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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Find sources: "S4 Index" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024)

The ${\displaystyle S_{4}}$ Index is a standard index used to measure ionospheric disturbances. It is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation of signal intensity to the average signal intensity.

Real Time data

This parameter is displayed in real time by many institutions:

• at Arecibo Observatory
• at Cornell University
• at INPE, in Brasil

References

1. Basu, Santimay; Basu, Sunanda. Scintillation technique for probing Ionospheric irregularities. p. 128.

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