(Redirected from 43rd Manitoba general election )
Provincial election
2023 Manitoba general election ← outgoing members elected members → 57 seats of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba 29 seats are needed for a majorityTurnout 55.29%
Popular vote by riding. As this is an FPTP election, seat totals are not determined by popular vote, but instead via results by each riding. Riding names are listed on the bottom.
The 2023 Manitoba general election was held on October 3, 2023, to elect 57 members to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba . The incumbent Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba , led by Premier of Manitoba Heather Stefanson , had attempted to win a third term in government, having previously won the 2016 and 2019 elections under the leadership of Brian Pallister . The New Democratic Party of Manitoba , led by Wab Kinew , formed a majority government , defeating the two-term Progressive Conservative government. Following the election, Kinew became the first First Nations person to become premier of a Canadian province.
Background
Under Manitoba's Elections Act , a general election must be held no later than the first Tuesday of October in the fourth calendar year following the previous election. As the previous election was held in 2019, the latest possible date for the election was October 3, 2023, which was the official election date. The election was held under first-past-the-post voting .
On August 10, 2021, incumbent premier Brian Pallister announced that he would not seek re-election and resigned shortly after. Members of the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba elected Heather Stefanson to succeed Premier Kelvin Goertzen , who served as interim leader of the party after Pallister's departure. During the previous legislature, the opposition NDP had gained a polling lead over the PCs. However, the lead tightened during the campaign period.
Campaign
Stefanson primarily campaigned on reducing the cost of living for Manitobans, crime, and parental rights in education . Kinew led the NDP into the election. The NDP campaign focused on healthcare reform and balancing the province's budget. Dougald Lamont led the Liberals and Janine Gibson led the Green Party, having been elected leader in March.
The PCs promoted the film industry in the province and in 2022 helped WestJet launch direct flights from Los Angeles to Winnipeg . The New Democrats focused on healthcare with a promise to improve cardiac services. They also pledged to install geothermal systems in thousands of homes. The Liberals campaigned on creating more benefits for seniors, including establishing a minimum income for people over 60. They also promised a new debt relief system if elected. The Manitoba Chambers of Commerce encouraged voters to prioritise the economy when voting.
During the final stages of the campaign, a point of contention was the proposed search of a Winnipeg landfill for the remains of the murdered Indigenous women Morgan Harris and Marcedes Myran. The PCs opposed the search, citing health and safety concerns. The Liberals and NDP supported a search. Most other Indigenous issues were reportedly side-lined during the campaign.
Other campaign issues included crime, agriculture and affordable housing.
Manitoba had not elected a minority government since 1988 , so the media coverage was focused on the PCs and the NDP. In the final days of the campaign, the Manitoba government reported a surplus in the provincial budget worth $270 million.
Riding contests, by number of candidates (2023)
Candidates
NDP
PC
Lib
Grn
KP
Comm
Ind
Total
2
4
4
8
3
34
34
30
3
1
102
4
16
16
16
7
4
2
3
64
5
3
3
3
3
3
15
Total
57
57
49
13
5
5
3
189
Timeline
2019
2020
2021
July 15: Eileen Clarke resigns as Minister of Indigenous and Northern Relations but stays on as MLA for Agassiz.
July 15 Blaine Pedersen resigns as Minister of Agriculture and Resource Development. He announces he will not seek re-election.
August 10: Brian Pallister announces he will not seek re-election as the MLA for Fort Whyte and will resign as premier.
September 1: Brian Pallister resigns as Premier and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba but remains as the MLA for Fort Whyte.
September 1: Kelvin Goertzen is chosen by the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba to become its interim leader and the 23rd Premier of Manitoba. Rochelle Squires is appointed as the Deputy Premier.
October 4: Brian Pallister resigns as the MLA for Fort Whyte, triggering a by-election.
October 30: Heather Stefanson is elected as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party.
November 2: Kelvin Goertzen resigns as Premier of Manitoba.
November 2: Heather Stefanson is sworn in as the 24th Premier of Manitoba and is the first woman to hold the position.
December 9: Danielle Adams (Thompson ) dies in office, triggering a by-election.
December 30: Ron Schuler is removed from cabinet post as Minister of Infrastructure. Reg Helwer is appointed as acting Minister of Infrastructure.
2022
January 18: Premier Heather Stefanson shuffles her cabinet.
March 22: Obby Khan is elected in the Fort Whyte by-election, replacing former Premier Brian Pallister. The Progressive Conservatives hold the seat narrowly.
June 6: Scott Fielding resigns as Minister of Natural Resources and Northern Development, Minister responsible for Manitoba Liquor and Lotteries and announces his intention to resign as MLA for Kirkfield Park.
June 6: Alan Lagimodiere is named acting Minister of Natural Resources and Northern Development, Minister responsible for Manitoba Liquor and Lotteries.
June 7: Eric Redhead is elected as the MLA for Thompson, holding the seat for the NDP.
June 17: Scott Fielding resigns as MLA for Kirkfield Park.
October 4: Ralph Eichler announces he will not seek re-election as MLA for Lakeside.
December 16: Ian Wishart announces he will not seek re-election as MLA for Portage La Prairie.
2023
January 15: Cathy Cox announces she Will not seek re-election as MLA for Kildonan River East.
January 27: Cameron Friesen announces his resignation as finance minister and MLA.
January 30: Cliff Cullen is appointed as finance minister and retains Deputy Premier role.
June 13: Sarah Guillemard announces she will not seek re-election as MLA for Fort Richmond.
Legislature summary
Elections to the 43rd Manitoba Legislature
Party
Leader
Candidates
Seats
Popular vote
2019
Dissolution
Elected
%
+/–
Votes
%
Change (pp )
New Democratic
Wab Kinew
57
18
18
34
59.65
+16
221,695
45.63
+14.25
Progressive Conservative
Heather Stefanson
57
36
35
22
38.60
–14
203,350
41.86
−5.21
Liberal
Dougald Lamont
49
3
3
1
1.75
–2
51,634
10.63
−3.85
Keystone
Kevin Friesen
5
–
–
–
–
−
3,727
0.77
New
Green
Janine Gibson
13
–
–
–
–
−
3,584
0.74
−5.63
Communist
Andrew Taylor
5
–
–
–
–
−
461
0.09
+0.04
Independents
3
–
–
–
–
−
1,383
0.28
+0.10
Vacant
1
Valid votes
485,834
99.31
Blank and invalid votes
3,374
0.69
Total
189
57
57
–
489,208
100
Registered voters/turnout
884,864
55.29
Incumbents not running for re-election
Candidates
See also: List of candidates of the 2023 Manitoba general election
The PCs and New Democrats ran candidates in all 57 ridings, while the Liberals ran candidates in 49 and the Greens in 13, respectively.
Marginal seats
Previous marginal seats
Seats in the 2019 general election which were won by under 10%
New marginal seats
Seats in this general election which were won by under 10%.
Results
Results were formally declared on October 3, the night of the election. The NDP only finished four percentage points ahead of the Tories on the popular vote. However, they dominated Winnipeg, taking all but three seats in the capital. Eight members of Stefanson's cabinet were defeated, all in Winnipeg-based ridings. Stefanson herself was nearly defeated in her historically safe seat of Tuxedo, surviving by less than three percentage points.
Results overview
Popular vote
NDP
45.63%
PC
41.86%
Liberal
10.63%
Others
1.88%
Seats
NDP
59.65%
PC
38.60%
Liberal
1.75%
Synopsis of results by riding
2023 Manitoba general election – synopsis of riding results
Riding
2019
Winning party
Turnout
Votes
Party
Share
Margin
Comm
Grn
Ind
KP
Lib
NDP
PC
Rejected
Declined
Agassiz
PC
PC
63.85%
2,966
53.35%
694
311
1553
4519
18
36
Assiniboia
PC
NDP
50.02%
916
55.70%
913
4722
3806
15
28
Borderland
PC
PC
72.66%
3,558
50.45%
764
921
4479
4
18
Brandon East
PC
NDP
55.64%
1,067
46.99%
305
3758
2691
6
29
Brandon West
PC
PC
48.75%
89
51.68%
284
3725
3814
10
39
Burrows
NDP
NDP
46.04%
958
44.64%
2074
3032
1479
6
32
Concordia
NDP
NDP
64.52%
2,387
44.03%
481
4235
1848
12
36
Dauphin
PC
NDP
52.06%
386
60.30%
4887
4501
45
63
Dawson Trail
PC
PC
50.70%
543
56.86%
416
4049
4592
12
57
Elmwood
NDP
NDP
62.21%
2,745
49.32%
52
304
452
4933
2188
16
56
Flin Flon
NDP
NDP
76.25%
2,032
44.17%
2951
919
12
19
Fort Garry
NDP
NDP
58.82%
2,914
58.75%
237
1082
5319
2405
14
35
Fort Richmond
PC
NDP
54.45%
1,576
62.07%
848
4455
2879
12
34
Fort Rouge
NDP
NDP
70.57%
5,195
58.04%
102
1152
6761
1566
6
33
Fort Whyte
PC
PC
47.87%
1,229
64.37%
4213
1714
5442
12
33
Interlake-Gimli
PC
PC
49.59%
683
65.04%
393
374
4460
5143
13
66
Keewatinook
NDP
NDP
59.28%
762
39.14%
192
1820
1058
20
34
Kildonan-River East
PC
NDP
49.26%
729
63.18%
896
5574
4845
9
53
Kirkfield Park
PC
NDP
44.55%
661
63.76%
205
1696
5067
4406
13
29
La Verendrye
PC
PC
61.02%
3,032
55.54%
736
640
1554
4586
5
35
Lac du Bonnet
PC
PC
58.51%
2,223
60.77%
573
3447
5670
5
80
Lagimodière
PC
NDP
46.24%
112
64.05%
1041
5711
5599
9
45
Lakeside
PC
PC
61.68%
3,406
60.98%
1101
2682
6088
11
59
McPhillips
PC
NDP
47.30%
325
54.61%
886
4905
4580
23
70
Midland
PC
PC
69.38%
4,216
56.95%
737
2011
6227
25
50
Morden-Winkler
PC
PC
73.47%
3,535
44.32%
254
1600
5135
6
41
Notre Dame
NDP
NDP
75.58%
3,100
37.88%
82
105
319
3832
732
8
13
Point Douglas
NDP
NDP
73.31%
2,625
32.76%
484
3367
742
6
19
Portage la Prairie
PC
PC
59.61%
1,898
46.77%
367
301
1918
3816
21
35
Radisson
PC
NDP
52.31%
1,147
57.65%
621
5954
4807
15
39
Red River North
PC
PC
60.35%
2,033
60.47%
3893
5926
43
100
Riding Mountain
PC
PC
63.02%
2,749
57.42%
417
2895
5644
22
54
Riel
PC
NDP
54.65%
1,882
65.70%
834
6160
4278
26
62
River Heights
Lib
NDP
44.21%
643
67.59%
158
4404
5047
1807
8
34
Roblin
PC
PC
49.72%
1,120
62.54%
1189
4968
6088
12
63
Rossmere
PC
NDP
50.74%
801
60.42%
181
478
4863
4062
27
49
Seine River
PC
NDP
52.08%
1,407
63.64%
131
846
5381
3974
7
30
Selkirk
PC
PC
52.49%
470
56.29%
4493
4963
39
141
Southdale
PC
NDP
48.48%
1,647
64.72%
135
1861
5569
3922
7
33
Springfield-Ritchot
PC
PC
54.89%
1,925
58.30%
900
3827
5752
14
52
Spruce Woods
PC
PC
61.81%
3,050
56.54%
1145
1936
4986
22
41
St. Boniface
Lib
NDP
53.38%
2,172
60.06%
73
3413
5585
1391
9
52
St. James
NDP
NDP
64.82%
3,122
54.68%
631
5448
2326
14
24
St. Johns
NDP
NDP
60.76%
3,161
46.98%
1117
535
4262
1101
7
26
St. Vital
NDP
NDP
61.15%
2,751
56.88%
823
5288
2537
13
35
Steinbach
PC
PC
74.37%
4,647
48.14%
801
1221
5868
118
76
Swan River
PC
PC
62.91%
2,368
57.90%
397
2433
4801
7
126
The Maples
NDP
NDP
56.13%
2,325
50.62%
1472
3905
1580
4
46
The Pas-Kameesak
NDP
NDP
67.18%
2,016
53.52%
215
3522
1506
8
12
Thompson
NDP
NDP
68.28%
1,673
36.10%
127
2887
1214
8
11
Transcona
NDP
NDP
58.50%
2,063
51.40%
541
5235
3172
10
36
Turtle Mountain
PC
PC
55.05%
2,813
55.64%
1507
425
1993
4806
21
35
Tuxedo
PC
PC
40.21%
268
59.86%
2201
3700
3968
5
35
Tyndall Park
Lib
Lib
54.99%
2,122
49.75%
4030
1908
1390
2
29
Union Station
NDP
NDP
70.78%
2,797
42.21%
616
3714
917
23
34
Waverley
PC
NDP
44.10%
115
53.97%
201
1001
4063
3948
4
18
Wolseley
NDP
NDP
75.31%
5,721
53.77%
152
553
592
6582
861
13
22
Sorted as per results summary.
Including rejected and declined ballots.
= open seat
= turnout is above provincial average
= winning candidate was in previous Legislature
= other incumbents renominated
Results by riding
Analysis
This section needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2023)
Resulting composition of the 43rd Manitoba Legislature
Source
Party
NDP
PC
Lib
Total
Seats retained
Incumbents returned
18
12
1
31
Open seats held
10
10
Seats changing hands
Incumbents defeated
12
12
Open seats gained
4
4
Total
34
22
1
57
Aftermath
Liberal leader Dougald Lamont resigned on election night following a dismal performance for his party. Both he and Jon Gerrard lost their seats to NDP challengers, leaving Cindy Lamoureux as the sole Liberal in the legislative assembly. Outgoing premier and PC leader Heather Stefanson also announced her resignation as party leader on election night.
Seats changing hands
Defeated MLAs
Open seats
Opinion polls
Graph of opinion polls conducted. Trend lines represent local regressions .
Voting intentions in Manitoba since the 2019 election
Polling firm
Dates conducted
Source
PC
NDP
Liberal
Green
Others
Margin of error
Sample size
Polling method
Lead
Forum Research
Oct 2, 2023
41.3%
44.7%
12.3%
0.9%
0.8%
3.3%
910
IVR
3.4%
Research Co.
Sep 30–Oct 2, 2023
39%
48%
10%
2%
1%
4%
600
Online
9%
Mainstreet Research
Sep 28–Oct 1, 2023
41%
47%
10%
1%
1%
3.7%
698
Smart IVR
6%
Sovereign North Strategies
Sep 17–19, 2023
42.5%
39.4%
15.9%
2.2%
N/A
3.9%
852
Telephone
3.1%
Angus Reid
Sep 13–19, 2023
41%
47%
9%
2%
1%
4%
990
Online
6%
Probe Research
Sep 7–18, 2023
38%
49%
9%
2%
2%
3.1%
1,000
Online
11%
Research Co.
Sep 15–17, 2023
39%
41%
14%
3%
2%
4%
600
Online
2%
Counsel Public Affairs
Sep 11–16, 2023
39%
44%
13%
2%
2%
4%
505
Online
5%
Mainstreet Research
Aug 28 – Sep 2, 2023
43%
42%
9%
3%
3%
4%
601
Smart IVR
1%
Mainstreet Research
Jul 26–28, 2023
42%
38%
12%
3%
4%
4%
597
Smart IVR
4%
Probe Research
May 31 – Jun 13, 2023
41%
41%
10%
5%
3%
3.1%
1,000
Online
Tie
Angus Reid
May 30 – Jun 3, 2023
39%
44%
10%
4%
4%
4%
515
Online
5%
March 26, 2023
Janine Gibson is elected leader of the Green Party of Manitoba
Probe Research
Mar 8–20, 2023
38%
44%
9%
4%
4%
3.1%
1,000
Online
6%
Mainstreet Research
Jan 24–26, 2023
36.2%
41.5%
14.6%
5.1%
2.1%
4.3%
514
Smart IVR
5.3%
Probe Research
Nov 22 – Dec 5, 2022
35%
46%
13%
3%
2%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone/Online
11%
Probe Research
Sep 8–18, 2022
37%
44%
15%
3%
1%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone
7%
Angus Reid
Jun 7–13, 2022
38%
40%
13%
3%
6%
5%
468
Online
2%
Probe Research
Jun 1–12, 2022
35%
45%
13%
3%
4%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone
10%
Probe Research
Mar 9–21, 2022
34%
44%
15%
2%
5%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone
10%
Angus Reid
Mar 10–15, 2022
39%
40%
14%
3%
5%
4%
475
Online
1%
Angus Reid
Jan 7–12, 2022
36%
42%
12%
3%
6%
5%
407
Online
6%
Probe Research
Nov 23 – Dec 5, 2021
37%
42%
12%
4%
5%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone
5%
October 30, 2021
Heather Stefanson is elected leader of the Manitoba Progressive Conservative Party
Innovative Research
Sep 24 – Oct 5, 2021
41%
32%
18%
5%
3%
N/A
678
Online
9%
Angus Reid
Sep 29 – Oct 3, 2021
38%
43%
11%
4%
5%
N/A
435
Online
5%
Probe Research
Sep 7–20, 2021
35%
42%
12%
3%
8%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone
7%
Probe Research
Jun 2–11, 2021
29%
47%
14%
5%
5%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone
18%
Angus Reid
Jun 2–7, 2021
39%
42%
11%
4%
4%
4.0%
504
Online
3%
Probe Research
Mar 10–26, 2021
36%
42%
11%
7%
4%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone
6%
Probe Research
Nov 24 – Dec 4, 2020
37%
41%
14%
6%
3%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone
4%
Angus Reid
Nov 24–30, 2020
39%
40%
12%
5%
4%
4.8%
420
Online
1%
Probe Research
Sep 8–17, 2020
43%
34%
16%
5%
3%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone
9%
EKOS
Jul 24 – Aug 26, 2020
44%
31%
12%
9%
4%
2.9%
1,154
HD-IVR
13%
EKOS
Jun 16 – Jul 23, 2020
43%
27%
18%
7%
5%
2.4%
1,691
HD-IVR
16%
Probe Research
Jun 2–11, 2020
38%
36%
18%
7%
2%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone
2%
Innovative Research
May 29 – Jun 3, 2020
38%
26%
26%
10%
N/A
N/A
200
Online
12%
Probe Research
Mar 10–24, 2020
43%
33%
14%
8%
2%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone
10%
Probe Research
Nov 27 – Dec 10, 2019
42%
36%
13%
8%
2%
3.1%
1,000
Telephone
6%
2019 general election
September 10, 2019
—
47.1%
31.4%
14.5%
6.4%
0.6%
—
—
—
15.7%
Polling firm
Dates conducted
Source
Others
Margin of error
Sample size
Polling method
Lead
PC
NDP
Liberal
Green
See also
Notes
References
Elections Act , CCSM , c. E30, s. 49.1(2)
CCSM c. E30, s. 49.1(3)
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"Archived copy" . Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023.{{cite web }}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link )
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^ "Manitoba's election campaign will focus on the economy and health care Thursday – Winnipeg | Globalnews.ca" . CJOB . Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
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Thompson, Sam (October 4, 2023). "Manitoba NDP will stick to landfill promise, MLA says" . Global News Winnipeg . Corus Entertainment. Global News. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
Kives, Bartley (October 2, 2023). "Weaponized by PCs, sidelined by NDP: Indigenous concerns largely absent from Manitoba election" . CBC News . Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
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"Candidates encouraged to recognize the importance of Manitoba's pork industry" . PortageOnline . Archived from the original on October 1, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
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Hobson, Brittany; Modified, The Canadian Press Posted: Last (September 29, 2023). "Manitoba reports $270M surplus days ahead of vote" . Winnipeg Free Press . Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
Official Results
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Clarke, Eileen (August 21, 2022). "I will be retiring from my political life as of the 2023 provincial election" . Facebook . Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
Darren Bernhardt, Ian Froese, "Add Reg Helwer to growing list of Manitoba Tory MLAs bowing out of provincial politics" Archived January 6, 2023, at the Wayback Machine . CBC News, January 6, 2023.
^ "Manitoba cabinet minister Sarah Guillemard won't run for re-election for health reasons" . CBC Manitoba . The Canadian Press . June 13, 2023. Archived from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
^ Darren Bernhardt (January 5, 2023). "Cathy Cox becomes the latest Tory MLA to decide against re-election bid" . CBC Manitoba . Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
The Canadian Press, "Former Manitoba cabinet minister Ralph Eichler won't seek re-election" Archived October 4, 2022, at the Wayback Machine . Winnipeg Free Press , October 4, 2022.
Jordan Ross, "Smook to retire from legislature" Archived October 19, 2022, at the Wayback Machine . Winnipeg Free Press , October 17, 2022.
Steve Lambert, The Canadian Press (February 22, 2023). "Shannon Martin is the latest Manitoba Tory to opt out of upcoming election" . Winnipeg Free Press . Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
Blaine Pedersen (July 15, 2021). "I will not be seeking re-election in the next provincial election" (Tweet ). Retrieved July 15, 2021 – via Twitter .
Michael Blume, "Portage MLA Ian Wishart won't be running in next election" Archived December 29, 2022, at the Wayback Machine . Portage Online, December 16, 2022.
Ian Froese, "Veteran Tory MLA Myrna Driedger won't run in 2023 Manitoba election" Archived January 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine . CBC News, January 4, 2023.
Bartley Kives, "Deputy premier Cliff Cullen won't seek another term in Manitoba legislature" Archived December 29, 2022, at the Wayback Machine . CBC News, December 29, 2022.
Ian Froese, "Indigenous reconciliation minister Alan Lagimodiere won't seek re-election in 2023" Archived January 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine . CBC News, January 3, 2023.
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Sarah Petz (October 3, 2023). "Health Minister Audrey Gordon among Winnipeg PC cabinet ministers losing seats to NDP" . CBC News .
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Opinion poll sources
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Martin, Robert (October 2, 2023). "Manitoba Provincial, October 2023 Public" . Mainstreet Research . Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
"Voter Intention Survey for Manitoba & Winnipeg September 17–19,23" . Sovereign North Strategies . September 20, 2023. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
"Manitoba Election: Kinew and NDP hold six-point advantage at midway mark of campaign" . Angus Reid . September 20, 2023. Archived from the original on September 20, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
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"Voters in Manitoba Deeply Divided as Campaign Continues" . Research Co . September 18, 2023. Archived from the original on September 20, 2023. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
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"Double-digit advantage in Winnipeg has Manitoba NDP comfortably ahead in lead-up to October election" . Angus Reid Institute . June 13, 2023. Archived from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
"Manitoba Provincial Party Support" (PDF). probe-research.com . Archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
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"Support for Manitoba PCs has slipped since last election, NDP holds the lead | CTV News" . ctvnews.ca . September 25, 2022. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
"Prairie Politics: Moe and Stefanson share a border, but residents' government satisfaction is worlds apart" (PDF). Angus Reid Institute . July 8, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
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"Gap Between NDP, PCs Widens (March 2022 Provincial Voting Intentions) | Probe Research Inc" . www.probe-research.com . Archived from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
"Provincial spotlight: Ontario, Alberta governments heavily criticized on nearly every aspect of provincial management" . Angus Reid Institute . March 31, 2022. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
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Robertson, Dylan (December 27, 2019). "Dec 2019: NDP gains traction after PC re-election" . Winnipeg Free Press . Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
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