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Lycalopex
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Tribe:	Canini
Subtribe:	Cerdocyonina
Genus:	Lycalopex Burmeister 1854
Type species
Canis magellanicus
Species
Lycalopex culpaeus Lycalopex fulvipes Lycalopex griseus Lycalopex gymnocercus Lycalopex sechurae Lycalopex vetulus † Canis (Pseudalopex) australis (Kerr 1792)
Range of the six living zorro species
Synonyms
Pseudalopex Burmeister 1856 Canis (Pseudalopex) Allen 1895

The South American foxes (Lycalopex), commonly called raposa in Portuguese, or zorro in Spanish, are a genus from South America of the subfamily Caninae. Despite their name, they are not true foxes, but are a unique canid genus more closely related to wolves and jackals than to true foxes; some of them resemble foxes due to convergent evolution. The South American gray fox, Lycalopex griseus, is the most common species, and is known for its large ears and a highly marketable, russet-fringed pelt.

The second-oldest known fossils belonging to the genus were discovered in Chile, and date from 2.0 to 2.5 million years ago, in the mid- to late Pliocene. The Vorohué Formation of Argentina has provided older fossils, dating to the Uquian to Ensenadan (Late Pliocene).

Names

The common English word "zorro" is a loan word from Spanish, with the word originally meaning "fox". Current usage lists Pseudalopex (literally: "false fox") as synonymous with Lycalopex ("wolf fox"), with the latter taking precedence. In 1895, Allen classified Pseudalopex as a subgenus of Canis, establishing the combination Canis (Pseudalopex), a name still used in the fossil record.

Species

Species currently included in this genus include:

Image	Name	Common name	Distribution
	Lycalopex culpaeus	Culpeo or Andean fox	Ecuador and Peru to the southern regions of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego
	Lycalopex fulvipes	Darwin's fox	Nahuelbuta National Park (Araucanía Region), the Valdivian Coastal Range (Los Ríos Region) in mainland Chile and Chiloé Island
	Lycalopex griseus	South American gray fox or chilla	Argentina and Chile
	Lycalopex gymnocercus	Pampas fox	northern and central Argentina, Uruguay, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and southern Brazil
	Lycalopex sechurae	Sechuran fox	west-central, northwestern Peru, including the Sechura Desert, and southwestern Ecuador
	Lycalopex vetulus	Hoary fox	south-central Brazil
	†Canis (Pseudalopex) australis		Vorohué Formation, Uquian-Ensenadan Argentina

In 1914, Oldfield Thomas established the genus Dusicyon, in which he included these zorros. They were later reclassified to Lycalopex (via Pseudalopex) by Langguth in 1975.

Phylogeny

The following phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary relationships between the Lycalopex species, based on molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences.

Relationship with humans

The zorros are hunted in Argentina for their durable, soft pelts. They are also often labelled 'lamb-killers'.

In his diary of his well-known 1952 traveling with the young Che Guevara, Alberto Granado mentions talking with seasonal workers employed on vast sheep farms, who told him of a successful campaign by the ranch owners to exterminate the foxes who were preying on lambs. The ranchers offered a reward of one Argentinian peso for the body of a dead male fox and as much as five pesos for a female fox; to impoverished workers in the early 1950s, five pesos were a significant sum. Within a few years, foxes became virtually extinct in a large part of Argentina.

The Fuegian dog (Spanish: perro yagán, perro fueguino), also known as the Yaghan dog, was a domesticated form of the culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus), unlike other domesticated canids which were dogs and silver foxes. This means different canid species have been domesticated multiple times by humans independently.

References

1. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
2. ^ "Canis (Pseudalopex) australis Kerr 1792". Fossilworks. Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
3. Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
4. Lucherini, M. & Luengos Vidal, E. M. (2008). "Lycalopex gymnocercus (Carnivora: Canidae)". Mammalian Species. 820: Number 820, pp. 1–9. doi:10.1644/820.1. hdl:11336/115900.
5. ^ Vorohuen (sic; Vorohué) Formation at Fossilworks.org
6. Lucherini, M. (2016). "Lycalopex culpaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6929A85324366. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6929A85324366.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
7. Tchaicka, Ligia; Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena de; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; Novaro, Andres; Geffen, Eli; Garcez, Fabricio Silva; Johnson, Warren E.; Wayne, Robert K.; Eizirik, Eduardo (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189. PMC 5004827. PMID 27560989.
8. TRAVELLING WITH CHE GUEVARA by Alberto Granado
9. Petrigh, Romina S.; Fugassa, Martin H. (December 13, 2013). "Molecular identification of a Fuegian dog belonging to the Fagnano Regional Museum ethnographic collection, Tierra del Fuego" (PDF). Quaternary International. 317: 14–18. Bibcode:2013QuInt.317...14P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.030. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2020.

Further reading

• Nowak, Ronald M. (2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 0-8018-8032-7

v t e Extinct Canidae
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Caniformia
Canidae Canidae †Prohesperocyon †Hesperocyoninae Hesperocyon Mesocyon Cynodesmus Sunkahetanka Philotrox Enhydrocyon Paraenhydrocyon Caedocyon Ectopocynus Osbornodon O. brachypus O. fricki O. iamonensis O. renjiei O. sesnoni O. scitulus O. wangi †Borophaginae Archaeocyon Oxetocyon Otarocyon Rhizocyon Phlaocyonini Cynarctoides Phlaocyon P. achoros P. annectens P. latidens P. leucosteus P. mariae P. marslandensis P. minor P. multicuspus P. taylori P. yatkolai Borophagini Cormocyon Desmocyon Metatomarctus Euoplocyon Psalidocyon Microtomarctus Protomarctus Tephrocyon Cynarctina Paracynarctus Cynarctus Aelurodontina Tomarctus Aelurodon Borophagina Paratomarctus Carpocyon Protepicyon Epicyon Borophagus B. diversidens B. dudleyi B. hilli B. littoralis B. orc B. parvus B. pugnator B. secundus Caninae see below↓
Caninae Caninae †Leptocyon †Metalopex Urocyon †U. citrinus †U. galushai †U. minicephalus †U. progressus †U. webbi Vulpini †Ferrucyon †Prototocyon Nyctereutes (raccoon dogs) †N. abdeslami †N. donnezani †N. lockwoodi †N. megamastoides †N. sinensis †N. tingi †N. vinetorum Vulpes (true foxes) †V. hassani †V. odessana †V. praeglacialis †V. qiuzhudingi †V. riffautae †V. rooki †V. skinneri †V. stenognathus †V. gigas Canini (true dogs) †Canis gezi †Nurocyon Cerdocyonina (zorro) †Protocyon †Theriodictis Speothos †Pleistocene bush dog (S. pacivorus) †Dusicyon Falkland Islands wolf (D. australis) D. avus D. cultridens Lycalopex (South American foxes) †L. cultridens (?) †L. ensenadensis Canina (wolf-like canids) see below↓
Canina (wolf-like canids) Canina †Dire wolf (Aenocyon) †Sardinian dhole (Cynotherium) †Trinil dog (Mececyon) †Merriam's dog (Megacyon) †Xenocyon †Eucyon E. davisi E. debonisi E. ferox E. intrepidus E. khoikhoi E. kuta E. marinae E. minor E. monticinensis E. skinneri E. wokari E. zhoui Lycaon †L. magnus †L. sekowei Dhole (Cuon alpinus) †C. a. antiquus †C. a. caucasicus †European dhole (C. a. europaeus) †Tien Shan dhole (C. a. hesperius) Canis †C. adoxus †C. antonii †C. apolloniensis †Armbruster's wolf (C. armbrusteri) †C. arnensis †C. borjgali †C. cedazoensis †C. chihliensis †Edward's wolf (C. edwardii) †Etruscan wolf (C. etruscus) †C. lepophagus †Mosbach wolf (C. mosbachensis) †C. nehringi †C. palmidens †C. variabilis Coyote (C. latrans) †Pleistocene coyote (C. l. orcutti) Red wolf (C. rufus) †Florida black wolf (C. r. floridanus) †Gregory's wolf (C. r. gregoryi) Wolf (C. lupus) †Prehistoric C. l. bohemica C. l. lunellensis C. l. maximus C. l. santenaisiensis Cave wolf (C. l. spelaeus) Beringian wolf †Recently extinct Sicilian wolf (C. l. cristaldii) Hokkaido wolf (C. l. hattai) Japanese wolf (C. l. hodophilax) Austro-Hungarian wolf Synonymized under C. l. arctos: Bernard's wolf (C. l. bernardi) Synonymized under C. l. occidentalis: Kenai Peninsula wolf (C. l. alces) Manitoba wolf (C. l. griseoalbus) Synonymized under C. l. nubilus: Newfoundland wolf (C. l. beothucus) Cascade mountain wolf (C. l. fuscus) Mogollon mountain wolf (C. l. mogollonensis) Texas wolf (C. l. monstrabilis) Southern Rocky Mountain wolf (C. l. youngi)
See also: Evolution of the wolf Category:Extinct canids

• South American foxes
• Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister