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Papyrus 𝔓

New Testament manuscript
recto with text of Eph 4:16-29
Name	Papyrus Yale 415
Text	Epistle to the Ephesians 4–5 †
Date	3rd century
Script	Greek
Found	Egypt
Now at	Yale University Library
Cite	W. H. P. Hatch and C. B. Welles, A Hitherto Unpublished Fragment of the Epistle to the Ephesians, HTR LI (1958), pp. 33-37.
Size	18 x 25
Type	Alexandrian text-type
Category	I

Papyrus 49 (Gregory-Aland), designated by 𝔓, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Ephesians, surviving in a fragmentary condition. The manuscript has been palaeographically assigned to the 3rd century. It was probably a part of the same manuscript as Papyrus 65. It came from Egypt and was purchased for the Yale University Library. Textually it is close to the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus. The text of the manuscript has been published several times.

Description

The original size of the leaf was 18 centimetres (7.1 in) in height by 25 centimetres (9.8 in) in width. The leaf is damaged at the top, and six lines of its text have been lost. At the present time the leaf measures 20.3 by 13.3 cm (8.0 by 5.2 in). The lower and outer margins are 3 centimetres (1.2 in); the upper and inner margins were lost.

The manuscript has survived in a fragmentary condition and contains the texts of Ephesians 4:16-29; 4:31–5:13. According to Kurt Aland, it is one of three early manuscripts with the text of the Epistle to the Ephesians.

The text is written in one column per page of 29 lines, with 38 letters per line (average). It has no breathings (spiritus asper, spiritus lenis) nor accents. The double point (:) is the only mark of punctuation. The letters are slightly inclined to the right; the writing shows the influence of cursive handwriting. It was written by a professional scribe. The nomina sacra are written in an abbreviated way.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland ascribed it as "at least Normal text", and placed it in Category I. Bruce M. Metzger identifies it as Alexandrian text. According to Philip Comfort and David Barrett the manuscript shows a strong agreement with Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus (in 14 out of 16 textual variants).

According to Comfort, 𝔓 and 𝔓 came from the same manuscript. Both manuscripts have the same measurements, and the same number of lines per page. Both were written by a documentary hand, both manifest the same formation of certain letters, such as titled lambda, titled sigma, extended iota, and toiled ypsilon. The nomina sacra and abbreviations are written in the same rather unusual way. Bradford Welles remarks that "there is not a single case of difference in the letter shapes in the two papyri". Neither use ligatures. The only difference is in the number of letters per line: 𝔓 has more letters per line (42). The same situation exists in Papyrus 75. The scribe of 𝔓 appears to have realized that he was running out of room in his codex and added three letters in each line and even added extra lines. The manuscript may be one of the earliest manuscripts to display a complete Pauline codex, along with Papyrus 13, Papyrus 15/Papyrus 16, Papyrus 30, Papyrus 46, and Papyrus 92.

Textual variants

In Ephesians 4:23, 𝔓 has the rare textual reading εν τω πνευματι (in spirit) instead of the reading τω πνευματι (spirit). The reading of the codex is supported by Codex Vaticanus, minuscule 33, 1175, 1739, 1881 and several other manuscripts.

In Ephesians 4:28, it has the unusual textual reading ταις χερσιν το αγαθον, supported only by ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}^{46}}$, second corrector of the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Vaticanus, Old-Latin a, and vgst. The rest of the manuscripts have the readings: το αγαθον (Porphyrianus, minuscule 6, 33, 1739, 1881); το αγαθον ταις χερσιν (Angelicus, Athous Lavrensis, 323, 326, 614, 630, 945); το αγαθον ταις ιδιαις χερσιν (Codex Mosquensis I, 2495); ταις ιδιαις χερσιν το αγαθον (Codex Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Codex Bezae, Augiensis, Boernerianus, 81, 104, 365, 1175, 1241, 2464, vg).

In Ephesians 5:4, it has the textual reading και (and), supported by ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}^{46}}$, first corrector of the Codex Sinaiticus (א), Codex Vaticanus, second corrector of the Codex Bezae, manuscripts of the Byzantine textual tradition, Peshitta, Coptic manuscripts in Bohairic dialect; the other reading η (or) is supported by Codex Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Bezae, Augiensis, Boernerianus, Porphyrianus, minuscule 81, 104, 326, 365, 1175, 1241, 1739, 2464, Old-Latin manuscripts, syr, and Coptic manuscripts in Sahidic dialect.

In Ephesians 5:5, it has the textual reading ο εστιν (who is), supported by the manuscripts: ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}^{46}}$, Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, Augiensis, Boernerianus, Athous Lavrensis, 33, 365, 1175, 1739, 1881, 2464, Old-Latin, Peshitta, Coptic manuscripts (Sahidic and Bohairic); the other reading ος εστιν (who is) is supported by Codex Alexandrinus, Codex Bezae, and manuscripts of the Byzantine textual tradition.

In Ephesians 5:9, it has the textual reading φωτος (light), supported by Codex Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Bezae, Augiensis, Boernerianus, Porphyrianus, minuscule 6, 33, 81, 629, 1175, 1739, 1881, 2464, some Old-Latin manuscripts, Peshitta and Coptic manuscripts. The reading πνευματος (spirit) is found in the manuscripts ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}^{46}}$, D, Ψ, majority of the Byzantine manuscripts and syr.

History

The handwriting of the manuscript displays many third-century features. Comfort dated the manuscript to the middle of the third century. It is presently assigned to the third century on palaeographic grounds by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research (INTF). It was probably written in Egypt, but it cannot be assigned to any particular locality.

The manuscript was purchased in Cairo for Yale University in February 1931. Its provenance prior to Cairo is not known. Currently it is housed at the Yale University Library (P. Yale 415) in New Haven.

The text of the codex was published by William Hatch and Bradford Welles in 1958 (editio princeps). Kurt Aland catalogued the manuscript on the list of the New Testament papyri under the number 49. Susan Stephens gave a new and complete transcription of the codex in 1985. Comfort and Barrett again gave a new reconstruction in 1999.

Vittorio Bartoletti (1920–1990) was the first to note that Papyrus 49 and Papyrus 65 were produced by the same scribe. This conclusion was confirmed by Bradford Welles, Comfort and Barrett, and other palaeographers. They are still catalogued as separate manuscripts on the INTF's list.

Text

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– ε̣ν̣ αγαπυ̣το̣ ο̣υ̣ν λ̣[εγω και

μαρτυρομ]α̣ι εν κ̅ω̅ μη̣κετι υε̣ρ̣π̣ατ

ε̣θνη ·περιπατει εν̣ η̣τ̣ι του

αυτων εσκοτωμενοι τη ·δνο̣ι̣α οντες

λοτριωμ̣ενοι της ζωης του θ̅υ̅ δ̣ια την αγνοι

ν̣ ουσαν εν ·αυτοις δια τ̣η̣ω̣σιν της

ς αυ̣των̣ οιτινες απηλ ε̣αυτους

ω̣καν τη̣ ·α̣σελγια ε̣ι εργα̣ α̣καθαρ

ν̣ε̣ξ̣ια υμ̣ ο̣υ̣χ̣ ουτως

α̣υτον ηκ̣ε̣ και εν αυτω

ν̣ α̣λ̣η̣θ̣ε̣ι̣α̣ ε̣ν̣ ι̣̅̅υ̅ π̣οθεσθε

ν̣ προναστροφη̣ν̣ παλαιον αν

φ̣θ̣ε̣ι̣ρομενον κατα ταπ̣ιθυμιας της

νεο̣υσθαι δε εν τω π̅ν̣̅υ νοος ·υμων

θ̣α̣ι̣ τ̣ον καινον ανθ̣ν̣ τον κατα

θ̣εντ̣α εν δικαιοσυνη̣ τ̣ι̣ της αλη

ο̣ αποθ̣εμενοι το ψευδ̣τ̣ι̣ ·αληθειαν

ε̣τ̣α του̣ πλησιον αυτ̣ α̣λ̣λ̣η̣λ̣ων

ρ̣γιζ̣ε̣σθαι και μη̣ αμαρ̣τ̣ανα̣ι ο ηλιος

ι̣δυετω επι παρο̣ι̣σμω ·υμω̣ν̣ μηδε

οπον τω διαβολ̣ω̣ ο κλεπτων μηκετει

ω μαλλον δο̣πιατω εργ̣ζ̣ομενος

ν̣ το ·αγαθον ινα εχη με̣δ̣ιδο̣να̣ι

ν̣ ·εχοντι πας λογος σαπρος κ̣ του στομα

τος υμων

ρισατο ημεε̣ ουν μιμηται του θ̅υ̅ ω̣ς̣ τ̣ε̣ αγα

πητα κα̣ π̣ε̣πατειται εν αγαπη καθως κ

ο χ̅ς̅ ηγαπησε ·ας και παρεδωκε εαυτον

ημων πρ̣ον̣ κ̣α̣ι θυσιαν τω θ̅ω̅ ε̣ς̣ οσμη

διας πορν κ̣αι ακαθαρσια πασα̣ η ·π̣λ̣ε[ο

ν]εξεια μη̣δ̣μ̣αζεσθω εν υμιν̣ α̣θως π ·

αγιοις και εσ̣ης και μ̣ω̣

ουκ α̣νηκεν̣ α̣λ̣λ̣α̣λ̣

ειστε γιν̣ωσκ̣ντ̣ οτι π̣α̣α

η πλεονεκτη̣ς̣ ο̣ τ̣ιν ειδωλο̣λ̣α̣τ̣ρ̣η̣ς̣ ου̣

κληρονομεια εν̣ βασιλεια του χυ̅ κ̣α̣ι θ̅υ̣̅

υμας απ̣ατατ̣ω̣ ν̣οις ·λογοις δια τ̣α̣υτ̣α̣

τε η̣ οργη του̣ θ̣ τους̣ υ̣ιο̣υς της απισ̣τι̣α

ουν γινεσθ̣οχ̣ ·α̣υ̣των ητε γαρ π̣

σκοτος νς̣ ε̣ν̣ ·κ̅ω̅ ως̣ τεκ̣α φ̣

ριπατειτ̣ε̣ ο̣ς̣ τ̣ο̣υ φωτος εν πα̣

θοσυνη και δ̣ιοσυν̣η κ̣α̣ι̣ αληθεια δ̣οκι

ζοντες τι εστ̣ν ευα̣ρεσν̣ τω κ̅ω̅ και μη

κοινωνειται το̣ις εργοις τ α̣καρποις του σ̣κ̣

μαλλον δε κ̣ι̣ ελλεγχετ̣ τ̣α κρυφη γινο̣

υπ ·αυτων σχ̣ρον εστιν και ·λεγειν τα̣

τα ελλεγχοενα υπο του φωτος φανερ

See also

• List of New Testament papyri

References

1. Brent Nongbri, "A Papyrus Codex of Paul’s Letters in Greek: Another Look at PSI XIV 1373 (P65) and P.Yale I 2 + II 86 (P49)," Novum Testamentum 66 (2024), pp. 499-514, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-bja10082.
2. ^ Comfort, Philip W.; David P. Barrett (2001). The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
3. ^ W. H. P. Hatch & C. B. Welles, A Hitherto Unpublished Fragment of the Epistle to the Ephesians, HTR 51 (1958), 33-37.
4. ^ Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
5. ^ "Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
6. "Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
7. Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
8. ^ Comfort, Philip W.; David P. Barrett (2001). The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
9. Philip W. Comfort, Encountering the Manuscripts. An Introduction to New Testament Paleography & Textual Criticism, Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2005, p. 68-69.
10. Klaus Wachtel, Klaus Witte, Das Neue Testament auf Papyrus: Gal., Eph., Phil., Kol., 1. u. 2. Thess., 1. u. 2 Tim., Tit., Phlm., Hebr, Walter de Gruyter, 1994, p. LXI.
11. ^ K. Aland (ed.), E. Nestle (1991). Novum Testamentum Graece (ed. 26). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 510. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
12. ^ K. Aland (ed.), E. Nestle (1991). Novum Testamentum Graece (ed. 26). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 511. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
13. Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
14. Comfort, Philip W.; David P. Barrett (2001). The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated. pp. 355–361. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
15. Vittorio Bartoletti, Papiri greci e latini della Società Italiana, vol. XIV, (1957), pp. 5-7.
16. "Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 26 August 2011.

Further reading

• W. H. P. Hatch and C. Bradford Welles, A Hitherto Unpublished Fragment of the Epistle to the Ephesians, Harvard Theological Review LI (1958), pp. 33–37.
• Comfort, Philip W.; David P. Barrett (2001). The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated. pp. 355–361. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.

External links

[REDACTED] Media related to Papyrus 49 at Wikimedia Commons

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