List of countries by GDP (PPP)

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For countries by nominal GDP, see List of countries by GDP (nominal).

Largest economies by PPP GDP in 2019
according to International Monetary Fund estimates.

This article includes a list of countries by their forecasted estimated gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity, abbreviated GDP (PPP). Countries are sorted by GDP PPP forecast estimates from financial and statistical institutions in the limited period January–April 2017, which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates. The data given on this page are based on the international dollar, a standardized unit used by economists. Certain regions that are not widely considered countries such as the European Union and Hong Kong also show up in the list if they are distinct jurisdiction areas or economic entities.

GDP comparisons using PPP are arguably more useful than those using nominal GDP when assessing a nation's domestic market because PPP takes into account the relative cost of local goods, services and inflation rates of the country, rather than using international market exchange rates which may distort the real differences in per capita income. It is however limited when measuring financial flows between countries and when comparing the quality of same goods among countries. PPP is often used to gauge global poverty thresholds and is used by the United Nations in constructing the human development index. These surveys such as the International Comparison Program include both tradable and non-tradable goods in an attempt to estimate a representative basket of all goods.

The first table includes estimates for the year 2017 for all current 191 International Monetary Fund (IMF) members as well as Hong Kong and Taiwan. Data are in millions of international dollars; they were calculated by the IMF. Figures were published in April 2018. The second table includes data, mostly for the year 2015, for 180 of the 193 current United Nations member states as well as Hong Kong and Macau (the two Chinese Special Administrative Regions). Data are in millions of international dollars; they were compiled by the World Bank. The third table is a tabulation of the CIA World Factbook GDP (PPP) data update of 2017. The data for GDP at purchasing power parity has also been rebased using the new International Comparison Program price surveys and extrapolated to 2007. Non-sovereign entities (the world, continents, and some dependent territories) and states with limited international recognition (such as Kosovo and Taiwan) are included in the list in cases in which they appear in the sources. These economies are not ranked in the charts here, but are listed in sequence by GDP for comparison. In addition, non-sovereign entities are marked in italics.

Lists

(Click on one of the small triangles in the headings to re-order the list according to that category).

List by the International Monetary Fund (2018)

List by the World Bank (2018)

List by the CIA World Factbook (1993–2017)

Rank	Country/Territory	GDP (billions of Current Int$)
	World	135,178.32
1	China	25,270.066
—	European Union	22,023.14
2	United States	20,494.050
3	India	10,505.288
4	Japan	5,594.452
5	Germany	4,356.353
6	Russia	4,213.403
7	Indonesia	3,494.737
8	Brazil	3,365.343
9	United Kingdom	3,037.787
10	France	2,962.799
11	Mexico	2,569.806
12	Italy	2,397.403
13	Turkey	2,292.511
14	Korea, South	2,136.315
15	Spain	1,864.419
16	Saudi Arabia	1,857.525
17	Canada	1,836.816
18	Iran	1,610.677
19	Thailand	1,320.364
20	Australia	1,318.153
21	Egypt	1,296.286
—	Taiwan	1,234.860
22	Poland	1,212.925
23	Nigeria	1,168.515
24	Pakistan	1,141.403
25	Malaysia	999.397
26	Netherlands	969.228
27	Philippines	952.569
28	Argentina	915.125
29	South Africa	789.423
30	Bangladesh	761.699
31	Colombia	744.696
32	United Arab Emirates	723.676
33	Vietnam	710.307
34	Iraq	673.251
35	Algeria	657.462
36	Singapore	565.811
37	Belgium	550.501
38	Switzerland	548.483
39	Sweden	542.037
40	Romania	516.336
41	Kazakhstan	508.642
42	Chile	481.756
—	Hong Kong	480.494
43	Austria	463.220
44	Peru	457.483
45	Czech Republic	395.868
46	Norway	395.867
47	Ukraine	390.336
48	Ireland	385.851
49	Qatar	354.762
50	Myanmar	344.005
51	Israel	337.231
52	Venezuela	330.984
53	Portugal	329.241
54	Morocco	314.605
55	Greece	312.661
56	Hungary	311.944
57	Kuwait	306.441
58	Denmark	301.319
59	Sri Lanka	290.561
60	Finland	256.456
61	Uzbekistan	250.328
62	Ethiopia	219.545
63	Ecuador	199.481
64	Angola	199.319
65	Oman	198.486
66	New Zealand	197.827
67	Slovak Republic	191.216
68	Ghana	190.677
69	Dominican Republic	189.237
70	Belarus	189.178
71	Azerbaijan	179.673
72	Sudan	177.678
73	Kenya	177.285
74	Tanzania	175.785
75	Bulgaria	162.318
76	Guatemala	145.635
77	Tunisia	144.244
—	Puerto Rico	129.822
78	Serbia	122.759
79	Turkmenistan	112.666
80	Croatia	107.406
81	Côte d'Ivoire	106.984
82	Panama	106.775
83	Lithuania	97.006
84	Uganda	96.963
85	Cameroon	95.262
86	Paraguay	94.477
87	Jordan	93.427
88	Lebanon	89.478
89	Costa Rica	88.220
90	Nepal	86.073
91	Bolivia	84.099
92	Uruguay	81.599
—	Macau	77.334
93	Slovenia	75.976
94	Libya	74.693
95	Bahrain	74.146
96	Yemen	73.258
97	Zambia	72.932
98	Congo, Democratic Republic of the	72.924
99	Afghanistan	72.648
100	Cambodia	70.452
101	Luxembourg	64.237
102	Senegal	59.521
103	Latvia	57.840
104	Laos	53.701
105	El Salvador	53.401
106	Honduras	49.157
107	Bosnia and Herzegovina	47.266
108	Estonia	44.955
109	Trinidad and Tobago	44.357
110	Mali	44.203
111	Mongolia	43.544
112	Madagascar	42.917
113	Georgia	42.606
114	Zimbabwe	42.547
115	Botswana	41.944
116	Mozambique	39.181
117	Burkina Faso	38.845
118	Albania	38.356
119	Gabon	37.968
120	Nicaragua	35.733
121	Brunei Darussalam	34.552
122	Cyprus	34.546
123	North Macedonia	32.627
124	Tajikistan	31.108
125	Papua New Guinea	30.855
126	Guinea	30.705
127	Armenia	30.438
128	Republic of Congo	30.297
129	Chad	30.166
130	Mauritius	29.994
131	Equatorial Guinea	29.838
132	Benin	27.718
133	Rwanda	27.405
134	Namibia	27.106
135	Jamaica	27.016
136	Moldova	25.888
137	Kyrgyzstan	24.531
138	Malawi	23.653
139	Niger	23.531
140	Malta	21.298
141	Somalia	21.155
—	Kosovo	20.942
142	Haiti	20.726
143	South Sudan	19.491
144	Iceland	19.484
145	Mauritania	18.138
146	Togo	13.954
147	Bahamas, The	12.612
148	Sierra Leone	12.265
149	Eswatini	12.132
150	Montenegro	11.891
151	Eritrea	10.017
152	Fiji	9.106
153	Suriname	8.927
154	Burundi	8.200
155	Maldives	7.956
156	Bhutan	7.794
157	Lesotho	6.906
158	Guyana	6.664
159	Timor-Leste	6.653
160	Liberia	6.327
161	Gambia, The	6.057
162	Barbados	5.309
163	Cape Verde	4.045
164	Djibouti	3.971
165	Central African Republic	3.617
166	Guinea-Bissau	3.366
167	Belize	3.365
168	Seychelles	2.913
169	Antigua and Barbuda	2.580
170	St. Lucia	2.536
171	San Marino	2.019
172	Grenada	1.751
173	St. Kitts and Nevis	1.669
174	Solomon Islands	1.406
175	Comoros	1.386
176	St. Vincent and the Grenadines	1.319
177	Samoa	1.174
178	Vanuatu	0.816
179	São Tomé and Príncipe	0.723
180	Dominica	0.699
181	Tonga	0.616
182	Micronesia, Federated States of	0.356
183	Palau	0.276
184	Kiribati	0.240
185	Marshall Islands	0.207
186	Nauru	0.159
187	Tuvalu	0.044

Rank	Country/Territory	GDP (millions of Current Int$)
	World	127,723,794
1	China	23,300,783
2	United States	19,390,604
3	India	11,948,659
4	Japan	5,487,161
5	Germany	4,187,583
6	Russia	3,817,201
7	Indonesia	3,242,769
8	Brazil	3,240,524
9	United Kingdom	2,896,833
10	France	2,871,264
11	Italy	2,410,985
12	Mexico	2,344,197
13	Turkey	2,254,114
14	Korea, South	1,969,106
15	Spain	1,773,972
16	Saudi Arabia	1,773,549
17	Canada	1,702,435
18	Iran	1,700,356
19	Thailand	1,233,736
20	Australia	1,157,298
21	Egypt	1,129,919
22	Nigeria	1,118,755
23	Poland	1,112,364
24	Pakistan	1,088,982
25	Malaysia	930,749
26	Argentina	920,248
27	Netherlands	907,032
28	Philippines	875,311
29	South Africa	765,567
30	Colombia	714,003
31	United Arab Emirates	694,468
32	Iraq	658,200
33	Vietnam	647,368
34	Bangladesh	637,078
35	Algeria	631,150
36	Switzerland	550,346
37	Belgium	540,867
38	Singapore	527,021
39	Romania	506,132
40	Sweden	504,088
41	Kazakhstan	476,366
42	Austria	462,990
—	Hong Kong	454,886
43	Chile	434,848
44	Peru	432,115
45	Venezuela	409,389
46	Czech Republic	390,989
47	Ukraine	368,217
48	Ireland	367,301
49	Qatar	338,817
50	Israel	334,667
51	Portugal	331,445
52	Myanmar	327,629
53	Norway	322,101
54	Greece	299,241
55	Morocco	298,230
56	Kuwait	297,594
57	Denmark	291,600
58	Hungary	277,543
59	Sri Lanka	274,718
60	Finland	249,065
61	Uzbekistan	222,338
62	Ethiopia	199,336
63	Sudan	198,758
64	New Zealand	196,152
65	Oman	193,218
66	Ecuador	193,138
67	Angola	190,290
68	Belarus	179,203
69	Slovakia	174,678
70	Dominican Republic	172,591
71	Azerbaijan	171,588
72	Tanzania	163,886
73	Kenya	163,309
74	Bulgaria	143,850
75	Guatemala	137,849
76	Tunisia	137,358
77	Ghana	133,826
78	Libya	125,142
79	Serbia	105,966
80	Croatia	104,233
81	Turkmenistan	103,604
82	Panama	100,194
83	Côte d'Ivoire	96,046
84	Lithuania	90,749
85	Lebanon	89,263
86	Cameroon	88,859
87	Jordan	88,809
88	Costa Rica	83,615
89	Bolivia	83,546
90	Uganda	79,889
91	Nepal	78,591
92	Uruguay	77,992
93	Yemen	75,346
94	Congo, Democratic Republic of the	72,165
95	Slovenia	71,926
—	Macau	71,672
96	Bahrain	70,937
97	Afghanistan	70,368
98	Zambia	69,235
99	Paraguay	66,007
100	Cambodia	64,050
101	Luxembourg	62,139
102	Latvia	53,561
103	El Salvador	51,061
104	Laos	48,167
105	Honduras	46,198
106	Bosnia and Herzegovina	45,156
107	Trinidad and Tobago	43,234
108	Senegal	42,992
109	Estonia	41,619
110	Mali	41,004
111	Mongolia	39,982
112	Botswana	39,770
113	Georgia	39,768
114	Madagascar	39,764
115	Mozambique	37,005
116	Gabon	36,823
117	Nicaragua	36,324
118	Burkina Faso	35,887
119	Papua New Guinea	34,633
120	Albania	34,541
121	Zimbabwe	34,476
122	Brunei Darussalam	33,797
123	North Macedonia	31,729
124	Equatorial Guinea	31,460
125	Cyprus	29,606
126	Guinea	29,056
127	Chad	28,924
128	Tajikistan	28,373
129	Armenia	28,271
130	Congo, Republic of the	28,193
131	Mauritius	28,174
132	Namibia	26,542
133	Jamaica	25,999
134	Benin	25,327
135	Rwanda	24,852
136	Kyrgyzstan	23,104
137	West Bank and Gaza	22,886
138	Malawi	22,387
139	Niger	21,834
140	Moldova	20,226
141	Haiti	19,930
—	Kosovo	19,688
142	Malta	18,395
143	Iceland	18,265
144	Mauritania	17,458
145	Togo	12,240
146	Bahamas, The	12,031
147	Montenegro	11,681
148	Eswatini	11,617
149	Sierra Leone	10,264
150	Timor-Leste	9,350
151	Fiji	8,652
153	Suriname	8,515
153	Burundi	8,376
154	Bhutan	7,721
155	Maldives	7,273
156	Lesotho	6,991
157	Guyana	6,349
158	Barbados	5,326
159	Liberia	3,911
160	Cape Verde	3,733
161	Djibouti	3,716
162	Gambia, The	3,602
163	Central African Republic	3,382
164	Belize	3,219
165	Guinea-Bissau	3,165
166	Seychelles	2,776
167	Saint Lucia	2,543
168	Antigua and Barbuda	2,407
169	San Marino	2,085
170	Grenada	1,609
171	Saint Kitts and Nevis	1,498
172	Solomon Islands	1,480
173	Samoa	1,299
174	St. Vincent and the Grenadines	1,296
175	Comoros	1,263
176	Vanuatu	886
177	Dominica	785
178	Sao Tome and Principe	685
179	Tonga	643
180	Micronesia, Federated States of	382
181	Palau	316
182	Kiribati	253
183	Marshall Islands	223
184	Nauru	193
185	Tuvalu	44

Rank	Country/Territory	GDP (billions of Current Int$)	Year
	World	127,000	2017 est.
1	China	23,120	2017 est.
—	European Union	20,850	2017 est.
2	United States	19,360	2017 est.
3	India	11,947	2017 est.
4	Japan	5,405	2017 est.
5	Germany	4,150	2017 est.
6	Russia	4,000	2017 est.
7	Indonesia	3,243	2017 est.
8	Brazil	3,219	2017 est.
9	United Kingdom	2,880	2017 est.
10	France	2,826	2017 est.
11	Mexico	2,406	2017 est.
12	Italy	2,307	2017 est.
13	Turkey	2,133	2017 est.
14	Korea, South	2,027	2017 est.
15	Saudi Arabia	1,789	2017 est.
16	Spain	1,769	2017 est.
17	Canada	1,764	2017 est.
18	Iran	1,631	2017 est.
19	Australia	1,235	2017 est.
20	Thailand	1,229	2017 est.
21	Egypt	1,199	2017 est.
—	Taiwan	1,175	2017 est.
22	Nigeria	1,118	2017 est.
23	Poland	1,111	2017 est.
24	Pakistan	1,056	2017 est.
25	Malaysia	926.1	2017 est.
26	Netherlands	915.2	2017 est.
27	Argentina	911.5	2017 est.
28	Philippines	874.5	2017 est.
29	South Africa	757.3	2017 est.
30	Colombia	712.5	2017 est.
31	United Arab Emirates	691.9	2017 est.
32	Bangladesh	686.5	2017 est.
33	Iraq	660.7	2017 est.
34	Vietnam	643.9	2017 est.
35	Algeria	629.3	2017 est.
36	Belgium	526.4	2017 est.
37	Sweden	521.7	2017 est.
38	Switzerland	516.7	2017 est.
39	Singapore	513.7	2017 est.
40	Kazakhstan	474.3	2017 est.
41	Romania	474.0	2017 est.
—	Hong Kong	453.0	2017 est.
42	Chile	452.1	2017 est.
43	Austria	434.1	2017 est.
44	Peru	424.6	2017 est.
45	Venezuela	389.4	2017 est.
46	Norway	375.9	2017 est.
47	Czech Republic	372.6	2017 est.
48	Ukraine	366.4	2017 est.
49	Ireland	344.8	2017 est.
50	Qatar	341.7	2017 est.
51	Myanmar	330.9	2017 est.
52	Israel	315.6	2017 est.
53	Portugal	311.3	2017 est.
54	Kuwait	302.5	2017 est.
55	Morocco	300.1	2017 est.
56	Greece	299.5	2017 est.
57	Denmark	285.5	2017 est.
58	Hungary	283.6	2017 est.
59	Sri Lanka	278.2	2017 est.
60	Finland	242.4	2017 est.
61	Uzbekistan	221.7	2017 est.
62	Ethiopia	195.8	2017 est.
63	Angola	192.0	2017 est.
64	Ecuador	188.5	2017 est.
65	Oman	187.9	2017 est.
66	Sudan	186.8	2017 est.
67	New Zealand	185.7	2017 est.
68	Slovakia	178.7	2017 est.
69	Belarus	175.9	2017 est.
70	Dominican Republic	172.6	2017 est.
71	Azerbaijan	166.8	2017 est.
72	Kenya	163.4	2017 est.
73	Tanzania	162.8	2017 est.
74	Bulgaria	152.4	2017 est.
75	Guatemala	138.3	2017 est.
76	Tunisia	135.9	2017 est.
77	Cuba	132.9	2016 est.
78	Ghana	130.2	2017 est.
—	Puerto Rico	127.3	2017 est.
79	Serbia	106.6	2017 est.
80	Turkmenistan	103.5	2017 est.
81	Croatia	100.2	2017 est.
82	Panama	99.43	2017 est.
83	Cote d'Ivoire	96.27	2017 est.
84	Lithuania	90.63	2017 est.
85	Jordan	89.05	2017 est.
86	Uganda	88.61	2017 est.
87	Lebanon	87.89	2017 est.
88	Costa Rica	85.20	2017 est.
89	Bolivia	83.50	2017 est.
90	Cameroon	81.55	2017 est.
91	Nepal	78.55	2017 est.
92	Uruguay	78.41	2017 est.
—	Macau	73.58	2017 est.
93	Slovenia	70.36	2017 est.
94	Bahrain	69.77	2017 est.
95	Afghanistan	69.51	2017 est.
96	Yemen	68.95	2017 est.
97	Zambia	68.90	2017 est.
98	Paraguay	68.05	2017 est.
99	Congo, Democratic Republic of the	67.99	2017 est.
100	Luxembourg	64.39	2017 est.
101	Cambodia	64.21	2017 est.
102	Libya	63.14	2017 est.
103	El Salvador	56.90	2017 est.
104	Latvia	53.47	2017 est.
105	Syria	50.28	2015 est.
106	Laos	49.21	2017 est.
107	Honduras	45.68	2017 est.
108	Bosnia and Herzegovina	43.85	2017 est.
109	Senegal	43.07	2017 est.
110	Trinidad and Tobago	42.78	2017 est.
111	Estonia	41.20	2017 est.
112	Mali	40.98	2017 est.
113	Korea, North	40.00	2015 est.
114	Madagascar	39.81	2017 est.
115	Botswana	39.55	2017 est.
116	Georgia	39.32	2017 est.
117	Mongolia	38.40	2017 est.
118	Mozambique	37.39	2017 est.
119	Gabon	36.75	2017 est.
120	Nicaragua	36.22	2017 est.
121	Albania	35.87	2017 est.
122	Burkina Faso	35.68	2017 est.
123	Zimbabwe	33.87	2017 est.
124	Brunei	32.91	2017 est.
125	North Macedonia	31.55	2017 est.
126	Cyprus	31.19	2017 est.
127	Papua New Guinea	30.84	2017 est.
128	Chad	29.64	2017 est.
129	Equatorial Guinea	29.38	2017 est.
130	Congo, Republic of the	29.16	2017 est.
131	Tajikistan	27.67	2017 est.
132	Mauritius	27.44	2017 est.
133	Armenia	27.21	2017 est.
134	Namibia	27.02	2017 est.
135	Guinea	26.45	2017 est.
136	Jamaica	26.20	2017 est.
137	Benin	25.29	2017 est.
138	Rwanda	24.61	2017 est.
139	Kyrgyzstan	22.64	2017 est.
140	Malawi	22.47	2017 est.
141	Niger	21.62	2017 est.
142	Palestine (west bank)	21.22	2014 est.
143	Moldova	20.07	2017 est.
144	Haiti	19.88	2017 est.
145	South Sudan	19.75	2017 est.
—	Kosovo	19.38	2017 est.
146	Malta	18.53	2017 est.
147	Iceland	17.73	2017 est.
148	Somalia	17.47	2017 est.
149	Mauritania	17.37	2017 est.
150	Togo	12.43	2017 est.
151	Sierra Leone	11.75	2017 est.
152	Eswatini	11.34	2017 est.
153	Montenegro	10.86	2017 est.
—	New Caledonia	10.77	2015 est.
154	Eritrea	9.631	2017 est.
155	Bahamas, The	9.339	2017 est.
156	Fiji	8.647	2017 est.
157	Burundi	7.985	2017 est.
158	Suriname	7.928	2017 est.
159	Monaco	7.672	2015 est.
160	Lesotho	7.448	2017 est.
—	Isle of Man	7.428	2014 est.
161	Bhutan	7.011	2017 est.
162	Maldives	6.896	2017 est.
163	Guyana	6.367	2017 est.
164	Timor-Leste	6.211	2017 est.
—	French Polynesia	5.490	2015 est.
—	Bermuda	5.198	2013 est.
—	Jersey	5.080	2015 est.
165	Liechtenstein	4.978	2014 est.
166	Barbados	4.919	2017 est.
—	Guam	4.882	2013 est.
167	Liberia	3.906	2017 est.
—	U.S. Virgin Islands	3.792	2013 est.
168	Cape Verde	3.734	2017 est.
169	Djibouti	3.640	2017 est.
170	Gambia, The	3.582	2017 est.
—	Guernsey	3.465	2015 est.
171	Central African Republic	3.395	2017 est.
172	Andorra	3.327	2015 est.
173	Belize	3.230	2017 est.
—	Curaçao	3.128	2012 est.
174	Guinea-Bissau	3.071	2017 est.
175	Seychelles	2.712	2017 est.
—	Aruba	2.516	2009 est.
—	Cayman Islands	2.507	2014 est.
176	Antigua and Barbuda	2.390	2017 est.
177	Saint Lucia	2.384	2017 est.
—	Greenland	2.173	2015 est.
178	San Marino	2.083	2017 est.
—	Gibraltar	2.044	2014 est.
—	Faroe Islands	2.001	2014 est.
179	Grenada	1.590	2017 est.
180	Saint Kitts and Nevis	1.528	2017 est.
181	Comoros	1.323	2017 est.
182	Solomon Islands	1.317	2017 est.
183	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	1.281	2017 est.
184	Samoa	1.130	2017 est.
—	Western Sahara	0.9065	2007 est.
185	Dominica	0.8510	2017 est.
186	Vanuatu	0.7870	2017 est.
—	American Samoa	0.7110	2013 est.
—	Northern Mariana Islands	0.6820	2013 est.
187	Sao Tome and Principe	0.6820	2017 est.
—	Turks and Caicos Islands	0.6320	2007 est.
188	Tonga	0.5870	2017 est.
—	File:Flag of the Collectivity of Saint Martin.svg Saint Martin	0.5615	2005 est.
—	British Virgin Islands	0.5000	2010 est.
—	Sint Maarten	0.3658	2014 est.
189	Micronesia, Federated States of	0.3470	2017 est.
190	Palau	0.3010	2017 est.
—	Falkland Islands	0.2818	2012 est.
—	Cook Islands	0.2441	2010 est.
191	Kiribati	0.2240	2017 est.
—	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	0.2153	2006 est.
192	Marshall Islands	0.1890	2017 est.
—	Anguilla	0.1754	2009 est.
193	Nauru	0.1590	2017 est.
—	Wallis and Futuna	0.0600	2004 est.
—	Montserrat	0.0438	2006 est.
194	Tuvalu	0.0420	2017 est.
—	Saint Helena	0.0311	2009 est.
—	Niue	0.0101	2003 est.
—	Tokelau	0.0015	1993 est.

Notes

^ Figure for Mainland China; excludes the two special administrative regions, namely Hong Kong and Macau.
^ The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The EU is included as a separate entity in The World Factbook of CIA because it has many attributes of independent nations, being much more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur. As the EU is not a country, the U.S is the second ranked country on these lists.

^2 IMF estimate.
^3 Data excludes French Polynesia.
^a China's PPP is based on prices for 11 administrative regions, extrapolated to the full country, and an urban/rural breakdown. China's entry does not include the two special administrative regions, namely Hong Kong and Macau. These are listed separately.

References

"Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)". IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
"What is GDP and why is it so important?". Investopedia. IAC/InterActiveCorp. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ "Part 4. Applications and Limitations of ICP Data" (PDF). Retrieved 20 May 2014.
PPP Versus the Market: Which Weight Matters?, imf.org, March 2007, Volume 44, Number 1
"Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)". IMF. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
Data (1 July 2017). ""Gross domestic product 2016, PPP", World Bank, accessed on 1 July 2019" (PDF). Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 1 July 2019.; European Union calculated by sum of individual countries.
"World Bank GDP PPP PDF 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 18 July 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
"World Bank, International Comparison Program database". Retrieved 10 April 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
Field listing - GDP (PPP exchange rate), CIA World Factbook
CIA (2014). "The World Factbook". Retrieved 15 March 2015. Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has certain attributes associated with independent nations: its own flag, currency (for some members), and law-making abilities, as well as diplomatic representation and a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with external partners. Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook.

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