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In mathematics, given a quiver Q with set of vertices Q₀ and set of arrows Q₁, a representation of Q assigns a vector space V_i to each vertex and a linear map V(α): V(s(α)) → V(t(α)) to each arrow α, where s(α), t(α) are the starting and the ending vertices of α. Given an element d ∈ ${\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }$, the set of representations of Q with dim V_i = d(i) for each i has a vector space structure.

It is naturally endowed with an action of the algebraic group Π_i∈Q0 GL(d(i)) by simultaneous base change. Such action induces one on the ring of functions. The ones which are invariants up to a character of the group are called semi-invariants. They form a ring whose structure reflects representation-theoretical properties of the quiver.

Definitions

Let Q = (Q₀,Q₁,s,t) be a quiver. Consider a dimension vector d, that is an element in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }$. The set of d-dimensional representations is given by

${\displaystyle \operatorname {Rep} (Q,\mathbf {d} ):=\{V\in \operatorname {Rep} (Q):V_{i}=\mathbf {d} (i)\}}$

Once fixed bases for each vector space V_i this can be identified with the vector space

${\displaystyle \bigoplus _{\alpha \in Q_{1}}\operatorname {Hom} _{k}(k^{\mathbf {d} (s(\alpha ))},k^{\mathbf {d} (t(\alpha ))})}$

Such affine variety is endowed with an action of the algebraic group GL(d) := Π_i∈Q0 GL(d(i)) by simultaneous base change on each vertex:

${\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccc}GL(\mathbf {d} )\times \operatorname {Rep} (Q,\mathbf {d} )&\longrightarrow &\operatorname {Rep} (Q,\mathbf {d} )\\{\Big (}(g_{i}),(V_{i},V(\alpha )){\Big )}&\longmapsto &(V_{i},g_{t(\alpha )}\cdot V(\alpha )\cdot g_{s(\alpha )}^{-1})\end{array}}}$

By definition two modules M,N ∈ Rep(Q,d) are isomorphic if and only if their GL(d)-orbits coincide.

We have an induced action on the coordinate ring k by defining:

${\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccc}GL(\mathbf {d} )\times k&\longrightarrow &k\\(g,f)&\longmapsto &g\cdot f(-):=f(g^{-1}.-)\end{array}}}$

Polynomial invariants

An element f ∈ k is called an invariant (with respect to GL(d)) if g⋅f = f for any g ∈ GL(d). The set of invariants

${\displaystyle I(Q,\mathbf {d} ):=k^{GL(\mathbf {d} )}}$

is in general a subalgebra of k.

Example

Consider the 1-loop quiver Q:

For d = (n) the representation space is End(k) and the action of GL(n) is given by usual conjugation. The invariant ring is

${\displaystyle I(Q,\mathbf {d} )=k}$

where the c_is are defined, for any A ∈ End(k), as the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial

${\displaystyle \det(A-t\mathbb {I} )=t^{n}-c_{1}(A)t^{n-1}+\cdots +(-1)^{n}c_{n}(A)}$

Semi-invariants

In case Q has neither loops nor cycles, the variety k has a unique closed orbit corresponding to the unique d-dimensional semi-simple representation, therefore any invariant function is constant.

Elements which are invariants with respect to the subgroup SL(d) := Π_i∈Q0 SL(d(i)) form a ring, SI(Q,d), with a richer structure called ring of semi-invariants. It decomposes as

${\displaystyle SI(Q,\mathbf {d} )=\bigoplus _{\sigma \in \mathbb {Z} ^{Q_{0}}}SI(Q,\mathbf {d} )_{\sigma }}$

where

${\displaystyle SI(Q,\mathbf {d} )_{\sigma }:=\{f\in k:g\cdot f=\prod _{i\in Q_{0}}\det(g_{i})^{\sigma _{i}}f,\forall g\in GL(\mathbf {d} )\}.}$

A function belonging to SI(Q,d)_σ is called semi-invariant of weight σ.

Example

Consider the quiver Q:

${\displaystyle 1{\xrightarrow {\ \ \alpha \ }}2}$

Fix d = (n,n). In this case k is congruent to the set of n-by-n matrices: M(n). The function defined, for any B ∈ M(n), as det(B(α)) is a semi-invariant of weight (u,−u) in fact

${\displaystyle (g_{1},g_{2})\cdot {\det }^{u}(B)={\det }^{u}(g_{2}^{-1}Bg_{1})={\det }^{u}(g_{1}){\det }^{-u}(g_{2}){\det }^{u}(B)}$

The ring of semi-invariants equals the polynomial ring generated by det, i.e.

${\displaystyle {\mathsf {SI}}(Q,\mathbf {d} )=k}$

Characterization of representation type through semi-invariant theory

For quivers of finite representation-type, that is to say Dynkin quivers, the vector space k admits an open dense orbit. In other words, it is a prehomogenous vector space. Sato and Kimura described the ring of semi-invariants in such case.

Sato–Kimura theorem

Let Q be a Dynkin quiver, d a dimension vector. Let Σ be the set of weights σ such that there exists f_σ ∈ SI(Q,d)_σ non-zero and irreducible. Then the following properties hold true.

i) For every weight σ we have dim_k SI(Q,d)_σ ≤ 1.

ii) All weights in Σ are linearly independent over ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }$.

iii) SI(Q,d) is the polynomial ring generated by the f_σ's, σ ∈ Σ.

Furthermore, we have an interpretation for the generators of this polynomial algebra. Let O be the open orbit, then k \ O = Z₁ ∪ ... ∪ Z_t where each Z_i is closed and irreducible. We can assume that the Z_is are arranged in increasing order with respect to the codimension so that the first l have codimension one and Z_i is the zero-set of the irreducible polynomial f₁, then SI(Q,d) = k.

Example

In the example above the action of GL(n,n) has an open orbit on M(n) consisting of invertible matrices. Then we immediately recover SI(Q,(n,n)) = k.

Skowronski–Weyman provided a geometric characterization of the class of tame quivers (i.e. Dynkin and Euclidean quivers) in terms of semi-invariants.

Skowronski–Weyman theorem

Let Q be a finite connected quiver. The following are equivalent:

i) Q is either a Dynkin quiver or a Euclidean quiver.

ii) For each dimension vector d, the algebra SI(Q,d) is complete intersection.

iii) For each dimension vector d, the algebra SI(Q,d) is either a polynomial algebra or a hypersurface.

Example

Consider the Euclidean quiver Q:

Pick the dimension vector d = (1,1,1,1,2). An element V ∈ k can be identified with a quadruple (A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄) of matrices in M(1,2). Call D_i,j the function defined on each V as det(A_i,A_j). Such functions generate the ring of semi-invariants:

${\displaystyle SI(Q,\mathbf {d} )={\frac {k}{D_{1,2}D_{3,4}+D_{1,4}D_{2,3}-D_{1,3}D_{2,4}}}}$

See also

• Wild problem

References

• Derksen, H.; Weyman, J. (2000), "Semi-invariants of quivers and saturation for Littlewood–Richardson coefficients.", J. Amer. Math. Soc., 3 (13): 467–479, doi:10.1090/S0894-0347-00-00331-3, MR 1758750
• Sato, M.; Kimura, T. (1977), "A classification of irreducible prehomogeneous vector spaces and their relative invariants.", Nagoya Math. J., 65: 1–155, doi:10.1017/S0027763000017633, MR 0430336
• Skowronski, A.; Weyman, J. (2000), "The algebras of semi-invariants of quivers.", Transform. Groups, 5 (4): 361–402, doi:10.1007/bf01234798, MR 1800533, S2CID 120708005

• Directed graphs
• Invariant theory
• Representation theory