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Cardinals are senior members of the clergy of the Catholic Church who are titular clergy of the Diocese of Rome, thereby serving as the primary advisors to the Bishop of Rome. They are almost always bishops and generally hold important roles within the church, such as leading prominent archdioceses or heading dicasteries within the Roman Curia. Cardinals are created in consistories by the pope, and one of their foremost duties is the election of a new pope – invariably from among their number, although not strictly a requirement – when the Holy See is vacant (sede vacante), following the death or resignation of a pope. The body of all cardinals is collectively known as the College of Cardinals.

Under current ecclesiastical law, as defined by the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis, only cardinals who have not passed their 80th birthdays on the day on which the Holy See becomes vacant are eligible to take part in a papal conclave to elect a new pope. The same apostolic constitution specifies that no more than 120 cardinal electors can take part in a conclave, but makes no provision for there being more than 120 eligible cardinals; as of 2023 there had never been more at the time of a conclave, though it has happened frequently at other times. Cardinals may be created in pectore ('in the breast'), in which case the pope does not reveal their identities; they are not entitled to the privileges of a cardinal until their names are published by the pope. The creations of any such cardinals whose names have not been revealed before the pope's death or resignation automatically lapse.

As of 22 January 2025, there are 252 cardinals, 138 of whom are cardinal electors. The most recent consistory for the creation of cardinals was held on 7 December 2024, when Pope Francis created 21 cardinals, including 20 cardinal electors. Christoph Schönborn was the most recent cardinal elector to turn 80, on 22 January 2025; Fernando Vérgez Alzaga will be the next cardinal elector to turn 80, on 1 March 2025. The most recent death of a cardinal was that of Angelo Amato on 31 December 2024, at the age of 86.

Cardinals

The College of Cardinals is divided into three orders, with formal precedence in the following sequence:

1. Cardinal bishops (CB): the six cardinals who are assigned the titles of the seven suburbicarian dioceses in the vicinity of Rome by the pope, plus a few other cardinals who have been exceptionally co-opted into the order, as well as patriarchs who head one of the Eastern Catholic Churches. The two most senior cardinal bishops, who are elected by the cardinal bishops from among themselves (excluding the Eastern Catholic patriarchs) and approved by the pope, are the dean and the vice dean, currently Giovanni Battista Re and Leonardo Sandri, respectively; among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal bishop is Pietro Parolin.
2. Cardinal priests (CP): bishops typically in charge of dioceses around the world, as well as former cardinal deacons who have opted to be elevated to the order. The most senior cardinal priest is the protopriest, currently Michael Michai Kitbunchu; among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal priest is Vinko Puljić.
3. Cardinal deacons (CD): bishops who work in the Roman Curia or the diplomatic service of the Holy See, and all other clergy, including priests who have been granted a dispensation not to be consecrated a bishop. They have the choice (Latin: optatio) of opting to become cardinal priests after having been cardinal deacons for ten years. The most senior cardinal deacon is the protodeacon, currently Dominique Mamberti; he is also the senior cardinal deacon among the cardinal electors. The junior cardinal deacon among the electors is George Koovakad.

For cardinal bishops (excluding the Eastern Catholic patriarchs), the dean is first in precedence, followed by the vice dean and then, in order of appointment as cardinal bishops, by the remainder. For cardinal bishops who are Eastern Catholic patriarchs, for cardinal priests and for cardinal deacons, precedence is determined by the date of the consistory in which they were created cardinals and then by the order in which they appeared in the official announcement or bulletin.

All cardinals listed are members of the Latin Church unless otherwise stated. Cardinals belonging to institutes of consecrated life or to societies of apostolic life are indicated by the relevant post-nominal letters. Cardinals in charge of dioceses are classified under the country where their diocese is located, although they may be citizens of a different country.

Demographics of the College of Cardinals

At present, 138 of 252 cardinals are eligible to participate in a papal conclave. The number of votes required to be elected pope with a two-thirds supermajority, if all 138 cardinal electors were to participate (notwithstanding the maximum of 120 specified in Universi Dominici gregis), would be 92.

Cardinals by appointing pope

This table indicates the number of current cardinals created by each pope and belonging to each order of the college.

Cardinals by particular church sui iuris

While most cardinals belong to the Latin Church, which encompasses the vast majority of Catholics, a small number of cardinals belong to one of the twenty-three autonomous (sui iuris) Eastern Catholic Churches. At present, there are eight Eastern Catholic cardinals, including six cardinal electors, belonging to seven particular churches sui iuris:

• Béchara Boutros Raï (Maronite Church)
• Louis Raphaël I Sako (Chaldean Church), cardinal elector
• George Alencherry (Syro-Malabar Church), cardinal elector
• Lucian Mureșan (Romanian Greek Church)
• Baselios Cleemis Thottunkal (Syro-Malankara Church), cardinal elector
• Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel (Ethiopian Church), cardinal elector
• Mykola Bychok (Ukrainian Greek Church), cardinal elector
• George Koovakad (Syro-Malabar Church), cardinal elector

Cardinals by institute of consecrated life or society of apostolic life

At present, there are 66 cardinals, including 36 cardinal electors, who are members of the religious life, representing 28 institutes of consecrated life and societies of apostolic life. Common names for members, if different, are given in brackets in this table.

Cardinals by continent

For the purposes of this article, countries are grouped into continents generally according to the regions of the United Nations geoscheme; for the region of the Americas, North America comprises the subregions of Northern America, Central America and the Caribbean, while South America comprises the remaining subregion of the same name. Statistics for the global distribution of Catholics are taken from the 2021 edition of the Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae (Statistical Yearbook of the Church).

Cardinals by country

At present, 94 countries are represented in the College of Cardinals, including 71 with at least one cardinal elector. The countries with the greatest numbers of cardinals are Italy (fifty-one), the United States (seventeen), and Spain (thirteen). Among the cardinal electors, the countries with the greatest numbers are Italy (seventeen), the United States (ten), and Brazil (seven).

See also

• Cardinals created by John Paul II
• Cardinals created by Benedict XVI
• Cardinals created by Francis
• Cardinal electors in the 2013 papal conclave
• Council of Cardinals
• List of creations of cardinals
• Suburbicarian diocese
• Titular church (List of titular churches)

Notes

1. The dean of the College of Cardinals holds the title of the Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia ex officio, in addition to his original one when first appointed a cardinal bishop.
2. ^ Among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal bishop, the senior cardinal priest, the senior cardinal deacon and the junior cardinal deacon have specific roles in a papal conclave, such as presiding over the conclave itself (the senior cardinal bishop) or announcing the election of the pope (the senior cardinal deacon).
3. Schönborn was born to a Sudeten German family in Sudetenland, then part of Nazi Germany (in what is now the Czech Republic). Since his family was German, they were expelled to Austria a few months later, and he has served as a bishop there since 1991.
4. Pujats was originally created a cardinal in pectore and formally revealed on 21 February 2001.
5. ^ Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China.
6. Brady's territorial jurisdiction as Archbishop of Armagh included a part of the United Kingdom.
7. The Holy See's documentation gives Njue's date of birth as 1 January 1946, though for many years it said he was "born in 1944" and used 31 December 1944 as his birthdate on its list of cardinal electors. The change occurred sometime after 5 January 2024.
8. Ezzati was born in Italy. He emigrated to Chile as a young man and was ordained and served as a bishop there from 1996 to 2019.
9. Lacunza Maestrojuán was born in Spain. He served as a bishop in Panama from 1985 to 2024.
10. Lopez was born in Spain. He has served as a bishop in Morocco since 2017.
11. Aós Braco was born in Spain. He served as a bishop in Chile from 2014 to 2023.
12. Marengo was born in Italy. He has served as apostolic prefect in Mongolia since 2020.
13. ^ The jurisdiction of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, based in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the Old City of Jerusalem in East Jerusalem, is multi-national, encompassing Cyprus, Jordan, Israel and Palestine. The Holy See, in its statistical report of the College of Cardinals, lists "Jerusalem" as Pizzaballa's country. He was born in Italy. He has served as apostolic administrator and patriarch in the Custody of the Holy Land since 2016.
14. Bustillo was born in Spain. He has served as a bishop in France since 2021.
15. Nemet was born in Serbia into an ethnic-Hungarian family and describes himself as Hungarian. He has worked in Serbia since 2008.
16. Vesco was born in France. He has served as a bishop in Algeria since 2012.
17. Mathieu was born in Belgium. He has served as a bishop in Iran since 2021.
18. Bychok was born in Ukraine. He has served as a bishop in Australia since 2020.
19. Farrell was born in Ireland. He was incardinated as a priest in the United States in 1984 and served as a bishop there from 2001 to 2016.
20. ^ Granted dispensation not to receive episcopal consecration
21. Becciu resigned the rights and privileges of a cardinal on 24 September 2020, making him ineligible to participate in a conclave as an elector.
22. Czerny was born in Czechoslovakia (in what is now the Czech Republic). He moved to Canada as a child, and has served there and in the Roman Curia.

1. Originally created a cardinal priest; appointed a cardinal bishop on 1 October 2002
2. Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 19 May 2018 and co-opted as a cardinal bishop on 28 June 2018
3. Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 29 January 1996 and appointed a cardinal bishop on 25 April 2005
4. Originally created a cardinal priest; appointed a cardinal bishop on 10 May 2008
5. Originally created a cardinal deacon; appointed a cardinal bishop on 24 February 2009
6. ^ Originally created a cardinal priest; co-opted as a cardinal bishop on 28 June 2018
7. Originally created a cardinal deacon; co-opted as a cardinal bishop on 28 June 2018
8. Originally created a cardinal deacon; appointed a cardinal bishop on 1 May 2020
9. Originally created a cardinal priest; co-opted as a cardinal bishop on 1 May 2020
10. Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 29 January 1996
11. Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 1 March 2008
12. Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 20 May 2006
13. Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 21 February 2011
14. Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 12 June 2014
15. Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 20 June 2016
16. ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 19 May 2018
17. ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 3 May 2021
18. ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 4 March 2022
19. ^ Originally created a cardinal deacon; became a cardinal priest on 1 July 2024

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207. "Rossi Card. Ángel Sixto, S.I." Holy See Press Office. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
208. "Rueda Aparicio Card. Luis José". Holy See Press Office. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
209. "Ryś Card. Grzegorz". Holy See Press Office. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
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External links

• [REDACTED] Media related to Cardinals at Wikimedia Commons
• Holy See Press Office, The College of Cardinals
• GCatholic.org, College of Cardinals