrbas in the east, Sava in the northeast, Una in the northwest, as well as Dinara mountain in the south, including the Cazinska krajina pocket in the far west. This area is a part of the present-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Parts of Lika, Banovina and northern Dalmatia were also parts of Turkish Croatia, when its borders went further west.
The term started reappearing in recent times, since 1990's, with the rise of nationalism in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
History
During the Middle Ages and the very beginning of the Early modern period, the territory of Turkish Croatia was situated in the central and eastern part of the independent medieval Croatian state (from 925 known as Kingdom of Croatia), which lasted until the beginning of the 12th century, when the country, following the Pacta conventa agreement, entered into a personal union with Hungary in 1102. At that time the term „Bosnia“ was used for a relatively small area alongside the upper part of the Bosna river that barely reached the Drina, which constituded eastern border of Croatia-Hungary state. It was only in the 14th century, at the time of civil war in Croatia and Hungary, that the Ban and proclaimed King Stjepan Tvrtko I which had most of his estates in central Bosnia grew in both, size and power, attracting local nobels as Hrvatinići on his side trying to take the title of King in Croatia and Dalmatia. This events made the borders more flexible (after his death there were numerous civil wars in Bosnia), and made the local nobility more important as Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, duke of Split and vice king of Bosnia became "real" king of Bosnia in everything, but in its name.
The fall of Bosnia to the Ottomans in 1463 resulted in increasing pressure on Croatian borders and continual losses of the territory, little by little moving the border line to the west. Permanent warfare during the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (1493-1593) drastically reduced Croatian population in affected southeastern regions. Until the end of the 16th century the whole area of Turkish Croatia was occupied by the mighty sultanate. The remaining Croats were either murdered or captured, converted to Islam and recruited as devsirme (blood tax). A part of the Croatian population managed to flee though, settling down in the northwestern regions of the country or abroad, in the neighbouring Hungary or Austria. Catholic churches were destroyed by the Ottoman soldiers or reconstructed into mosques; some priests and bishops were killed, some of them succeeded in escaping. Parts of region were firstly organized as "Vilayet Croat", but later divided in sanjaks Krka, Klis and Bihać.
From the 16th to 19th century Turkish Croatia bordered Croatian Military Frontier (Template:Lang-hr, Template:Lang-de), a Habsburg Empire-controlled part of Croatia, which was administered directly from Vienna's military headquarters. In the 19th century, following the Habsburg-Ottoman war in 1878 and the fall of the Bosnia Vilayet, Turkish Croatia remained within the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who 1908 became a new Crown land of the Habsburg Monarchy. Although the (recently renamed) old Croatian territory was liberated, there were very few Croatian population left, i.e. population who actually lived in it registered as Catholics and Croats. In Austro-Hungarian military maps from the 16th to 19th century "Turkish Croatia" appeared as a borderland to Military Frontier, whose Habsburg-controlled side, in present-day Croatia, was administered directly from Vienna's military headquarters. In the 19th century, following the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, and transfer of power in the Bosnia Vilayet from Ottomans to Austrian rule at the Berlin Congress in 1878, the term became redundant, as it no longer served its purpose, and disappeared from official usage completely. The entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina came under a direct rule of the Viennese government, and since 1908 annexation became a new Crown land, thus making a term irrelevant.
The term was important in the issues of "Hrvatske zemlje" (Template:Lang-en) and "Hrvatsko državno pravo" (Template:Lang-en). It main usage was for the geopolitical purposes and territorial ambitions of both Austria-Hungary and later Croatia. It was also used in romanticized historiography, of "National awakening" and "National integration and homogenization" of late 19th to early 20th century Croatia. In the first half of 20th century, this term appeared sporadically again in romantic sloganeering of "resurecting" Croatian state.
In more recent times, with establishment of Republic of Croatia in 1990's, the term was marginaly revived.
Maps
-
Map of Croatia during the reign
of King Petar Krešimir IV
(11th century): Turkish Croatia
was in the center of the
Kingdom - "Turkish Croatia" (Türkisch Croatien) on a Austro-Hungarian military map from 1813.
- An 1827 map of the Ottoman conquest in Europe - A. Finley ("Turkish Croatia" in yellow).
See also
- Donji Kraji
- Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bosnia Eyalet
- Ottoman period in the history of Croatia
External links
- Fortresses in Turkish Croatia /page 56/ (in German)
- Geology books on Turkish Croatia from the 19th century (in Croatian)
- Cover of the August Kaznačić book „Bosnia, Herzegovina and Turkish Croatia“ from 1862 (in Italian)