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Buyeo
Puyŏ
Native to	Buyeo Kingdom
Region	Manchuria
Extinct	7th century
Language family	Koreanic ? Puyŏ Buyeo
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xpy
Linguist List	xpy
Glottolog	None
Buyeo in the 3rd century

Very little is known of the language of the Buyeo kingdom. Chapter 30 "Description of the Eastern Barbarians" in the Records of the Three Kingdoms records a survey carried out by the Chinese state of Wei after their defeat of Goguryeo in 244. The report states that the languages of Buyeo and those of its southern neighbours Goguryeo and Ye were similar, and that the language of Okjeo was only slightly different from them. Based on this text, Lee Ki-Moon grouped the four languages as the Puyŏ languages, contemporaneous with the Han languages of the Samhan confederacies in southern Korea.

The most widely cited evidence for this group is a body of placename glosses in the Samguk sagi (1154), which some authors take to represent the language of Goguryeo, but others believe reflect a mix of languages spoken by peoples conquered by Goguryeo. Scholars who take these words as representing the language of Goguryeo have come to a range of conclusions about the language, some holding that it was Koreanic, others that it was Japonic, and others that it was somehow intermediate between these families.

The same chapter of the Records of the Three Kingdoms transcribes a Buyeo word for noblemen subordinate only to the king as 加. This character was pronounced kai in Eastern Han Chinese. Beckwith identified this word with a Samguk sagi gloss 皆/皆次 (pronounced kɛj/kɛjtshij in Middle Chinese, kay/kaycha in Sino-Korean) for 'king', and the Baekje language word for 'ruler' transcribed in the Nihon Shoki as Old Japanese ki₁si.

References

1. Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 37.
2. Lee & Ramsey (2011), p. 34.
3. Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 34–36.
4. Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 40–41.
5. Whitman (2013), pp. 251–252.
6. Whitman (2011), p. 154.
7. Beckwith (2004), pp. 27–28.
8. Lee & Ramsey (2011), pp. 43–44.
9. Byington (2016), pp. 188–189.
10. Schuessler (2007), p. 300.
11. Beckwith (2004), pp. 42, 124–125.

Works cited

• Beckwith, Christopher I. (2004), Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-13949-7.
• Byington, Mark E. (2016), The Ancient State of Puyŏ in Northeast Asia, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-73719-8.
• Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011), A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge University Press, p. 34, ISBN 978-1-139-49448-9.
• Schuessler, Axel (2007), ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-2975-9.
• Whitman, John (2011), "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan", Rice, 4 (3–4): 149–158, Bibcode:2011Rice....4..149W, doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0.
• ——— (2013), "A History of the Korean Language, by Ki-Moon Lee and Robert Ramsey", Korean Linguistics, 15 (2): 246–260, doi:10.1075/kl.15.2.05whi.

v t e Korean language
History	Proto-Koreanic Han Puyŏ Ye-Maek Old Korean (?–10th century) Baekje Buyeo Gaya Goguryeo Mahan Silla Middle Korean (10–16th century) Goryeo Joseon Early modern Korean (17–18th century) Joseon Modern Korean (19th century–present) Joseon North Korea South Korea
Standard	South Korea Pyojuneo North Korea Munhwaŏ
Dialects	South Korea Chungcheong dialect Gangwon dialect Yeongdong dialect Yeongseo dialect Gyeonggi/Seoul dialect Gyeongsang dialect Jeolla dialect North Korea Hamgyŏng dialect Hwanghae dialect Pyongan dialect Yukjin dialect China Chinese Korean Central Asia Koryo-mar Japan Zainichi Korean
Koreanic languages	Jeju language
Writing system	Korean Braille Hangul Consonant and vowel tables Punctuation Hanja Gugyeol Hyangchal Idu Mixed script Transcription into Korean Cyrillization and Romanization ISO/TR 11941 Cyrillization of Korean McCune-Reischauer Revised Yale
Grammar	Phonology Count word Honorifics Numerals Postpositions Pronouns Speech levels Verbs
Literature	Gasa Hyangga Sijo Yongbieocheonga Samguk sagi Placename glosses
Other topics	Koreanic languages International Circle of Korean Linguistics Konglish List of Konglish terms List of English words of Korean origin National Institute of the Korean Language North–South differences in the Korean language Sino-Korean vocabulary

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