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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Gilan in the Iranian Constitutional Movement | ||||||||
| ||||||||
| Belligerents | ||||||||
 Qajar dynasty | Sattar Committee | Liberation Army (From 9 February) | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
|
Muhammad Ali Sardar Afkham † |
Sardar Mohya Mirza Karim Khan Rashti Yeprem Khan | Yeprem Khan (From 9 February) | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | ||||||||
| ~32 casualties | ~41 casualties | ~57 casualties | ||||||
Battle of Rasht is a battle that took place on the eve of the start of the Constitutional Revolution in Rasht. The battle was organized by the Sattar Committee, which was a secret Committee for the constitutionalists and many of the constitutionalists were members of that. In this battle, Muhammad Ali Sardar Afkham, the ruler of Gilan, who was under Mohammad Ali Shah, was killed along with all his guests in the Mardiyeh palace.
Background
In 1907 Muhammad Ali Sardar Afkham became the ruler of Guilan by Mohammad Ali Shah to control the peasant uprisings. Sardar Afkham had previously executed eleven constitutionalists in Tabriz, and Mohammad Ali Shah trusted him.
As soon as he arrived in Rasht, Sardar Afkham began suppressing the uprising of the peasants and executing many.
Start Constitutionalism in Gilan
The wave of awakening of the Iranian people, which had also spread to Gilan as a result of the excessive oppression of the rulers, had led to the emergence of anti-government free-thinking groups in Rasht. Among the various associations, Sattar Committee was the most important.
Among the people of Rasht, there were ardent opponents of the constitutional government, such as Mullah Mohammad Khamami, who believed that the constitution was one of the innovations of the European people and issued a fatwa in this regard. Khamami assisted Sardar Afkham in the fight against constitutionalism and in his view "constitutionalists must be executed and exiled".
However, various militant associations were formed in the cities of Gilan and in particular Rasht in support of the constitutionalists. Sardar Mohya, who had the lead role in forming the Sattar Committee, formed an armed group called Mujahideen armed with firearms.
Attack on Sardar Afkham Palace
Sardar Afkham had turned the palace into a center of thugs and repressors to counter possible riots. For this reason, the Mujahideen of Gilan, including members of the Sattar Committee, decided to eliminate Sardar Afkham by any means possible.
Sardar Afkham received a party in his palace on January 23, with people such as Sepahalar Moin al-Dawlah attending. The Mujahideen of Gilan moved from the three points, first to the house of Yusuf Khan (deputy of the Divan), the second to the garden of Haji Vakil and the third to the house of Mirza Karim Khan. Fifteen of them then stormed into the palace with Sardar Mohya. The rest of the mujahideen, led by Yeprem Khan, went downtown to clash with the law enforcement.
Sardar Mohya and his mujahideen clash with gunmen as soon as they reach the palace entrance, killing two of them and opening the door to the palace by Mohammad Khan Mardadi (who was bribed by Sardar Mohya). Sardar Afkham guards tried to thwart the attack, but the Mujahideen killed them all. Sardar Afkham guards tried to thwart the attack, but the mujahideen killed them all.
The Mujahideen killed all the Sardar Afkham guests. Sardar Afkham tried to run away but Sardar Mohya hit him in the back with a shot that threw Sardar Afkham down and then killed Sardar Mohya with a sword and whatever was in his hand. When news broke of Sardar Afkham's death in the city, Yeprem Khan forces immediately seized a clash with the city's law enforcement and executed all of Sardar Afkham's subordinates. Yeprem Khan's forces even stormed the house of Mullah Mohammad Khamami and killed him. On January 24, Sardar Mohya finally declared victory.
The dispute between Yeprem Khan and Sardar Mohya
After the conquest of Rasht by constitutionalists Yeprem Khan and Sardar Mohya, began preparing to join Sattar Khan.
But after a while there was a dispute between Yeprem Khan and Sardar Mohya over the management of Rasht which turned into a war. Yeprem Khan forces, known as the Liberation Army, occupied a large part of Rasht. Liberation Army troops were more than Mujahideen, but due to inexperience the Liberation Army suffered severe setbacks.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
On February 27, Mirza Karim Khan Rashti arrived in Rasht with eleven soldiers to assist Sardar Mohya. Yeprem Khan managed to contain Sardar Mohya and defeated Mirza Karim Khan Rashti. On March 5, Sheikh Ali Foumani, who had been hiding for a long time, was found and executed by Yeprem Khan. The ammunition of Yeprem Khan's forces ended on March 9th. On March 10, Yeprem Khan finally fled Rasht, but his forces resisted until about 18:00 on March 11, and the Mujahideen eventually overthrew the Liberation Army.
Event Reflection and Impact on the Constitutional Revolution
The battle of Rasht not only reflected the anger and discontent of the Gilani against the tyranny of the rulers, but its reflection throughout Iran gave a new spirit to the constitutionalists and freedom-seekers. The Battle of Rasht also exposed the abuse of some members of the Constitutional Revolution. Eleven men and women were executed by Yeprem Khan's forces for collaborating with the Qajar government, and civil war between the groups was thought to have led to the failure of the constitutionalists.
References
- ^ Tucker 2010, p. 86. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTucker2010 (help)
- "مشروطیت | موسسه مطالعات و پژوهش های سیاسی". mashrootiat.pchi.ir. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
- Kasravi, Ahmad (1901). History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. p. 89.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Namur, Rahim (2003). History of the Constitutional Revolution. p. 27.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - "@newsTitle". خبرگزاری شبستان (in Persian). 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
- "آیتالله ملا محمد خمامی؛ دومین رهبر جریان مشروعه خواهی ایران". سایت خبری تحلیلی خوبان خبر (in Persian). Retrieved 2019-09-18.
- "نگاهی به نقش آیتالله ملا محمد خمامی در نهضت مشروطه گیلان". رنگ ایمان. 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2019-09-18.
- Khazaei, Hussein (2011). Third, the political life of Ardeshir Jay Reporter. p. 59. ISBN 9789640014011.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - User, Super. "سرداری در طلب پری خویش (یپرم خان) - آلیک آنلاین". alikonline.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 2019-09-17.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - "یپرم خان که بود و چه کرد؟". www.bartarinha.ir. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
- "موسسه مطالعات و پژوهش هاي سياسي". ir-psri.com. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
- علی صوفی, علیرضا; اسماعیل زاده, اعظم (2017-02-19). "جنبش دهقانی گیلان در عصر مشروطه". دوفصلنامه علمی ـ پژوهشی پژوهشنامه تاریخ های محلی ایران. 5 (0): 205–218. ISSN 2345-2390.
- "آنچه از او بر مشروطه گذشت؛ سیری در احوال میرزا کریم خان رشتی". رنگ ایمان. 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
- "شهید آیت الله شیخ علی فومنی رشتی در کلام علامه امینی". رنگ ایمان. 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
- "زندگینامه آیت الله شیخ علی فومنی". رنگ ایمان. 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
- "سالروز پیروزی انقلاب مشروطه". صدای آمریکا (in Persian). Retrieved 2019-09-18.