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Revision as of 12:45, 15 February 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,071 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 473094371 of page Chromium(III)_sulfate for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: '').  Latest revision as of 17:34, 16 October 2024 edit 98.20.132.77 (talk) →Production: fixed typoTags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit 
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{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}}
{{chembox {{chembox
| Watchedfields = changed | Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 451115495
| verifiedrevid = 476996136
| ImageFile = Chromium(III) sulfate.jpg
| ImageFile1 = Chromium(III) sulfate.jpg
| ImageSize =
| ImageSize1 =
| IUPACName = Chromium(III) sulfate
| OtherNames = Basic chromium sulfate, chromic sulfate | ImageFile2 = Cr(III)(aq)6)sulfate.svg
| ImageSize2 =
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| IUPACName = Chromium(III) sulfate
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| OtherNames = Basic chromium sulfate, chromic sulfate
| ChemSpiderID = 19951509
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = Y0C99N5TMZ | UNII = Y0C99N5TMZ
| UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| InChI = 1/2Cr.3H2O4S/c;;3*1-5(2,3)4/h;;3*(H2,1,2,3,4)/q2*+2;;;/p-6
| UNII1 = 8Q759N78CX
| SMILES = ..S(=O)(=O).S()(=O)=O.S()(=O)=O
| UNII1_Comment = (decahydrate)
| InChIKey = LPRGTYRWAKBNSY-CYFPFDDLAG
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | UNII2_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII2 = E4T8TU3LE8
| StdInChI = 1S/2Cr.3H2O4S/c;;3*1-5(2,3)4/h;;3*(H2,1,2,3,4)/q2*+2;;;/p-6
| UNII2_Comment = (pentadecahydrate)
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = LPRGTYRWAKBNSY-UHFFFAOYSA-H
| ChemSpiderID = 23304
| EC_number = 233-253-2
| UNNumber = 2240 3077
| ChEBI = 53471
| SMILES = ..S(=O)(=O).S()(=O)=O.S()(=O)=O
| SMILES_Comment = anhydrous
| SMILES1 = ()()()().()()()().S(=O)(=O).S()(=O)=O.S()(=O)=O
| SMILES1_Comment = dodecahydrate
| InChI = 1/2Cr.3H2O4S.12H2O/c;;3*1-5(2,3)4;;;;;;;;;;;;/h;;3*(H2,1,2,3,4);12*1H2/q2*+3;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;/p-6
| InChIKey = ANNXSSGQVXBUEI-CYFPFDDLAL
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/2Cr.3H2O4S.12H2O/c;;3*1-5(2,3)4;;;;;;;;;;;;/h;;3*(H2,1,2,3,4);12*1H2/q2*+3;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;/p-6
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = ANNXSSGQVXBUEI-UHFFFAOYSA-H
| CASNo = 10101-53-8 | CASNo = 10101-53-8
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASOther = <br> 13520-66-6 (dodecahydrate)
| CASNo1 = 15244-38-9
| CASNo1_Comment =(decahydrate)
| CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo2 = 10031-37-5
| CASNo2_Comment =(pentadecahydrate)
| CASNo3_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CASNo3 = 13520-66-6
| CASNo3_Comment = (octadecahydrate)
| PubChem = 24930 | PubChem = 24930
}} }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = H<sub>24</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>O<sub>24</sub> | Formula = Cr<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> • 12H<sub>2</sub>O
| MolarMass = 392.16 g/mol <br> 716.45 g/mol (octadecahydrate) | MolarMass = 392.16 g/mol <br> 608.363 g/mol (dodecahydrate)<br>
716.45 g/mol (octadecahydrate)
| Appearance = reddish-brown crystals (anhydrous), purple crystals (hydrated) | Appearance = reddish-brown crystals (anhydrous), purple crystals (hydrated)
| Density = 3.10 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (anhydrous) <br> 1.86 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (pentadecahydrate) <br> 1.709 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (octadecahydrate) | Density = 3.10 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (anhydrous) <br> 1.86 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (pentadecahydrate) <br> 1.709 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (octadecahydrate)
| MeltingPt = 90&nbsp;°C | MeltingPt = 90&nbsp;°C
| BoilingPt = decomposes to ] | BoilingPt = >700&nbsp;°C (decomposes to ])
| Solubility = insoluble (anhydrous) <br> soluble (hydrated) | Solubility = insoluble (anhydrous) <br> soluble (hydrated)
| SolubleOther = soluble in ] <br> practically insoluble in acid | SolubleOther = soluble in ] <br> practically insoluble in acid
| MagSus = +11,800·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol
}} }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards | Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalMSDS = | ExternalSDS =
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS05}}{{GHS07}}{{GHS08}}{{GHS09}}
| EUIndex = Not listed
| GHSSignalWord = Warning
| RPhrases =
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|314|317|332|334|335|340|350|373|412}}
| SPhrases =
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|201|202|260|261|264|271|272|273|280|281|285|301+330+331|302+352|303+361+353|304+312|304+340|304+341|305+351+338|308+313|310|312|314|321|333+313|342+311|363|403+233|405|501}}
| NFPA-H = 1 | NFPA-H = 1
| NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 0 | NFPA-R = 0
| FlashPt = Non-flammable | FlashPt = Non-flammable
| PEL = TWA 1 mg/m<sup>3</sup><ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0141}}</ref>
| REL = TWA 0.5 mg/m<sup>3</sup><ref name=PGCH/>
| IDLH = 250 mg/m<sup>3</sup><ref name=PGCH/>
}}
| Section4 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions =
| OtherCations = ]
| OtherFunction = ]
| OtherFunction_label = ]s
| OtherCompounds =
}} }}
}} }}
'''Chromium(III) sulfate''' usually refers to the ]s with the ] Cr<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub><sup>.</sup>x(H<sub>2</sub>O), where x can range from 0 to 18. Additionally, ill-defined but commercially important "basic chromium sulfates" are known. These salts are usually either violet or green solids that are soluble in water. It is commonly used in ].

==Chromium(III) sulfates==
Three chromium(III) sulfates are well characterized:
*Anhydrous chromium(III) sulfate, Cr<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, (CAS #10101-53-8) is a violet solid that dissolves in water upon addition of a reducing agent.
*Hydrated chromium(III) sulfate, Cr<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>·18H<sub>2</sub>O, (CAS #13520-66-6) is a violet solid that readily dissolves in water to give the ], <sup>3+</sup>. The formula of this compound can be written more descriptively as <sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O. Six of the eighteen water molecules in this formula unit are ].
*Hydrated chromium(III) sulfate, Cr<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>·15(H<sub>2</sub>O), (CAS #10031-37-5) is a green solid that also readily dissolves in water. It is obtained by heating the 18-hydrate material above 70&nbsp;°C. Further heating yields the anhydrous sulfate.

A variety of other chromium(III) sulfates are known, but also contain hydroxide or oxide ligands. Most important commercially is '''basic chromium sulfate''', which is thought to be SO<sub>4</sub> (CAS#39380-78-4).<ref>Covington, A. D.; Lampard, G. S.; Menderes, O.; Chadwick, A. V.; Rafeletos, G.; O'Brien, P. "Extended X-ray absorption fine structure studies of the role of chromium in leather tanning" Polyhedron 2001, volume 20, 461–466. {{doi|10.1016/S0277-5387(00)00611-2}}</ref> It results from the partial neutralization of the hexahydrates. Other chromium(III) hydroxides have been reported.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Riou, A. |author2=Bonnin, A. |title=Structure de l'Hydroxysulfate de Chrome monohydrate|journal=Acta Crystallographica B|year=1982|volume=24|issue=5 |pages=1968–38|doi=10.1107/S0567740881005001|doi-access=free}}</ref>
]

==Production==
Chromium(III) sulfate are commonly obtained from the wastes of chromate oxidations of various organic compounds. ] and ] are produced on large scale by the x treatment of respectively anthracene and phenol with chromic acid. A chromium(III) oxide byproduct is generated, which is readily extracted into sulfuric acid. Evaporation of these acidic solutions affords salts if hydrate chromium(III) sulfate. Extraction of chromite ore with sulfuric acid in the presence of some chromate gives solutions of chromium(III) sulfate contaminated with other metal ions. Similarly, dissolution of chrome alloys gives chromium(III) sulfate together with ferrous sulfate.<ref name=Ullmann/>

===Basic chromium(III) sulfate===
Basic chromium sulfate is produced from ] salts by reduction with ], although other methods exist.<ref name=Ullmann>{{Ullmann | author1 = Gerd Anger | author2 = Jost Halstenberg | author3 = Klaus Hochgeschwender | author4 = Christoph Scherhag | author5 = Ulrich Korallus | author6 = Herbert Knopf | author7 = Peter Schmidt | author8 = Manfred Ohlinger | title = Chromium Compounds | doi =10.1002/14356007.a07_067}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/production/1I.pdf| title = Chromium sulfate tanning powder| author1 = CW Harland| author2 = J Simpson| publisher = Farmers Fertiliser Ltd - a subsidiary of Fernz Corporation Ltd| access-date = 2016-08-04| archive-date = 2018-01-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180127124040/http://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/production/1I.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> The reduction could formally be written:
:{{chem2 | Na2Cr2O7 + 3 SO2 + H2O -> Cr2(SO4)3 + 2 NaOH }}

Since 33% of the ] charges are due to hydroxy ions the basicity is 33% (but in tanning ] it is known as 33% reduced). Products with higher basicities, e.g. 42% or 50% may be obtained by the addition of ], these are often used in combination with ]. The sodium sulfate is often left in the technical product since it is inert with respect to the tanning process.

==Natural occurrence==
Three complex minerals that are in part Cr(III) sulfates: ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-627.html|title = Bentorite}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-3379.html|title=Redingtonite}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-42732.html|title = Putnisite}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Minlist.htm|title=List of Minerals|date=21 March 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chromium compounds}}
{{Sulfates}}

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Misplaced Pages:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation/VerifiedDataSandbox and Chromium(III) sulfate: Difference between pages Add topic