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Haplogroup E-M75 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Along with haplogroup E-P147, it is one of the two main branches of the older haplogroup E-M96.

Ancient DNA

Within Africa

Kenya

At Prettejohn's Gully, in Nakuru County, Kenya, there were two pastoralists of the early pastoral period; one carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and K1a, and another carried haplogroup L3f1b.

At Ilkek Mounds, in Nakuru County, Kenya, a pastoralist of the Pastoral Iron Age carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and L0f2a.

At Kisima Farm/C4, in Laikipia County, Kenya, a pastoralist of the Pastoral Iron Age, carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and L3h1a1.

Outside of Africa

United States of America

At an Anson Street burial site, in Charleston, South Carolina, there were 18 African Americans found who were dated to the 18th century CE. Coosaw, who was of West African and Native American ancestry, carried haplogroups E2b1a-CTS2400 and A2.

Distribution

Sorted frequency table of E-M75+ populations. Note that a "?" specifies that the sublineage of E-M75 was either untested for or unreported in the relevant study.

Subclades

E-M75*

Haplogroup E-M75(xM41,M54) has been found in 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia, 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda, 3% (1/39) of a sample of Mandinka from Gambia/Senegal, and 2% (1/49) of a sample of Shona from Zimbabwe.

E-M41

Haplogroup E-M41 has been found mainly in populations of the Great Lakes and Upper Nile regions of Central-East Africa, including 67% (6/9) of a sample of Alur from the DRC, 39% (7/18) of a sample of Hema from the DRC, 17% (15/88) of a sample from Ethiopia, 8% (2/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda, 5% (2/40) of a sample from Sudan, 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda, 3% (1/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya, and 2% (1/43) of a sample of Iraqw from Tanzania. E-M41 has also been identified in noticeable amounts among commercial DNA testers from the Arabian Peninsula and among a few Ashkenazi Jewish males, and also in a male from Lebanon.

E-M54

Haplogroup E-M54 has been found in 28% (22/80) of a sample of Xhosa from South Africa, 27% (10/37) of a sample of Rimaibe from Burkina Faso, 22% (4/18) of a sample of Daba from northern Cameroon, 21% (6/29) of a sample of Zulu from South Africa, 15% (8/53) of a sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans, 14% (4/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya, 14% of a sample of Comorian Shirazi, 11% (1/9) of a small sample of speakers of Central Sudanic and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon, 9% (3/35) of a sample of Malagasy from Madagascar, 8% (3/37) of a sample from Central Africa, 7% (2/28) of a sample of Mandara from northern Cameroon, 6% (2/31) of a sample of Ngumba from southern Cameroon, 6% (4/64) of a sample of !Kung from South Africa, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia, 5% (5/100) of a sample of Fon from Benin, 5% (1/22) of a sample of Ambo from Namibia, 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda, 4% (4/94) of a sample of Tutsi from Rwanda, 4% (2/47) of a sample of Mbuti from the DRC, 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda, 4% (1/26) of a sample of Khwe from South Africa, 4% (1/28) of a sample of Sotho-Tswana from South Africa, 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon, 3% (1/34) of a sample of Wolof from Gambia/Senegal, 3% (2/72) of a sample from Qatar, 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya, 2% (1/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali, and approximately 2% of a sample of 121 Arabs from Oman.

It has been suggested that haplogroup E-M85 Y-chromosomes have spread through Sub-Saharan Africa quite recently based on the fact that Y-STR microsatellite haplotypes associated with these chromosomes show a low degree of differentiation throughout their broad geographic range. Furthermore, the mean variance of STR alleles of E-M85 chromosomes is higher in Central-Western Africans than in the Southern African Khoisan, leading researchers to propose that E-M85 might have been involved in the range expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples from Central-Western Africa toward Southern Africa.

E-M98*

E-M98(xM85) has been found in 4% (2/49) of a sample of Mossi from Burkina Faso.

E-M200

E-M200 has been found in 25% (3/12) of a small sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to Figure 4 of Cruciani (2002), all three Bambuti who exhibit the M200 mutation share an identical microsatellite haplotype based on seven STR loci with one another and with some E-M85(xM200) Khoisan (!Kung and/or Khwe) individuals from South Africa.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

• α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
• β Underhill 2000
• γ Hammer 2001
• δ Karafet 2001
• ε Semino 2000
• ζ Su 1999
• η Capelli 2001

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

• E-M75 (M75, P68)
  • E-M41 (M41/P210)
  • E-M98 (M98)
    • E-M54 (M54, M90)
      • E-M85 (M85)
        • E-M200 (M200)
          • E-P45 (P45)
          • E-P258 (P258)

See also

Genetics

• African admixture in Europe
• Genetic genealogy
• Haplogroup D
• Haplogroup DE
• Haplogroup
• Haplotype
• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• Molecular phylogenetics
• Paragroup
• Subclade
• Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

Y-DNA E subclades

• Haplogroup E-L485
• Haplogroup E-M123
• Haplogroup E-M180
• Haplogroup E-M215
• Haplogroup E-M33
• Haplogroup E-M521
• Haplogroup E-M75
• Haplogroup E-M96
• Haplogroup E-P147
• Haplogroup E-P177
• Haplogroup E-P2
• Haplogroup E-V12
• Haplogroup E-V13
• Haplogroup E-V22
• Haplogroup E-V38
• Haplogroup E-M2
• Haplogroup E-V65
• Haplogroup E-V68
• Haplogroup E-Z820
• Haplogroup E-Z827

Y-DNA backbone tree

v t e Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)
"Y-chromosomal Adam" A00 A0-T  A0 A1  A1a A1b A1b1 BT B CT DE CF D E C F F1  F-Y27277   F3  GHIJK G HIJK IJK H IJ K I   J     LT        K2  I1   I2  J1   J2  L     T  K2e K2d K2c K2b   K2a K2b1    P  K-M2313  S   M     P1   NO1 P1c P1b P1a N O R Q
Y-DNA by population Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people Footnotes Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017) Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.) Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

References

1. ^ "E-M75 YTree".
2. ^ Prendergast, Mary E.; et al. (July 2019). "Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448). Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P. doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405.
3. ^ Prendergast, Mary E.; et al. (5 July 2019). "Supplementary Materials for Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448): eaaw6275. Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P. doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405.
4. ^ Fleskes, Raquel E.; et al. (2023). "Community-engaged ancient DNA project reveals diverse origins of 18th-century African descendants in Charleston, South Carolina". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (3): e2201620120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12001620F. doi:10.1073/pnas.2201620120. PMC 9934026. PMID 36623185. S2CID 255568252.
5. ^ Wood et al. (2005)
6. ^ Cruciani et al. (2002)
7. ^ Berniell-Lee et al. (2009)
8. ^ Luis et al. (2004)
9. ^ Underhill et al. (2000)
10. ^ Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
11. ^ Stefflova et al. (2009)
12. ^ Hurles Matthew E.; Sykes Bryan C.; Jobling Mark A.; Forster Peter (May 2005), "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages", American Journal of Human Genetics, 76 (894–901): 894–901, doi:10.1086/430051, PMC 1199379, PMID 15793703
13. ^ Semino et al. (2004)
14. Family Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup E-M75
15. Platt, D.E., Artinian, H., Mouzaya, F. et al. Autosomal genetics and Y-chromosome haplogroup L1b-M317 reveal Mount Lebanon Maronites as a persistently non-emigrating population. Eur J Hum Genet 29, 581–592 (2021). 10.1038/s41431-020-00765-x
16. Cadenas et al. (2007)
17. Karafet et al. (2008)

Bibliography

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Sources for conversion tables

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• Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID 10904265
• Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597.
• Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588.
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External links

• Y-DNA Haplogroup E and Its Subclades from ISOGG 2008

• Human Y-DNA haplogroups