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Revision as of 15:39, 16 February 2012 editBeetstra (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators172,071 edits Saving copy of the {{chembox}} taken from revid 477190856 of page Indocyanine_green for the Chem/Drugbox validation project (updated: '').  Latest revision as of 15:31, 25 November 2024 edit Marbletan (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users5,565 edits Undid revision 1258358173 by 117.232.141.9 (talk)Tag: Undo 
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{{Distinguish|Infracyanine green}}
{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid of page ] with values updated to verified values.}}
{{chembox {{chembox
| verifiedrevid = 443872494 | verifiedrevid = 477198315
|Reference=<ref> at ]</ref> | Reference=<ref> at ]</ref>
|ImageFile=Indocyanine green.png | ImageFile=Indocyanine green.png
| IUPACName=sodium 4-indol-2-ylidene]hepta-1,3,5-trienyl]-1,1-dimethylbenzoindol-3-ium-3-yl]butane-1-sulfonate
|ImageSize=200px
| OtherNames=Cardiogreen; Foxgreen; Cardio-Green; Fox Green; IC Green; Spy Agent Green<ref name="Spy Agent Green APMDS" />
|IUPACName=sodium 4-indol-2-ylidene]hepta-1,3,5-trienyl]-1,1-dimethylbenzoindol-3-ium-3-yl]butane-1-sulfonate
|OtherNames=Cardiogreen; Foxgreen; Cardio-Green; Fox Green; IC Green
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo=3599-32-4
| Beilstein = 4115884
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 31696
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1646
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| ChemSpiderID = 18108 | ChemSpiderID = 18108
| EINECS = 222-751-5
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| PubChem=5282412
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = IX6J1063HV | UNII = IX6J1063HV
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1646
| InChI = 1/C43H48N2O6S2.Na/c1-42(2)38(44(28-14-16-30-52(46,47)48)36-26-24-32-18-10-12-20-34(32)40(36)42)22-8-6-5-7-9-23-39-43(3,4)41-35-21-13-11-19-33(35)25-27-37(41)45(39)29-15-17-31-53(49,50)51;/h5-13,18-27H,14-17,28-31H2,1-4H3,(H-,46,47,48,49,50,51);/q;+1/p-1 | InChI = 1/C43H48N2O6S2.Na/c1-42(2)38(44(28-14-16-30-52(46,47)48)36-26-24-32-18-10-12-20-34(32)40(36)42)22-8-6-5-7-9-23-39-43(3,4)41-35-21-13-11-19-33(35)25-27-37(41)45(39)29-15-17-31-53(49,50)51;/h5-13,18-27H,14-17,28-31H2,1-4H3,(H-,46,47,48,49,50,51);/q;+1/p-1
| InChIKey = MOFVSTNWEDAEEK-REWHXWOFAS | InChIKey = MOFVSTNWEDAEEK-REWHXWOFAS
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = MOFVSTNWEDAEEK-UHFFFAOYSA-M | StdInChIKey = MOFVSTNWEDAEEK-UHFFFAOYSA-M
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
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| PubChem=5282412
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| SMILES = .S(=O)(=O)CCCC=3c2ccc1c(cccc1)c2C(C=3C=CC=CC=CC=C6N(c5ccc4ccccc4c5C6(C)C)CCCCS()(=O)=O)(C)C | SMILES = .S(=O)(=O)CCCC=3c2ccc1c(cccc1)c2C(C=3C=CC=CC=CC=C6N(c5ccc4ccccc4c5C6(C)C)CCCCS()(=O)=O)(C)C
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |Section2={{Chembox Properties
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'''Indocyanine green''' ('''ICG''') is a ] ] used in medical diagnostics. It is used for determining cardiac output, hepatic function, liver and gastric blood flow, and for ophthalmic and cerebral ].<ref name="cancernet">{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ]</ref> It has a peak ] at about 800&nbsp;nm.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504090122/http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/icg/index.html |date=2009-05-04 }}, Oregon Medical Laser Center</ref> These ] frequencies penetrate ]l layers, allowing ICG angiography to image deeper patterns of circulation than ].<ref name="uiowa"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627083544/http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/dept/service/photo/plicg.htm |date=2010-06-27 }} ] Health Care</ref> ICG binds tightly to ]s and becomes confined to the vascular system.<ref name="cancernet"/> ICG has a ] of 150 to 180 seconds and is removed from circulation exclusively by the liver to ].<ref name="cancernet"/>

ICG is a ] which is used in medicine as an indicator substance (e.g. for photometric hepatic function diagnostics and fluorescence angiography) in cardiac, circulatory, hepatic and ophthalmic conditions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indocyanine green solution|url=http://www.cancer.gov/drugdictionary?cdrid=540122|work=NIH|publisher=National Cancer Institute|access-date=1 December 2012|archive-date=27 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027232406/http://www.cancer.gov/drugdictionary?cdrid=540122|url-status=live}}</ref> It is administered intravenously and, depending on liver performance, is eliminated from the body with a half life of about 3 to 4 minutes.<ref name="S.H. Wipper 2006">{{cite thesis |first1=Sabine Helena |last1=Wipper |title=Validierung der Fluoreszenzangiographie zur intraoperativen Beurteilung und Quantifizierung der Myokardperfusion |type=Dissertation |year=2006 |pages=18–23 |publisher=LMU München: Faculty of Medicine |language=de |trans-title=Validation of fluorescence angiography for intraoperative assessment and quantification of myocardial perfusion |url=http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5220/ |oclc=723710136 |access-date=2013-06-27 |archive-date=2018-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322205237/https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5220/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ICG sodium salt is normally available in powder form and can be dissolved in various solvents; 5% (< 5% depending on batch) sodium iodide is usually added to ensure better solubility.<ref>Augustin, A.J., Krieglstein, G.K.,: ''Augenheilkunde'', 2001, Springer-Verlag, {{ISBN|3-540-65947-1}}{{page needed|date=June 2013}}</ref> The sterile lyophilisate of a water-ICG solution is approved in many European countries and the United States under the names ICG-Pulsion and IC-Green as a diagnostic for intravenous use.

== History ==

ICG was developed in the Second World War as a dye in photography and tested in 1957 at the Mayo Clinic for use in human medicine by I.J. Fox. After being granted FDA approval in 1959, ICG was initially used primarily in hepatic function diagnostics and later in cardiology. In 1964, S. Schilling was able to determine renal blood flow using ICG. From 1969, ICG was also used in the research and diagnosis of subretinal processes in the eye (in the choroid). In the years since 1980, the development of new types of cameras and better film material or new photometric measuring devices has cleared away many technical difficulties. In the meantime, the use of ICG in medicine (and especially in fluorescent angiography in ophthalmology) has become established as standard. A distinction is therefore also made, when describing fluorescent angiography, between NA fluorescent angiography and ICGA / ICG fluorescent angiography. Around 3,000 scientific papers on ICG have now been published worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Alander | first1 = Jarmo T. | last2 = Kaartinen | first2 = Ilkka | last3 = Laakso | first3 = Aki | last4 = Pätilä | first4 = Tommi | last5 = Spillmann | first5 = Thomas | last6 = Tuchin | first6 = Valery V. | last7 = Venermo | first7 = Maarit | last8 = Välisuo | first8 = Petri | title = A Review of Indocyanine Green Fluorescent Imaging in Surgery | journal = International Journal of Biomedical Imaging | volume = 2012 | page = 940585 | doi = 10.1155/2012/940585 | year = 2012 | pmc = 3346977 | pmid = 22577366 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

== Optical properties ==

The absorption and fluorescence spectrum of ICG is in the near infrared region. Both depend largely on the solvent used and the concentration.<ref>Optical Optical Properties of ICG (English){{page needed|date=June 2013}}</ref> ICG absorbs mainly between 600&nbsp;nm and 900&nbsp;nm and emits fluorescence between 750&nbsp;nm and 950&nbsp;nm. The large overlapping of the absorption and fluorescence spectra leads to a marked reabsorption of the fluorescence by ICG itself. The fluorescence spectrum is very wide. Its maximum values are approx. 810&nbsp;nm in water and approx. 830&nbsp;nm in blood. For medical applications based on absorption, the maximum absorption at approx. 800&nbsp;nm (in blood plasma at low concentrations) is important. In combination with fluorescence detection, lasers with a wavelength of around 780&nbsp;nm are used. At this wavelength, it is still possible to detect the fluorescence of ICG by filtering out scattered light from the excitation beam.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sabapathy|first1=Vikram|last2=Mentam|first2=Jyothsna|last3=Jacob|first3=Paul Mazhuvanchary|last4=Kumar|first4=Sanjay|year=2015|title=Noninvasive Optical Imaging and In Vivo Cell Tracking of Indocyanine Green Labeled Human Stem Cells Transplanted at Superficial or In-Depth Tissue of SCID Mice|journal=Stem Cells International|volume=2015|pages=606415|doi=10.1155/2015/606415|issn=1687-966X|pmc=4512618|pmid=26240573|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Toxicity and side-effects ==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2017}}
ICG is metabolized microsomally in the liver and only excreted via the liver and bile ducts; since it is not absorbed by the intestinal mucous membrane, the toxicity can be classified as low. Administration is not without risks during pregnancy. It has been known since September 2007 that ICG decomposes into toxic waste materials under the influence of UV light, creating a number of still unknown substances. A study published in February 2008, however, shows that ICG (the substance without UV effect) is basically, as such, of only minor toxicity. The intravenous LD<sub>50</sub> values measured in animals are 60&nbsp;mg/kg in mice<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0041-008X(77)90039-4 |title=Toxic effects of indocyanine green on rat liver mitochondria |year=1977 |last1=Laperche |first1=Yannick |journal=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=377–87 |pmid=19859 |last2=Oudea |first2=Marie-Claire |last3=Lostanlen |first3=Danielle|bibcode=1977ToxAP..41..377L }}</ref> and 87&nbsp;mg/kg in rats. Occasionally – in one out of 42,000 cases – slight side-effects occur in humans such as sore throats and hot flushes. Effects such as ], ], ], ] and ] only occurred in individual cases; the risk of severe side-effects rises in patients with chronic kidney impairment.<ref>Cardiogreen at Sigma-Aldrich{{page needed|date=June 2013}}</ref> The frequencies of mild, moderate and severe side-effects were only 0.15%, 0.2% and 0.05%; the rate of deaths is 1:333,333. For the competitor substance ], the proportion of people with side-effects is 4.8% and the death rate is 1:222,222.

== Uses ==

===Uses in ophthalmology===

==== Indocyanine green angiography ====
{{main|Indocyanine green angiography}}
Because the preparation contains sodium iodide, a test must be carried out for iodine intolerance. Because around 5% of iodide is added, the iodine content of a 25&nbsp;mg ampoule is 0.93&nbsp;mg. In comparison, preparations for a bone marrow CT (140 ml) contain 300&nbsp;mg/ml and for a corona angiography (200 ml) 350&nbsp;mg/ml of iodine. ICG has the ability to bind 98% to plasma proteins – 80% to globulins and 20% to alpha-lipoprotein and albumin<ref name="S.H. Wipper 2006"/> – and thus, in comparison with fluorescein as a marker, has a lower leakage (slower emergence of dye from the vessels, extravasally).<ref>Ophthalmic Diagnostic Photography; Indocyanine Green (ICG) Angiography University of Iowa Health Care{{page needed|date=June 2013}}</ref> Because of the plasma protein binding, ICG stays for up to 20 to 30 minutes in the vessels (intravasally). When the eye is examined, it thus stays for a long time in tissues with a higher blood flow, such as the choroid and the blood vessels of the retina.<ref name="S.H. Wipper 2006"/>

==== Capsulorhexis ====
] is a technique used to remove the ] during ]. Various dyes are used to stain lens capsule during cataract surgery. In 1998, Horiguchi et al. first described the use of indocyanine green dye (0.5%) for capsular staining to assist cataract surgery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trypan Blue Versus Indocyanine Green|url=https://crstoday.com/articles/2005-mar/0305_0305chang-html/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=CRSToday|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705181349/https://crstoday.com/articles/2005-mar/0305_0305chang-html/|url-status=live}}</ref> ICG-enhanced anterior and posterior capsulorhexis is useful in childhood cataract surgery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Khurana, A. K.|title=Comprehensive ophthalmology|date=2015|publisher=Jaypee, The Health Sciences Publisher|others=Khurana, Aruj K., Khurana, Bhawna.|isbn=978-93-86056-59-7|edition=6th|location=New Delhi|pages=460|chapter=Ocular therapeutics|oclc=950743921}}</ref> It may also use in adult cataract with no fundus glow.<ref name=":0" /> Although ICG is approved by US ], still there is no approval for intraocular use of the dye.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Bhavana|last2=Abell|first2=Robin G.|last3=Arora|first3=Tarun|last4=Antony|first4=Tom|last5=Vajpayee|first5=Rasik B.|date=2019-04-01|title=Techniques of anterior capsulotomy in cataract surgery|journal=Indian Journal of Ophthalmology|language=en|volume=67|issue=4|pages=450–460|doi=10.4103/ijo.IJO_1728_18|issn=0301-4738|pmid=30900573|pmc=6446625|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Perfusion diagnostics of tissues and organs ===
ICG is used as a marker in the assessment of the perfusion of tissues and organs in many areas of medicine. The light needed for the excitation of the fluorescence is generated by a near infrared light source which is attached directly to a camera. A digital video camera allows the absorption of the ICG fluorescence to be recorded in real time, which means that perfusion can be assessed and documented. {{citation needed|date=June 2013}}

In addition, ICG can also be used as a tracer in cerebral perfusion diagnostics. In the case of stroke patients, monitoring in the recovery phase seems to be achievable by measurement of both the ICG absorption and the fluorescence in everyday clinical conditions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Steinkellner|first=Oliver|author2=Gruber, Clemens |author3=Wabnitz, Heidrun |author4=Jelzow, Alexander |author5=Steinbrink, Jens |author6=Fiebach, Jochen B. |author7=Macdonald, Rainer |author8= Obrig, Hellmuth |title=Optical bedside monitoring of cerebral perfusion: technological and methodological advances applied in a study on acute ischemic stroke|journal=Journal of Biomedical Optics|date=1 January 2010|volume=15|issue=6|pages=061708–061708–10|doi=10.1117/1.3505009|pmid=21198156|bibcode=2010JBO....15f1708S|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Milej D, Gerega A, Zołek N, Weigl W, Kacprzak M, Sawosz P, Mączewska J, Fronczewska K, Mayzner-Zawadzka E, Królicki L, Maniewski R, Liebert A |title=Time-resolved detection of fluorescent light during inflow of ICG to the brain—a methodological study|journal=Physics in Medicine and Biology|date=21 October 2012|volume=57|issue=20|pages=6725–6742|doi=10.1088/0031-9155/57/20/6725|pmid=23032301|bibcode=2012PMB....57.6725M|s2cid=29377149 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Weigl|first=W.|author2=Milej, D. |author3=Gerega, A. |author4=Toczylowska, B. |author5=Kacprzak, M. |author6=Sawosz, P. |author7=Botwicz, M. |author8=Maniewski, R. |author9=Mayzner-Zawadzka, E. |author10= Liebert, A. |title=Assessment of cerebral perfusion in post-traumatic brain injury patients with the use of ICG-bolus tracking method|journal=NeuroImage|volume=85|pages=555–65|date=30 June 2013|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.065|pmid=23831529|s2cid=23752173}}</ref>

=== ICG-supported navigation for sentinel lymph node biopsy with tumors ===
] biopsy (SLB or SLN biopsy) allows selective, minimally invasive access for assessment of the regional lymph node status with malignant tumours. The first draining lymph node, the "sentinel", represents an existing or non-existing tumour of an entire lymph node region. The method has been validated using radionuclides and/or blue dye for breast cancer, malignant melanoma and also gastrointestinal tumours and gives a good detection rate and sensitivity. For the SLB, a reduced mortality has been observed in comparison with complete lymph node dissection, but the methods have disadvantages with regard to availability, application and disposal of the radionuclide and the risk of anaphylaxis (up to 1%) for the blue dye. ICG, because of its near-infrared fluorescence and previous toxicity investigations, was evaluated in this investigation as a new, alternative method for SLB with regard to the clinical application of the transcutaneous navigation and lymph vessel visualisation and SLN detection. This technique is sometimes referred as ] (FIGS). ICG fluorescence navigation achieves high rates of detection and sensitivity in comparison with the conventional methods. Taking into account the learning curve required, the new, alternative method offers a combination of lymphography and SLB and the possibility of carrying out an SLB without the need for radioactive substances for solitary tumours<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen (BG Klinik) |title=Forschungsgruppe 'Fluoreszenzfarbstoff-gestützte Navigation zur Sentinel-Lymphknoten-Biopsie und real-time Lymphographie bei solitären Tumoren' |trans-title=Research Group 'fluorescent dye-based navigation for sentinel lymph node biopsy and real-time lymphography with solitary tumors' |language=de |url=http://www.bgu-ludwigshafen.de/en/our-clinic/hand-plastische-und-rekonstruktive-chirurgie/forschung/fluoreszenzfarbstoff-gestuetzte-sentinel-node-biopsie.html |first1=C. |last1=Hirche |first2=M. |last2=Hünerbein |access-date=2013-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209083531/http://www.bgu-ludwigshafen.de/en/our-clinic/hand-plastische-und-rekonstruktive-chirurgie/forschung/fluoreszenzfarbstoff-gestuetzte-sentinel-node-biopsie.html |archive-date=2013-12-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10549-010-0760-z |title=ICG fluorescence-guided sentinel node biopsy for axillary nodal staging in breast cancer |year=2010 |last1=Hirche |first1=Christoph |last2=Murawa |first2=Dawid |last3=Mohr |first3=Zarah |last4=Kneif |first4=Soeren |last5=Hünerbein |first5=Michael |journal=Breast Cancer Research and Treatment |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=373–8 |pmid=20140704 |s2cid=25966934 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00535442/file/PEER_stage2_10.1007%252Fs10549-010-0760-z.pdf |access-date=2019-06-30 |archive-date=2019-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503094901/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00535442/file/PEER_stage2_10.1007%252Fs10549-010-0760-z.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1245/s10434-010-1010-7 |title=Sentinel Node Biopsy by Indocyanine Green Retention Fluorescence Detection for Inguinal Lymph Node Staging of Anal Cancer: Preliminary Experience |year=2010 |last1=Hirche |first1=C. |last2=Dresel |first2=S. |last3=Krempien |first3=R. |last4=Hünerbein |first4=M. |journal=Annals of Surgical Oncology |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=2357–62 |pmid=20217256|s2cid=9064970 }}</ref>

=== Selectively over-heating cells (especially cancer) ===
ICG absorbs near infra-red, especially light with a wavelength of about 805 nanometers. A laser of that wavelength can penetrate tissue.<ref name=pmid21484791>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ijc.26126 |title=Indocyanine green enhanced near-infrared laser treatment of murine mammary carcinoma |year=2012 |last1=Shafirstein |first1=Gal |last2=Bäumler |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Hennings |first3=Leah J. |last4=Siegel |first4=Eric R. |last5=Friedman |first5=Ran |last6=Moreno |first6=Mauricio A. |last7=Webber |first7=Jessica |last8=Jackson |first8=Cassie |last9=Griffin |first9=Robert J. |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=130 |issue=5 |pages=1208–15 |pmid=21484791 |pmc=3190070 }}</ref> That means, dying tissue with injected ICG allows an 800&nbsp;nm to 810&nbsp;nm ] to heat or overheat the dyed tissue without harming the surrounding tissue.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0304-3835(94)03609-M |title=Chromophore-enhanced laser-tumor tissue photothermal interaction using an 808 nm diode laser |year=1995 |last1=Chen |first1=Wei R. |last2=Adams |first2=Robert L. |last3=Heaton |first3=Sean |last4=Dickey |first4=D.Thomas |last5=Bartels |first5=Kenneth E. |last6=Nordquist |first6=Robert E. |journal=Cancer Letters |volume=88 |pages=15–9 |pmid=7850768 |issue=1}}</ref><ref name=pmid8556705>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0304-3835(06)80028-5 |title=Photothermal effects on murine mammary tumors using indocyanine green and an 808 nm diode laser: An in vivo efficacy study |year=1996 |last1=Chen |first1=Wei R. |last2=Adams |first2=Robert L. |last3=Higgins |first3=Aaron K. |last4=Bartels |first4=Kenneth E. |last5=Nordquist |first5=Robert E. |journal=Cancer Letters |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=169–73 |pmid=8556705}}</ref> Although overheating is the main mechanism for it to kill cells, a small amount of the laser energy absorbed by the ICG releases free radicals such as singlet oxygen that also damage target cells.

That works particularly well on cancer tumors, because tumors naturally absorb more ICG than other tissue. When ICG is injected near tumors, tumors react to the laser 2.5 times as much as the surrounding tissue does.<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=1995SPIE.2389..789L |title=Tumor localization using fluorescence of indocyanine green (ICG) in rat models |last1=Li |first1=Xingde |last2=Beauvoit |first2=Bertrand |last3=White |first3=Renita |last4=Nioka |first4=Shoko |last5=Chance |first5=Britton |last6=Yodh |first6=Arjun G. |year=1995 |pages=789–97 |journal=Proc. SPIE |volume=2389 |doi=10.1117/12.210021 |series=Optical Tomography, Photon Migration, and Spectroscopy of Tissue and Model Media: Theory, Human Studies, and Instrumentation |s2cid=93116083 |editor1-last=Chance |editor1-first=Britton |editor2-last=Alfano |editor2-first=Robert R}}</ref> It is also possible to target specific cells by conjugating the ICG to antibodies such as daclizumab (Dac), trastuzumab (Tra), or panitumumab (Pan).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3116 |title=''In vivo'' Molecular Imaging of Cancer with a Quenching Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe Using Conjugates of Monoclonal Antibodies and Indocyanine Green |year=2009 |last1=Ogawa |first1=Mikako |last2=Kosaka |first2=Nobuyuki |last3=Choyke |first3=Peter L. |last4=Kobayashi |first4=Hisataka |journal=Cancer Research |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=1268–72 |pmid=19176373 |pmc=2788996}}</ref>

ICG and laser therapy has been shown to kill human pancreatic cancer cells (], ], and ]) '']''.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=14508139 |year=2003 |last1=Tseng |first1=William W.|last2=Saxton |first2=Romaine E.|last3=Deganutti |first3=Adriana |last4=Liu |first4=Carson D. |title=Infrared Laser Activation of Indocyanine Green Inhibits Growth in Human Pancreatic Cancer |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=e42–5 |journal=Pancreas |doi=10.1097/00006676-200310000-00018|s2cid=26320222 }}</ref>

ICG and an infrared laser have also been used the same way to treat ].<ref>{{cite book |bibcode=2005SPIE.5863...74G |chapter=Indocyanine green-laser thermolysis of ''acne vulgaris'' |last1=Genina |first1=Elina A. |last2=Bashkatov |first2=Alexey N. |last3=Simonenko |first3=Georgy V. |last4=Tuchin |first4=Valery V. |last5=Yaroslavsky |first5=Ilya V. |last6=Altshuler |first6=Gregory B. |volume=5863 |year=2005 |pages=74–80 |title=Therapeutic Laser Applications and Laser-Tissue Interactions II |doi=10.1117/12.633088 |s2cid=55939141 |editor1-last=Van Den Bergh |editor1-first=Hubert |editor2-last=Vogel |editor2-first=Alfred}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1117/1.1756596 |title=Low-intensity indocyanine-green laser phototherapy of acne vulgaris: Pilot study |year=2004 |last1=Genina |first1=Elina A. |last2=Bashkatov |first2=Alexey N. |last3=Simonenko |first3=Georgy V. |last4=Odoevskaya |first4=Olga D. |last5=Tuchin |first5=Valery V. |last6=Altshuler |first6=Gregory B. |journal=Journal of Biomedical Optics |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=828–34 |pmid=15250771|bibcode = 2004JBO.....9..828G }}</ref>

===Enzyme inhibitor against mushroom toxin===
ICG is being studied as a possible antidote for the ] toxin ] by inhibiting the enzyme ].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Identification of indocyanine green as a STT3B inhibitor against mushroom α-amanitin cytotoxicity |year=2023 |journal=Nature Communications |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-37714-3 |last1=Wang |first1=Bei |last2=Wan |first2=Arabella H. |last3=Xu |first3=Yu |last4=Zhang |first4=Ruo-Xin |last5=Zhao |first5=Ben-Chi |last6=Zhao |first6=Xin-Yuan |last7=Shi |first7=Yan-Chuan |last8=Zhang |first8=Xiaolei |last9=Xue |first9=Yongbo |last10=Luo |first10=Yong |last11=Deng |first11=Yinyue |last12=Neely |first12=G. Gregory |last13=Wan |first13=Guohui |last14=Wang |first14=Qiao-Ping |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=2241 |pmid=37193694 |pmc=10188588 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.2241W }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite journal |pmid=12511340 |year=2003 |last1=Stanga |first1=Paulo E. |last2=Lim |first2=Jennifer I. |last3=Hamilton |first3=Peter |title=Indocyanine green angiography in chorioretinal diseases: Indications and interpretation: An evidence-based update |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=15–21; quiz 22–3 |journal=Ophthalmology |doi=10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01563-4}}
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