| The Additional Conditions for the Armistice with Italy Instrument of Surrender of Italy | |
|---|---|
 Marshal Pietro Badoglio (at left) and General Dwight D Eisenhower (at right) with Lord Gort, Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder, Lt. Gen. Sir Noel Mason-MacFarlane, and General Harold Alexander, aboard the British battleship HMS Nelson prior to the signing of the surrender document at Malta. | |
| Type | Capitulation |
| Signed | 29 September 1943 |
| Location | Malta, aboard the British battleship HMS Nelson |
| Condition | Signed |
| Amendment | Amended by protocol on November 9, 1943 |
| Replaced by | Treaty of peace of February 10, 1947 |
| Signatories | |
| Parties | |
| Ratifiers |  Government of ItalyAllied Governments |
The Italian Instrument of Surrender was a legal document which was signed by Italy and the Allies, effecting the unconditional surrender of Italy to the Allies. It was signed at 11:30 on 29 September 1943 and immediately took effect on the day it was signed.
It was signed by Marshal Pietro Badoglio for Italy, and General Dwight D. Eisenhower for the Allies, at Malta aboard the British battleship HMS Nelson. The term "Additional Conditions for the Armistice with Italy" and the "Long Armistice" was coined by the Italians as they had already signed the Armistice of Cassibile, a short armistice ending the hostilities between Italy and the Allies, on 3 September. Therefore, the agreement signed at Malta is considered to be the 'longer' version of the armistice. But for the Allies, it was referred to as the "Instrument of Surrender of Italy".
Background
Further information: Armistice of Cassibile
Following the Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, which saw Benito Mussolini ousted and arrested by King Victor Emmanuel III and replaced as Prime Minister of Italy by Badoglio. The Italians had begun to contact the Allies to cease hostilities between them. On 3 September, the Armistice of Cassibile was signed by General Giuseppe Castellano on behalf of Badoglio and General Walter Bedell Smith on behalf of Eisenhower (Supreme Allied commander for the Mediterranean theatre). The armistice had to take effect on 8 September along with the Badoglio Proclamation.
Before the armistice. Germany had been distrustful of Italy as it believed that Italy was secretly negotiating with the Allies for a separate peace. After the Badoglio Proclamation and for the armistice to take effect on 8 September. Germany began Operation Achse, a campaign to disarm Italian forces and occupy Italy. On 23 September, the Italian Social Republic was established by the Germans with Mussolini, after a German force led by SS Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny rescued him from Campo Imperatore, as the head of state.
Signing
Prior to the signing, the Allied delegations were: General Dwight Eisenhower, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces, the British Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham, Air Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder, General Harold Alexander, and General, Sir Noel Mason MacFarlane, head of the recently established AMGOT, that is, the “Allied Military Government in Occupied Territory”. Lord John Gort, the Governor of Malta was also present for the ceremony.
For Italy, the delegations were: Marshal Pietro Badoglio, head of the government, accompanied by General Vittorio Ambrosio, Chief of the Comando Supremo, General Mario Roatta, Chief of Staff of the Regio Esercito, Admiral Raffaele de Courten, Chief of Staff of the Regia Marina, and General Renato Sandalli, Chief of Staff of the Regia Aeronautica.
The Italian delegations embarked on the evening in Brindisi, together with General MacFarlane, on the Italian cruiser Scipione Africana, the cruiser that on 10 September escorted the corvette Baionetta, which left Ortona with the King, Badoglio and the others on board. The cruiser, commanded by Frigate captain Ernesto Pellegrini, left the port around 19:00 and arrived in Malta at 8:00.
The surrender document was signed at 11:30 by Badoglio and Eisenhower respectively at the wardroom of HMS Nelson, with both Allied and Italian officials were present in the signing ceremony. The article included that all Italian land, air, and naval forces must surrender to the Allies unconditionally, that Fascist organizations must be dismantled throughout Italy and the Italian dictator Mussolini along with his high-ranking Fascist officials must be handed over to the United Nations. The surrender instrument was immediately in effect.
It specifies the twelve points contained in the short armistice and adds others, including:
- Art. 29. Benito Mussolini , his principal Fascist associates and all persons suspected of having committed war crimes or analogous offences will be immediately arrested and handed over to the United Nations Forces.
- Art. 30. All Fascist organizations, including all branches of the Fascist militia ( Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale ), the secret police ( OVRA ) and Fascist Youth organizations will, if not already done, be dissolved in accordance with the directions of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers. The Italian Government will comply with all further directions which the United Nations may give for the abolition of Fascist institutions, the dismissal and internment of Fascist personnel, the control of Fascist funds, the suppression of Fascist ideology and teaching.
- Art. 31. All Italian laws implying discrimination on grounds of race, colour, faith or political opinion shall, if this has not already been done, be repealed, and persons detained for such reasons shall, in accordance with the orders of the United Nations , be released and released from any legal impediment to which they have been subjected.
- Art. 33 (A). The Italian Government will carry out such instructions as the United Nations may give regarding restitution, delivery, services or payments by way of indemnity ( payments by reparation of war ) and payment of expenses of occupation.
- Art. 37. A control commission representing the United Nations will be appointed to regulate and execute this act in accordance with the general orders and directives of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.
Aftermath
On 13 October 1943, Badoglio accompanied by General Maxwell announced the declaration of war of the Kingdom of Italy on Nazi Germany, and became a co-belligerent fighting alongside the Allies. On 9 November 1943, the documents was amended and was accepted by Italy and the Allies. The amendment was signed at Brindsi by Badoglio and Noel Mason-MacFarlane, on behalf of the Allied Commander-in-Chief.
See also
- Badoglio Proclamation
- German Instrument of Surrender
- Japanese Instrument of Surrender
- Kingdom of the South
Notes
- Governor of Malta
- Commander of the Mediterranean Air Command
- Later head of the Allied Commission in Italy
- Commander of the 15th Army Group
References
- Smyth, Howard McGaw (Spring 1948), "The Armistice of Cassibile", Military Affairs, 12 (1): 12–35, doi:10.2307/1982522, JSTOR 1982522
- Garland, Albert N; Smyth, Howard McGaw (1965). Sicily and the Surrender of Italy. United States Army in World War II: Mediterranean Theater of Operations. p. 559.
Appendix D
- Di Michele, Vincenzo (2015). The Last Secret of Mussolini. Il Cerchio. ISBN 978-8884744227.
Bibliography
- Ivan Palermo, The Story of an Armistice , Le Scie, Mondadori, Milan, 1967
External links
Categories:- 1943 in Italy
- September 1943
- Italy in World War II
- Instrument of Surrender
- World War II documents
- Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
- Italy–United States relations
- Italy–United Kingdom relations
- Treaties concluded in 1943
- Treaties entered into force in 1943
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- Italian campaign (World War II)