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{{distinguish|Aluminium phosphate}} |
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{{chembox |
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{{chembox |
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| verifiedrevid = 441689047 |
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| verifiedrevid = 454459350 |
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| Name = Aluminium phosphide |
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| Name = Aluminium phosphide |
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| ImageFile = Sphalerite-unit-cell-depth-fade-3D-balls.png |
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| ImageFile = File:Aluminum Phosphide.jpg |
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| ImageSize = 200px |
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| ImageName = Aluminium phosphide |
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| ImageSize = |
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| ImageName = Aluminium phosphide tablets |
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| ImageFile2 = Sphalerite-unit-cell-depth-fade-3D-balls.png |
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| OtherNames = Aluminium(III) phosphide<br />Aluminium monophosphide<br />Phostoxin<br />Fumitoxin |
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| ImageSize2 = |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| ImageName2 = Crystal structure |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| OtherNames = Aluminum phosphide<br />Aluminium(III) phosphide<br />Aluminium monophosphide<br />Phostoxin<br />Fumitoxin |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 28171 |
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| ChemSpiderID = 28171 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = E23DR6L59S |
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| UNII = E23DR6L59S |
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| UNNumber = 1397 3048 |
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| InChI = 1/Al.P/rAlP/c1-2 |
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| InChI = 1/Al.P/rAlP/c1-2 |
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| SMILES = 123(14)15(38)262(4)132(6()68)(6)35 |
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| SMILES = #P |
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| InChIKey = PPNXXZIBFHTHDM-LQQCNYPFAR |
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| InChIKey = PPNXXZIBFHTHDM-LQQCNYPFAR |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey = PPNXXZIBFHTHDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| StdInChIKey = PPNXXZIBFHTHDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| CASNo = 20859-73-8 |
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| CASNo = 20859-73-8 |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| PubChem = 30332 |
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| PubChem = 30332 |
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| RTECS = BD1400000 |
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| RTECS = BD1400000 |
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| EINECS = 244-088-0 |
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}} |
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}} |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = AlP |
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| Formula = |
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| MolarMass = 57.9552 g/mol |
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| Al=1 | P=1 |
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| Appearance = yellow or gray crystals |
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| Density = 2.85 g/cm³, solid |
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| MolarMass = 57.9552 g/mol |
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| Appearance = Yellow or gray crystals |
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| Solubility = reacts |
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| Odor = garlic-like |
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| MeltingPt = 2530 °C |
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| Density = 2.85 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| BoilingPt = |
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| Solubility = reacts |
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| BandGap = 2.5 eV (indirect)<ref name=berger>L. I. Berger "Semiconductor materials" CRC Press, 1996 ISBN 0-8493-8912-7, 9780849389122 (available on google books), p. 125</ref> |
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| MeltingPtC = 2530 |
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| RefractIndex = 2.75 (IR), ~3 (Vis) <ref name=berger/> |
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| BoilingPt = |
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}} |
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| BandGap = 2.5 eV (indirect)<ref name=berger>{{ cite book | author = Berger, L. I. | title = Semiconductor Materials | url = https://archive.org/details/semiconductormat0000berg | url-access = registration | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-8493-8912-7 | pages = }}</ref> |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure |
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| RefractIndex = 2.75 (IR), ~3 (Vis) <ref name=berger /> |
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| MolShape = |
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}} |
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| CrystalStruct = ] |
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|Section3={{Chembox Structure |
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| SpaceGroup = ''T''<sup>2</sup><sub>d</sub>-''F''-4''3m'' |
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| MolShape = |
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| LattConst_a = 546.35 pm |
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| CrystalStruct = ] |
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| Coordination = Tetrahedral |
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| SpaceGroup = ] |
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| Dipole = |
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| LattConst_a = 546.35 pm |
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}} |
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| Coordination = ] |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| Dipole = |
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| ExternalMSDS = |
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}} |
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| FlashPt = >800 °C |
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|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry |
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| EUClass = {{Hazchem T}} <br/> {{Hazchem N}} |
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| DeltaHf = -164.4 kJ/mol |
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| NFPA-H = 4 | NFPA-F = 4 | NFPA-R = 2 | NFPA-O = W |
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| LD50 = 11.5 mg/kg |
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| Entropy = 47.3 J/mol K |
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}} |
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}} |
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|Section7={{Chembox Hazards |
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| ExternalSDS = |
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| FlashPt = > |
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| FlashPtC = 800 |
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| GHSPictograms = {{GHS02}}{{GHS06}}{{GHS09}} |
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| GHSSignalWord = Danger |
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| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|260|300|311|330|400}} |
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| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|223|231+232|260|264|270|271|273|280|284|301+310|302+352|304+340|310|312|320|321|322|330|335+334|361|363|370+378|391|402+404|403+233|405|501}} |
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| NFPA-H = 4|NFPA-F = 1|NFPA-R = 2|NFPA-S = W |
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| LD50 = 11.5 mg/kg |
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}} |
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}} |
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'''Aluminium phosphide''' ({{Aluminium}}{{Phosphorus}}) is an ] used as a wide ] semiconductor and a ]. This colourless solid is generally sold as a grey-green-yellow powder due to the presence of impurities arising from ] and ]. |
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'''Aluminium phosphide''' is a highly toxic ] with the chemical formula AlP, used as a wide ] semiconductor and a ]. This colorless solid is generally sold as a grey-green-yellow powder due to the presence of impurities arising from ] and ]. |
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==Properties== |
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AlP crystallizes in the cubic ] lattice, wherein all atoms have ] coordination. Related materials crystallize similarly, including ]. At pressures of 14-17 GPa, AlP transforms into a ] phase <ref name=berger/>. |
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== Properties == |
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Aluminium phosphide has a hardness of 5.5 on the ] <ref name=berger/> |
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AlP crystals are dark grey to dark yellow in color and have a ] crystal structure<ref>{{ cite web |author1=Van Zeghbroeck |author2=B. J. | title = Bravais Lattices; Zincblende Lattice | publisher = University of Colorado | year = 1997 |url = http://ecee.colorado.edu/~bart/book/bravais.htm }}</ref> with a lattice constant of 5.4510 Å at 300 K.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Lattice Constants | publisher = SiliconFarEast.com | year = 2004 | url = http://www.siliconfareast.com/lattice_constants.htm | access-date = 3 January 2017 }}</ref> They are thermodynamically stable up to {{convert|1000|C}}.<ref name=white /> |
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Aluminium phosphide reacts with ] or acids to release ].<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.</ref> |
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Aluminium phosphide reacts with ] or acids to release ]:<ref>{{Holleman&Wiberg}}</ref> |
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:AlP + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O → Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + PH<sub>3</sub> |
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:AlP + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O → Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + PH<sub>3</sub> |
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:AlP + 3 H<sup>+</sup> → Al<sup>3+</sup> + PH<sub>3</sub> |
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:AlP + 3 H<sup>+</sup> → Al<sup>3+</sup> + PH<sub>3</sub> |
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This reaction is the basis of its ]. |
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==Preparation== |
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Crude aluminium phosphide can be prepared in the laboratory by igniting a mixture of red phosphorus and powdered aluminium.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wayne E. White, A. H. Bushey | title = Aluminum Phosphide | journal = ] | year = 1953 | volume = 4 | pages = 23–25 | doi = 10.1002/9780470132357.ch7}}</ref> |
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==Uses== |
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== Preparation == |
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AlP is synthesized by ] of the elements:<ref name=white>{{ Cite book |author1=White, W. E. |author2=Bushey, A. H. |author3=Holtzclaw, H. F. |author4=Hengeveld, F. W. |chapter=Aluminum Phosphide | editor = Bailar, J. C. | title = Inorganic Syntheses | year = 1953 | volume = 4 | pages = 23–25 | doi = 10.1002/9780470132357.ch7 | isbn = 978-0-470-13235-7 }}</ref><ref name="ref13">{{cite journal|author1=White, W. E. |author2=Bushey, A. H. | title = Aluminum Phosphide – Preparation and Composition | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | doi = 10.1021/ja01238a018 | year = 1944 | volume = 66 | issue = 10 | page = 1666 }}</ref> |
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===Pesticide=== |
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AlP is used as a ], ], and ] for stored cereal grains. It is used to kill small verminous ]s such as ]s, and ]s. The tablets or pellets typically also contain other chemicals that evolve ] which helps to reduce the potential for spontaneous ] or ] of the phosphine gas. |
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: 4Al + P<sub>4</sub> → 4AlP |
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As a ], aluminium phosphide pellets are provided as a mixture with food for consumption by the rodents. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic phosphine gas. Other pesticides similar to aluminium phosphide are ] and ]. |
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Caution must be taken to avoid exposing the AlP to any sources of moisture, as this generates toxic ] gas. Phosphine also poses fire hazards, as it is a dangerous ] compound, igniting easily in ]. |
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== Uses == |
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As a rodenticide, aluminium phosphide can be encountered under various brand names, e.g. '''Celphos''', '''Fumitoxin''', '''Phostoxin''', and '''Quick Phos'''. |
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=== Pesticide === |
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Evidently poisonous, aluminium phosphide has been used for suicide.<ref>{{cite news | title = Millionaire's death sparks poison scare | publisher = ] | date = 2002-10-10 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2314911.stm | accessdate = 2009-04-05}}</ref> Fumigation has also caused unintentional deaths, such as examples in ]<ref>{{cite news | title = Fumes kill two Danes in Jeddah | publisher = ] | date = 2009-02-24 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7908102.stm | accessdate = 2009-02-25}}</ref> and the ].<ref>{{cite news | title = Family loses 2nd child in suspected pesticide poisoning | publisher = ] | date = 2010-02-09 | url = http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=9629232 | accessdate = 2010-02-09}}</ref> Known as "rice tablet" in Iran, for its use to preserve rice, there have been frequent incidents of accidental or intentional death. There is a campaign by Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization to stop its use as a pesticide.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mehrpour | first1 = O | last2 = Singh | first2 = S | title = Rice tablet poisoning: A major concern in Iranian population. | journal = ] | volume = 29 | issue = 8 | pages = 701–2 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20097728 | doi = 10.1177/0960327109359643}}</ref> |
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AlP is used as a ], ], and ] for stored cereal grains. It is used to kill small verminous ]s such as ] and ]s. The tablets or pellets, known as "wheat pills", typically also contain other chemicals that evolve ] and ] (e.g. ]), which help to reduce the potential for spontaneous ] or ] of the phosphine gas.<ref>United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2006). ''Inert Reassessment-Ammonium Carbamate'' . Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts/carbamate.pdf</ref> |
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AlP is used as both a fumigant and an oral pesticide. As a rodenticide, aluminium phosphide pellets are provided as a mixture with food for consumption by the rodents. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic phosphine gas. Other pesticides similar to aluminium phosphide are ] and ]. In this application, aluminium phosphide can be encountered under various brand names, e.g. '''PestPhos''','''Quickphos''', '''Celphos''', '''Fostox''', '''Fumitoxin''', '''Phostek''', '''Phostoxin''', '''Talunex''', '''Fieldphos''', and '''Weevil-Cide'''. It generates phosphine gas according to the following hydrolysis equation.<ref name="ref13" /> |
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] is reported to be highly fatal. |
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:2 AlP + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O → Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>∙3 H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 PH<sub>3</sub> |
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===Semiconductor applications=== |
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Industrially, AlP is a ] that is usually ]ed with other binary materials for applications in devices such as ]s (e.g. ]).<ref>D. E. C. Corbridge "Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology" 5th Edition Elsevier: Amsterdam 1995. ISBN 0-444-89307-5.</ref> |
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It is used as a fumigant when other pesticide applications are impractical and when structures and installations are being treated, such as in ships, aircraft, and grain silos. All of these structures can be effectively sealed or enclosed in a gastight membrane, thereby containing and concentrating the phosphine fumes. Fumigants are also applied directly to rodent burrows.<ref>{{Ullmanns|author = Buckle, A.|title = Rodenticides|doi = 10.1002/14356007.a23_211}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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<references/> |
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=== Semiconductor applications === |
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Industrially, AlP is a ] that is usually ]ed with other binary materials for applications in devices such as ]s (e.g. ]).<ref>{{ cite book | author = Corbridge, D. E. C. | title = Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology | edition = 5th | publisher = Elsevier | location = Amsterdam | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-444-89307-5 }}</ref> |
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== Toxicology == |
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{{Main|Aluminium phosphide poisoning}} |
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Highly poisonous, aluminium phosphide has been used for suicide.<ref>{{cite news |date=2002-10-10 |title=Millionaire's death sparks poison scare |work=] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2314911.stm |url-status=live |access-date=2009-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406051135/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2314911.stm |archive-date=2012-04-06}}</ref> Fumigation has also caused unintentional deaths.<ref>{{cite news |title = Fumes kill two Danes in Jeddah |work = ] |date = 2009-02-24 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7908102.stm |access-date = 2009-02-25| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090225112450/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7908102.stm| archive-date= 25 February 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Family loses 2nd child in suspected pesticide poisoning |publisher = ] |url = http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=9629232 |date = 2010-02-09| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100211133556/http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=9629232| archive-date= 11 February 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = 4 children dead in Texas in pesticide spraying incident |work= ] |date=2017-01-02 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/gas-poisoning-amarillo-texas-four-children-dead-others-injured/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Badshah |first=Nadeem |date=2024-07-18 |title=Girl, 11, died on her birthday after London neighbour used bedbug poison |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/jul/18/london-woman-who-killed-neighbour-11-with-bedbug-poison-spared-jail |access-date=2024-07-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Known as "rice tablet" in Iran, for its use to preserve rice, there have been frequent incidents of accidental or intentional death. There is a campaign by the Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization to stop its use as a pesticide.<ref>{{Cite journal| last1 = Shadnia | first1 = S.| last2 = Sasanian | first2 = G.| last3 = Allami | first3 = P.| last4 = Hosseini | first4 = A.| last5 = Ranjbar | first5 = A.| last6 = Amini-Shirazi | first6 = N.| last7 = Abdollahi | first7 = M. |display-authors=3| doi = 10.1177/0960327108097194| title = A Retrospective 7-Years Study of Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning in Tehran: Opportunities for Prevention| journal = Human & Experimental Toxicology| volume = 28| issue = 4| pages = 209–213| year = 2009| pmid = 19734272| bibcode = 2009HETox..28..209S| s2cid = 38361878}}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last1 = Mehrpour | first1 = O. | last2 = Singh | first2 = S. | title = Rice Tablet Poisoning: A Major Concern in Iranian Population | journal = Human & Experimental Toxicology | volume = 29 | issue = 8 | pages = 701–702 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20097728 | doi = 10.1177/0960327109359643 | bibcode = 2010HETox..29..701M | s2cid = 37380994 }}</ref> |
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Recycling of used aluminium phosphide containers caused the death of three family members in ]. They had been keeping them in plastic sacks in their bathroom. The deaths occurred accidentally due to aluminium phosphide reacting with water or moisture, and becoming ], leading to their death within hours.<ref>{{cite news|title=La familia de Alcalá de Guadaira murió tras inhalar plaguicida|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/local/sevilla/20140203/54400796210/la-familia-de-alcala-de-guadaira-murio-tras-inhalar-fosfina-de-unos-tapones.html|access-date=3 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=3 February 2014|agency=]}}</ref> |
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Aluminium phosphide poisoning is considered a wide-scale problem in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=r4>{{cite journal|pmid=8773034|year=1995|last1=Siwach|first1=SB|last2=Gupta|first2=A|title=The profile of acute poisonings in Harayana-Rohtak Study|volume=43|issue=11|pages=756–9|journal=The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=10414665|year=1999|last1=Singh|first1=D|last2=Jit|first2=I|last3=Tyagi|first3=S|title=Changing trends in acute poisoning in Chandigarh zone: A 25-year autopsy experience from a tertiary care hospital in northern India|volume=20|issue=2|pages=203–10|journal=The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology|doi=10.1097/00000433-199906000-00019}}</ref> |
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== References == |
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{{reflist|colwidth=35em}} |
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{{Aluminium compounds}} |
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{{Aluminium compounds}} |
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{{insecticides}} |
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{{insecticides}} |
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{{rodenticides}} |
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{{rodenticides}} |
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{{phosphides}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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