| Revision as of 19:34, 18 June 2011 editWoelen (talk | contribs)128 edits Changed picture, new picture much better shows the real color of this compound. Also added remark of the hygroscopic nature of this compound..← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 09:03, 22 November 2024 edit undoOrenburg1 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users166,805 editsm sp |
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| ImageFile = Vanadyl-sulfate-pentahydrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png |
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| ImageFile = Vanadyl-sulfate-pentahydrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png |
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| ImageName = Vanadyl sulfate |
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| ImageName = Vanadyl sulfate |
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| ImageFile1 = Vanadyl sulfate.jpg |
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| ImageFile1 = Vanadyl sulfate.jpg |
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| IUPACName = Oxovanadium(2+) sulfate |
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| IUPACName = Oxovanadium(2+) sulfate |
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| OtherNames = Basic vanadium(IV) sulfate<br/>Vanadium(IV) oxide sulfate<br/>Vanadium(IV) oxysulfate |
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| OtherNames = Basic vanadium(IV) sulfate<br/>Vanadium(IV) oxide sulfate<br/>Vanadium(IV) oxysulfate |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo = 27774-13-6 |
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| CASNo = 27774-13-6 |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}} |
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| RTECS = |
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| CASNo2 = 12439-96-2 |
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| CASNo_Comment = Anhydrous (green in color) |
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| CASNo2_Comment = Pentahydrate (blue in color) |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = 6DU9Y533FA |
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| UNII_Comment = Anhydrous (green in color) |
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| RTECS = YW1925000 |
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| PubChem = 34007 |
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| PubChem2 = 167150 |
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| PubChem_Comment = Anhydrous |
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| PubChem2_Comment = Pentahydrate |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI = 1S/H2O4S.O.V/c1-5(2,3)4;;/h(H2,1,2,3,4);;/q;;+2/p-2 |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey = UUUGYDOQQLOJQA-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
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| V=1|O=10|S=1|H=10 |
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| Formula = VOSO<sub>4</sub> |
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| MolarMass = 163.00 g/mol |
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| Appearance = Blue crystalline solid |
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| Appearance = Blue solid |
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| Solubility = Soluble |
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| Solubility = Soluble |
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| MeltingPt = 105 °C decomp. |
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| MeltingPtC = 105 |
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| MeltingPt_notes = decomposes |
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| MainHazards = Irritant |
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| MainHazards = Irritant |
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| FlashPt = Non-flammble |
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| FlashPt = Non-flammble |
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| OtherAnions = ]<br/>] |
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'''Vanadyl(IV) sulfate''' describes a collection of ]s of vanadium with the formula, VOSO<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>x</sub> where 0 ≤ x ≤ 6. The pentahydrate is common. This hygroscopic blue solid is one of the most common sources of ] in the laboratory, reflecting its high stability. It features the ] ion, VO<sup>2+</sup>, which has been called ''the'' "most stable diatomic ion".<ref name="G&E">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|page=1157}}</ref> |
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'''Vanadyl(IV) sulfate''', VOSO<sub>4</sub>, is a well known ] of vanadium. This very hygroscopic blue solid is one of the most common sources of vanadium in the laboratory, reflecting its high stability. It features the vanadyl ion, VO<sup>2+</sup>, which has been called ''the'' "most stable diatomic ion."<ref name="G&E">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|page=1157}}</ref> Vanadyl sulfate is an intermediate in the extraction of vanadium from petroleum residues, a major commercial source of vanadium.<ref>Günter Bauer, Volker Güther, Hans Hess, Andreas Otto, Oskar Roidl, Heinz Roller, Siegfried Sattelberger in "Vanadium and Vanadium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.</ref> Vanadyl sulfate is a component of some food supplements and drugs. Vanadyl compounds mimic the effects of insulin, although humans seem to have no ] requirement for vanadium. |
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Vanadyl sulfate is an intermediate in the extraction of vanadium from petroleum residues, one commercial source of vanadium.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Günter Bauer |author2=Volker Güther |author3=Hans Hess |author4=Andreas Otto |author5=Oskar Roidl |author6=Heinz Roller |author7=Siegfried Sattelberger |title=Vanadium and Vanadium Compounds|encyclopedia= Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|year=2005|doi=10.1002/14356007.a27_367|isbn=3-527-30673-0}}</ref> |
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==Synthesis, structure, and reactions== |
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==Synthesis, structure, and reactions== |
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Vanadyl sulfate is most commonly obtained by reduction of ] with ]: |
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Vanadyl sulfate is most commonly obtained by reduction of ] with ]: |
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:{{chem2 | V2O5 + 7 H2O + SO2 + H2SO4 -> 2 SO4 }} |
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:V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> + 7 H<sub>2</sub>O + SO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → 2 SO<sub>4</sub> |
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From aqueous solution, the salt crystallizes as the ], the fifth water is not bound to the metal in the solid. Viewed as a ], the ion is ], with oxo, four equatorial water ligands, and a monodentate sulfate.<ref name="G&E" /> The V=O bond distance is 160 ] in length, about 50 pm shorter than the V–OH<sub>2</sub> bonds. In solution, the sulfate ion dissociates rapidly. |
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From aqueous solution, the salt crystallizes as the ], the fifth water is not bound to the metal in the solid. Viewed as a ], the ion is ], with oxo, four equatorial water ligands, and a monodentate sulfate.<ref name="G&E" /><ref>{{cite journal|title=Structure du Sulfate de Vanadyle Pentahydrate VO(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> beta (variete orthorhombique)|author1=Tachez, M. |author2=Theobald, F.R. |journal=Acta Crystallographica B|year=1980|volume=B36|issue=8|pages=1757–p1761|doi=10.1107/S0567740880007170|doi-access=free|bibcode=1980AcCrB..36.1757T }}</ref> The trihydrate has also been examined by crystallography.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Liaisons hydrogène dans les cristaux de sulfate de vanadyle trihydrate VOSO<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>: Comparaison structurale de quatre sulfates de vanadyle hydrate|author1=Tachez, M. |author2=Theobald, F. R. |journal=Acta Crystallographica B|year=1980|volume=36|issue=12 |pages=2873–2880|doi=10.1107/S056774088001045X|bibcode=1980AcCrB..36.2873T }}</ref> A hexahydrate exists below {{convert|13.6|C|K}}.<ref>M. Tachez, F. Theobald, G. Trouillot. Crystal data for vanadyl sulphate hexahydrate VOSO<sub>4</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O. J. Appl. Crystallogr. (1976). 9, 246</ref> Two ]s of anhydrous VOSO<sub>4</sub> are known.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Synthesis, Crystal Structure Redetermination and Vibrational Spectra of beta- VOSO<sub>4</sub>|author1=Boghosian, S. |author2=Eriksen, K.M. |author3=Fehrmann, R. |author4=Nielsen, K. |journal=Acta Chemica Scandinavica|year=1995|volume=49|pages=703–708|doi=10.3891/acta.chem.scand.49-0703|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|title=Structure and magnetic properties of VOSO<sub>4</sub>|author1=Longo, J. M. |author2=Arnott, R. J. |journal=Journal of Solid State Chemistry|year=1970|volume=1|issue=3–4|pages=394–p398|doi=10.1016/0022-4596(70)90121-0|bibcode=1970JSSCh...1..394L}}</ref> |
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Being widely available, vanadyl sulfate is a common precursor to other vanadyl derivatives, such as ]:<ref>{{citation | author = Bryant, Burl E.; Fernelius, W. Conard | title = Vanadium(IV) Oxy(acetylacetonate) | journal = ] | year = 1957 | volume = 5 | pages = 113–16 | doi = 10.1002/9780470132364.ch30}}</ref> |
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The V=O bond distance is 160 ], about 50 pm shorter than the V–OH<sub>2</sub> bonds. In solution, the sulfate ion dissociates rapidly. |
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:SO<sub>4</sub> + ] + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → [V(O)(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>7</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> |
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Being widely available, vanadyl sulfate is a common precursor to other vanadyl derivatives, such as ]:<ref>{{citation |author1=Bryant, Burl E. |author2=Fernelius, W. Conard |chapter=Vanadium(IV) Oxy(acetylacetonate) | title = ] | year = 1957 | volume = 5 | pages = 113–16 | doi = 10.1002/9780470132364.ch30|isbn=978-0-470-13236-4 }}</ref> |
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:{{chem2 | SO4 + 2 C5H8O2 + Na2CO3 -> + Na2SO4 + 5 H2O + CO2 }} |
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In acidic solution, oxidation of vanadyl sulfate gives yellow-coloured vanadyl(V) derivatives. Reduction, e.g. by ], gives vanadium(III) and vanadium(II) derivatives, which are characteristically green and violet, respectively. |
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In acidic solution, oxidation of vanadyl sulfate gives yellow-coloured vanadyl(V) derivatives. Reduction, e.g. by ], gives vanadium(III) and vanadium(II) derivatives, which are characteristically green and violet, respectively. |
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==Occurrence in nature== |
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==Occurrence in nature== |
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Like most water-soluble sulfates, vanadyl sulfate is only rarely found in nature. Anhydrous form is pauflerite,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Krivovichev|first1=S. V.|last2=Vergasova|first2=L. P.|last3=Britvin|first3=S. N.|last4=Filatov|first4=S. K.|last5=Kahlenberg|first5=V.|last6=Ananiev|first6=V. V.|title=Pauflerite, -VO(SO<sub>4</sub>), a New Mineral Species from the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia|journal=The Canadian Mineralogist|date=1 August 2007|volume=45|issue=4|pages=921–927|doi=10.2113/gscanmin.45.4.921|bibcode=2007CaMin..45..921K }}</ref> a mineral of ] origin. Hydrated forms, also rare, include hexahydrate (stanleyite), pentahydrates (minasragrite, orthominasragrite,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hawthorne|first1=F. C.|last2=Schindler|first2=M.|last3=Grice|first3=J. D.|last4=Haynes|first4=P.|title=Orthominasragrite, V<sup>4+</sup>O(SO<sub>4</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sup>5</sup>, A New Mineral Species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.A.A.|journal=The Canadian Mineralogist|date=1 October 2001|volume=39|issue=5|pages=1325–1331|doi=10.2113/gscanmin.39.5.1325|bibcode=2001CaMin..39.1325H }}</ref> and anorthominasragrite) and trihydrate - bobjonesite.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schindler|first1=M.|last2=Hawthorne|first2=F. C.|last3=Huminicki|first3=D. M.C.|last4=Haynes|first4=P.|last5=Grice|first5=J. D.|last6=Evans|first6=H. T.|title=Bobjonesite, V4+ O (So4) (H2O)3, A New Mineral Species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.s.a.|journal=The Canadian Mineralogist|date=1 February 2003|volume=41|issue=1|pages=83–90|doi=10.2113/gscanmin.41.1.83|bibcode=2003CaMin..41...83S }}</ref> |
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Like most water-soluble sulfates, vanadyl sulfate is only rarely found in nature. Anhydrous form is pauflerite, a mineral of ] origin. Hydrated forms, also rare, include hexahydrate (stanleyite), pentahydrates (minasragrite, orthominasragrite, and anorthominasragrite) and trihydrate - bobjonesite.{{Fact|date=December 2008}} |
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==Medical research== |
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==References== |
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Vanadyl sulfate is a component of food supplements and experimental drugs. Vanadyl sulfate exhibits insulin-like effects.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Crans | first1 = D. C. | last2 = Trujillo | first2 = A. M. | last3 = Pharazyn | first3 = P. S. | last4 = Cohen | first4 = M. D. | year = 2011 | title = How environment affects drug activity: Localization, compartmentalization and reactions of a vanadium insulin-enhancing compound, dipicolinatooxovanadium(V) | journal = Coord. Chem. Rev. | volume = 255 | issue = 19–20| pages = 2178–2192 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.01.032 }}</ref> |
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Vanadyl sulfate has been extensively studied in the field of ] research as a potential means of increasing ] sensitivity. No evidence indicates that oral vanadium supplementation improves glycaemic control.<ref>{{cite journal|journal = Diabetes Care|volume = 26|pages = 1277–1294|date = 2003|title = Systematic Review of Herbs and Dietary Supplements for Glycemic Control in Diabetes|first = Gloria Y.|last = Yeh|author2 = Eisenberg, David M.|author3 = Kaptchuk, Ted J.|author4 = Phillips, Russell S.|url = http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/4/1277|doi = 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1277|pmid = 12663610|issue = 4|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=D.M.|last2=Pickering|first2=R.M.|last3=Lewith|first3=G.T.|title=A systematic review of vanadium oral supplements for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus|journal=QJM|date=31 January 2008|volume=101|issue=5|pages=351–358|doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcn003|pmid=18319296|doi-access=free}}</ref> Treatment with vanadium often results in gastrointestinal side-effects, primarily ]. |
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Vanadyl sulfate is also marketed as a health supplement, often for ]. Deficiencies in vanadium result in reduced growth in rats.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Growth Effects of Vanadium in the Rat|first = Klaus|last = Schwarz|author2=Milne, David B. |journal = Science|volume = 174|issue = 4007|date = 1971|pages = 426–428|jstor = 1731776|doi = 10.1126/science.174.4007.426|pmid = 5112000|bibcode = 1971Sci...174..426S |s2cid = 24362265}}</ref> Its effectiveness for bodybuilding has not been proven; some evidence suggests that athletes who take it are merely experiencing a ].<ref>{{cite book|title = The Health Professional's Guide to Dietary Supplements|first = Shawn M.|last = Talbott|author2=Hughes, Kerry |publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|date = 2007|isbn = 978-0-7817-4672-4|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hV2_TdmoDo8C&pg=PA419|chapter = Vanadium|pages = 419–422}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{Vanadium compounds}} |
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{{Mineral supplements}} |
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{{Sulfates}} |
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