Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible

Differences in Hebrew Bible manuscripts

This article is about the (Jewish) Tanakh or Old Testament. For the (Christian) New Testament, see Textual variants in the New Testament.

Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to the text that is being reproduced. Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) has included study of its textual variants.

Although the Masoretic Text (MT) counts as the authoritative form of the Hebrew Bible according to Rabbinic Judaism, modern scholars seeking to understand the history of the Hebrew Bible use a range of sources. These include the Greek Septuagint (LXX), the Syriac language Peshitta translation, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea Scrolls collection, and quotations from rabbinic manuscripts. These sources may be older than the Masoretic Text in some cases, and often differ from it. These differences have given rise to the theory that yet another text, an Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, once existed and is the source of the versions extant today. However, such an Urtext has never been found, and which of the three commonly known versions (Septuagint, Masoretic Text, Samaritan Pentateuch) is closest to the Urtext is debated.

Legend

Frequently used sigla (symbols and abbreviations) of Hebrew Bible manuscripts and editions include:

א: Codex Sinaiticus

A: Codex Alexandrinus

B: Codex Vaticanus (Roman Septuagint)

C: Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus

ABP: Apostolic Bible Polyglot

AC: Aleppo Codex

BHS: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia

Brenton: Brenton's Septuagint Translation 1879

LC: Leningrad Codex

LXX: Septuagint (list)

LXX: Rahlfs' Septuagint 1935

LXX: Swete's Septuagint 1930

K: ketiv

Kennicott: Kennicott's Vetus Test. Hebraicum

MAM: Miqra according to the Masorah

m.: Mishna

MT or 𝕸: Masoretic Text

MT: C.D. Ginsburg's Masoretic Text

OL or

: Old Latin / Vetus Latina (list)

Q: qere

xQx: Dead Sea Scrolls (list)

S: Peshitta

SP: Samaritan Pentateuch

Tg: Targum

Tg: Targum Berlin Orientalis 1213

Tg: Targum Jonathan

Tg: Targum Onqelos

Tg: Targum Neofiti

Tg: Targum Pseudo-Jonathan

Vg: Vulgate (list)

Vg: Clementine Vulgate 1592

Vg: A. Colunga & L. Turrado's Vulgata 1946

Vg: Nova Vulgata 1979

WLC: Westminster Leningrad Codex

List

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This list provides examples of known textual variants, and contains the following parameters: Hebrew texts written right to left, the Hebrew text romanised left to right, an approximate English translation, and which Hebrew manuscripts or critical editions of the Hebrew Bible this textual variant can be found in. Greek (Septuagint) and Latin (Vulgate) texts are written left to right, and not romanised. Sometimes additional translation or interpretation notes are added, with references to similar verses elsewhere, or in-depth articles on the topic in question.

Book of Genesis

Main article: Textual variants in the Book of Genesis

Genesis 1

Genesis 1:1, see also In the beginning (phrase)

בראשית‎, bə-rê-šîṯ, 'In beginning' – MT 4QGen (4QGen) SP

ברשית֯‎, bršîṯ – 4QGen

ἐν ἀρχῇ, 'In beginning' – LXX LXX ABP

In principio, 'In beginning' – Vg

Genesis 1:1, see also Elohim and Names of God in Judaism § Elohim

אֱלֹהִ֑ים‎, 'ĕ-lō-hîm (' gods' or 'God') – MT (4QGen) 4QGen SP. Grammatically speaking, the word elohim is a masculine plural noun meaning "gods", but it is often translated as singular and capitalised as Elohim, meaning "God".

ο θεός, 'the god' – ABP

Deus, 'God' – Vg

Genesis 1:1, see also Heaven in Judaism

הַשָּׁמַיִם‎, haš-šā-ma-yim, 'the heavens' – MT 4QGen SP

τὸν οὐρανὸν, 'the heaven' – LXX ABP

caelum, '(the) heaven' – Vg

Genesis 1:2, see also Tohu wa-bohu

וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָיְתָ֥ה תֹ֙הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ‎, wə·hā·'ā·reṣ hā·yə·ṯāh ṯō·hū wā·ḇō·hū, 'and the earth was formless and void,' – MT (4QGen) SP

ἡ δὲ γῆ ἦν ἀόρατος καὶ ἀκατασκεύαστος, 'but the earth was unseeable and unfashioned' – LXX ABP

Terra autem erat inanis et vacua, 'But the earth was lifeless and empty' – Vg

Genesis 1:7

ויבדל‎, way·yaḇ·dêl, 'and divided' – MT (4QGen) 4QGen SP Damascus Pent. Codex

καὶ διεχώρισεν ὁ θεὸς, 'and the god parted' – LXX ABP

divisitque, 'and divided' – Vg

Genesis 1:7

וַֽיְהִי־כֵֽן‎, way·hî-ḵên., 'and it was so.' – MT 4QGen 4QGen SP Damascus Pent. Codex

Et factum est ita., 'And so it was done.' – Vg

omitted – LXX ABP

Genesis 1:9

מָקֹ֣ום‎, mā·qō·wm, 'place' – MT 4QGen Damascus Pent. Codex SP. The Yiddish word Mokum ("city") is derived from Makom.

מקוה‎, mikvé, 'ritual bath' – 4QGen. A mikveh is a ritual bath in modern Judaism.

συναγωγην, 'gathering' – LXX ABP. The English word "synagogue" is derived from συναγωγή.

locum, 'place' – Vg The English word "location" is derived from locus.

Genesis 1:9

και συνηχθη το νδωρ το υποκατω του ουρανου εις τας συναγωγας αυτών και ωφθη η ζηρα, 'And the water underneath the heaven gathered together into their gatherings, and the dry appeared.' – LXX ABP. Compare Book of Jubilees 2:6.

omitted – 4QGen MT SP Damascus Pent. Codex Vg

Genesis 2

Genesis 2:4, see also toledot

אֵ֣לֶּה תֹולְדֹ֧ות‎, 'êl-leh ṯō-wl-ḏō-wṯ, 'These the generations' – MT

תולדת‎, ' the outcome' – SP Kennicott

Αὕτη ἡ βίβλος γενέσεως, 'This is the book of the origin' – LXX ABP

Istae sunt generationes, 'Those are (the) generations' – Vg

Genesis 2:4

עֲשֹׂ֛ות יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים‎, 'ă-śō-wṯ Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm, ' Yahweh the god made' – MT SP

εποίησε ο θεός, ' the god made' – LXX ABP

ἐποίησεν Κύριος ὁ θεὸς, ' Lord the god made' – LXX

quo fecit Dominus Deus, 'which (the) Lord God made' – Vg

Genesis 2:4

אֶ֥רֶץ וְשָׁמָֽיִם‎, 'e-reṣ wə-šā-mā-yim., ' earth and heavens' – MT

שמימ וארץ‎, ' heavens and earth' – SP

τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν, 'the heaven and the earth' – LXX LXX ABP

caelum et terram, '(the) heaven and (the) earth' – Vg

Genesis 2:5

יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים‎, Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm, 'Yahweh the god' – MT SP

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – LXX LXX

κύριος ο θεός, 'lord the god' – ABP

Dominus Deus, '(the) Lord God' – Vg

Genesis 2:7, see also Soul in the Bible § Genesis 2:7

וַיִּיצֶר֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶת־ הָֽאָדָ֗ם עָפָר֙ מִן־ הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה‎, way-yî-ṣer Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm 'eṯ-hā-'ā-ḏām, 'ā-p̄ār min-hā-'ă-ḏā-māh,, 'And god Yahweh formed man the dust of the ground/earth' – MT SP.

There is a word play between אָדָם‎, ā-ḏām ("man", "human", later usually simply translated as the personal name "Adam") and אֲדָמָה‎, 'ă-ḏā-māh, 'ground, earth'.

καὶ ἔπλασεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον χοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς·, 'And the god shaped the dust man from the earth' – LXX

καὶ ἔπλασεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον χοῦν λαβών ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, 'And the god shaped the man taking dust from the earth' – ABP

Formavit igitur Dominus Deus hominem de limo terrae, 'Therefore, (the) Lord God formed the human/man with the earth's mud/clay' – Vg

Genesis 2:8

יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים‎, Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm, 'Yahweh the god' – MT SP

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – ABP

κύριος ο θεός, 'lord the god' – LXX

Κύριος ὁ θεὸς, 'Lord the god' – LXX

Dominus Deus, '(the) Lord God' – Vg

Genesis 2:8, see also Garden of Eden

גַּן־בְּעֵ֖דֶן מִקֶּ֑דֶם‎, gan- bə-'ê-ḏen miq-qe-ḏem;, 'a garden in Eden in the east'

παράδεισον ἐν Ἔδεμ κατὰ ἀνατολάς, 'paradise in Edem according to the east' – LXX

παράδεισον ἐν Ἔδεν κατὰ ἀνατολάς, 'paradise in Eden according to the east' – ABP

paradisum voluptatis a principio, 'paradise of pleasure from the beginning' – Vg

Genesis 2:9

יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים‎, Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm, 'Yahweh the god' – MT SP

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – LXX LXX ABP

Dominus Deus, '(the) Lord God' – Vg

Genesis 2:9

omitted – MT

את‎, et, 'with' – SP

Genesis 2:13

אֶ֥רֶץ כּֽוּשׁ׃‎, 'e·reṣ kūš., ' land of Cush. or black land.' – MT

τὴν γῆν Αἰθιοπίας., 'the land of Ethiopia.' – LXX ABP

terram AEthiopiae., 'the land of Ethiopia.' – Vg

See also Cush (Bible), Rivers of Paradise, and Gihon.

Genesis 2:16, see also Adam

עַל־הָֽאָדָ֖ם‎, 'al-hā-'ā-ḏām, '(to) the man' – WLC

τῷ Ἀδὰμ, 'to Adam' – LXX LXX ABP

ei, 'to him' – Vg

Compare Genesis 2:18

Genesis 2:17, see also tree of the knowledge of good and evil

אֲכָלְךָ֥‎, 'ă-ḵā-lə-ḵā, 'that you eat ' – WLC

φάγησθε, ' should eat ' – LXX

φάγητε, ' should eat ' – ABP

comederis, ' shall/should eat [future active indicative/subjunctive singular)' – Vg

Genesis 2:18, see also Adam

הָֽאָדָ֖ם‎, hā-'ā-ḏām, 'the man' – WLC

τὸν ἄνθρωπον, 'the man' – LXX LXX ABP

hominem, ' man' – Vg

Compare Genesis 2:16

Genesis 2:18, see also Eve

אֶֽעֱשֶׂהּ־‎, 'e-'ĕ-śeh-, 'I will make' – WLC

ποιήσωμεν, 'let make' – LXX LXX ABP

faciamus, 'let make' – Vg

Genesis 2:23, see also Eve

לְזֹאת֙ יִקָּרֵ֣א אִשָּׁ֔ה‎, lə-zōṯ yiq-qā-rê 'iš-šāh, 'this shall be called woman' – WLC

αὕτη κληθήσεται γυνή, 'she shall be called woman' – LXX ABP

αὕτη κληθήσεται Γυνή, 'she shall be called Woman' – LXX

haec vocabitur Virago, 'she will be called Woman' – Vg

Genesis 2:23, see also Eve

αὐτῆς ἐλήμφθη αὕτη, 'she was taken her' – LXX LXX (Koine Greek spelling)

αυτής ελήφθη, 'she was taken' – ABP (classical Greek spelling)

Genesis 2:24, see also Eve

אֶת־אָבִ֖יו וְאֶת־אִמֹּ֑ו‎, 'eṯ-'ā-ḇîw wə-'eṯ- 'im-mōw, 'his father and mother' – WLC

τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ, 'his father and his mother' – LXX LXX

τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν μητέρα, 'his father and mother' – ABP

patrem suum, et matrem,, 'his father, and mother,' – Vg

Genesis 2:25

scilicet, 'of course' – Vg

omitted – WLC LXX LXX ABP

Genesis 3

Genesis 3:20, see also Eve

וַיִּקְרָ֧א הָֽאָדָ֛ם שֵׁ֥ם אִשְׁתֹּ֖ו חַוָּ֑ה‎, way-yiq-rā hā-'ā-ḏām šêm 'iš-tōw ḥaw-wāh, 'And the man called the name of his wife Hawwah' – WLC

Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Ἀδὰμ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς γυναικὸς Ζωή, 'And Adam called the name of the woman Zoë' – LXX

Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Ἀδὰμ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς γυναικὸς αυτού Ζωή, 'And Adam called the name of his wife Zoë' – LXX ABP

Et vocavit Adam nomen uxoris suae, Heva:, 'And Adam called name of his wife, Heva:' – Vg

Compare Genesis 4:1

Genesis 4

Genesis 4:1, see also Eve, and Cain and Abel

וְהָ֣אָדָ֔ם יָדַ֖ע אֶת־חַוָּ֣ה אִשְׁתֹּ֑ו‎, wə-hā-'ā-ḏām yā-ḏa' 'eṯ- ḥaw-wāh 'iš-tōw, 'And the man knew Hawwah his wife' – WLC

Ἀδὰμ δὲ ἔγνω Εὕαν τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, 'And Adam knew Heva his wife' – LXX

Αδαμ δὲ ἔγνω Ευαν τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, 'And Adam knew Eva his wife' – LXX ABP

Adam vero cognovit uxorem suam Hevam,, 'Adam truly knew his wife Heva,' – Vg

Compare Genesis 3:20

Genesis 4:1

יְהוָֽה׃‎, Yah-weh., 'Yahweh.' – WLC

τοῦ θεοῦ., 'the god.' – LXX LXX ABP

Deum., '(the) God.' – Vg

Genesis 4:9

יְהוָֽ׃‎, Yah-weh, 'Yahweh' – WLC

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – LXX LXX

κύριος ὁ θεὸς, 'the lord god' – ABP

Dominus, '(the) Lord' – Vg

Genesis 4:10

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – LXX LXX

κύριος, '(the) lord' – ABP

omitted – WLC Vg

Genesis 4:12, see also Curse and mark of Cain

נָ֥ע וָנָ֖ד‎, nā' wā·nāḏ, 'a fugitive and a wanderer' – WLC

στένων καὶ τρέμων, 'moaning and trembling' – LXX LXX ABP

vagus et profugus, 'wandering and (a) fugitive' – Vg

Compare Genesis 4:14

Genesis 4:13, see also Curse and mark of Cain

וַיֹּ֥אמֶר קַ֖יִן אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה גָּדֹ֥ול עֲוֹנִ֖י מִנְּשֹֽׂא׃‎, way-yō-mer qa-yin 'el- Yah-weh; gā-ḏō-wl 'ă-wō-nî min-nə-śō., 'And Cain said to Yahweh: Great is my punishment to bear.' – WLC

καὶ εἶπεν Κάιν πρὸς τὸν κύριον Μείζων ἡ αἰτία μου τοῦ ἀφεθῆναί με., 'And Cain said to (the) lord: My fault is (too) great to forgive me.' – LXX LXX ABP

Dixitque Cain ad Dominum: Major est iniquitas mea, quam ut veniam merear., 'And Cain said to (the) Lord: My iniquity is greater than that deserve pardon.' – Vg

Genesis 4:14, see also Curse and mark of Cain

נָ֥ע וָנָ֖ד‎, nā' wā-nāḏ, 'a fugitive and a wanderer' – WLC

στένων καὶ τρέμων, 'moaning and trembling' – LXX LXX ABP

vagus et profugus, 'wandering and (a) fugitive' – Vg

Compare Genesis 4:12

Genesis 4:15

יְהוָ֗ה‎, Yah-weh, 'Yahweh' – WLC

κύριος ὁ θεός, 'the lord god' – LXX LXX ABP

Dominus, '(the) Lord' – Vg

Genesis 4:15, see also Curse and mark of Cain

שִׁבְעָתַ֖יִם יֻקָּ֑ם‎, šiḇ-'ā-ṯa-yim yuq-qām, 'sevenfold vengeance shall be taken or suffer sevenfold vengeance' – WLC

ἑπτὰ ἐκδικούμενα παραλύσει, 'will be disabled/paralysed seven punishing/avenging' – LXX LXX ABP

The English verb "to paralyse" derives from the Greek verb παραλύω ("to loosen from the side, relax, enfeeble, weaken, disable, paralyse").

septuplum punietur, 'shall be punished sevenfold' – Vg

Genesis 4:16

יְהוָ֗ה‎, Yah-weh, 'Yahweh' – WLC

τοῦ θεοῦ, 'of the god' – LXX LXX ABP

Domini, 'of (the) Lord' – Vg

Genesis 4:16, see also Land of Nod

בְּאֶֽרֶץ־נֹ֖וד קִדְמַת־עֵֽדֶן׃‎, bə-'e-reṣ- nō-wḏ qiḏ-maṯ- 'ê-ḏen., 'in land (of) Nod east of Eden or front Eden.' – WLC

H6925 קִדְמָה‎ qidmah can mean both "east" and "over against" or "in front of".

ἐν γῇ Ναὶδ κατέναντι Ἔδεμ., 'in land (of) Naìd over against Edem.' – LXX LXX

εν γη Ναϊδ κατέναντι Εδέν, 'in (of) Naïd over against Eden.' – ABP

in terra ad orientalem plagam Eden., 'in (the) land to the eastern region (of) Eden.' – Vg

Genesis 4:18, see also Enoch (son of Cain), and Generations of Adam

חֲנֹוךְ֙ עִירָ֔ד מְחֽוּיָאֵ֑ל מְת֣וּשָׁאֵ֔ל לָֽמֶךְ׃‎, ḥă-nō-wḵ...'î-rāḏ...mə-ḥū-yā-'êl...mə-ṯū-šā-'êl...lā-meḵ., 'Hanowk...Irad...Mehuyael...Methushael...Lamek.' – WLC

Ἑνὼχ Γαιδάδ...Μαιήλ...Μαθουσαλά...Λάμεχ, 'Henoch Gaidad...Maiel...Mathousala...Lamech' – LXX LXX ABP

Henoch...Irad...Maviael...Mathusael...Lamech – Vg

Compare Genesis 5:6–26

Genesis 4:20

וּמִקְנֶֽה׃‎, ū-miq-neh., 'and livestock.' – WLC

κτηνοτρόφων, 'grazing cattle' – LXX LXX ABP

atque pastorum., 'and of (the) shepherds.' – Vg

Genesis 5

Genesis 5:1, see also Generations of Adam and Toledot

זֶ֣ה סֵ֔פֶר תֹּולְדֹ֖ת אָדָ֑ם‎, zeh sê-p̄er tō-wl-ḏōṯ 'ā-ḏām, 'This the book of the generations/genealogy (of) man or Adam' – WLC

Αὕτη ἡ βίβλος γενέσεως ἀνθρώπων., 'This the book of origin/birth of men or humans' – LXX LXX ABP

Hic est liber generationis Adam., 'This is book of generation/offspring (of) Adam.' – Vg

Genesis 5:2

בְּרֹ֤א אֱלֹהִים֙ אָדָ֔ם‎, bə-rō 'ĕ-lō-hîm 'ā-ḏām, '(the) god(s) created (the) man or Adam' – WLC

ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν Ἀδάμ,, 'the god made Adam,' – LXX LXX ABP

creavit Deus hominem,, 'God made (the) man or human (being)' – Vg

Genesis 5:6–26, see also Generations of Adam

אֱנֽוֹשׁ...קֵינָֽן...מַֽהֲלַלְאֵֽל...יָֽרֶד...חֲנֽוֹךְ...מְתוּשָֽׁלַח...לָֽמֶךְ‎, 'ĕ-nō-wōš...qê-nān...ma-hă-lal-'êl...yā-reḏ...ḥă-nō-wḵ...mə-ṯū-šā-laḥ...lā-meḵ, 'Enowosh...Qenan...Mahalalel...Yared...Hanowk...Methushalah...Lamek' – WLC

Ενώς...Καϊναν...Μαλελεήλ...Ιάρεδ...Ενώχ/Ἑνώχ...Μαθουσάλα...Λάμεχ, 'Enós...Kaïnan...Malaleél...Iáred...Enoch/Henoch...Mathousála...Lámech' – LXX LXX ABP

Enos...Cainan...Malaleel...Jared...Henoch...Mathusalam...Lamech – Vg

Compare Genesis 4:18

Genesis 6

Genesis 6:6, see also Genesis flood narrative

וַיִּנָּ֣חֶם יְהוָ֔ה כִּֽי־עָשָׂ֥ה אֶת־הָֽאָדָ֖ם‎, way-yin-nā-ḥem Yah-weh kî- 'ā-śāh 'eṯ- hā-'ā-ḏām, 'and Yahweh regretted that had made (the) man' – WLC

καὶ ἐνεθυμήθη ὁ θεὸς ὅτι ἐποίησεν τὸν ἄνθρωπον, 'and the god reflected upon / pondered that made the man' – LXX LXX ABP

poenituit eum quod hominum fecisset, 'he regretted which/because/that/what had made of men/humans' – Vg

Genesis 6:6, see also Genesis flood narrative

וַיִּתְעַצֵּ֖ב אֶל־לִבֹּֽו׃‎, way-yiṯ-'aṣ-ṣêḇ 'el- lib-bōw., 'and was grieved in his heart.' – WLC

καὶ διενοήθη., 'and considered it.' – LXX LXX ABP

Et tactus dolore cordis intrinsecus,, 'And touched by inner pain of heart' – Vg

Genesis 6:7, see also Genesis flood narrative

וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֗ה אֶמְחֶ֨ה אֶת־הָאָדָ֤ם‎, way-yō-mer Yah-weh 'em-ḥeh 'eṯ- hā-'ā-ḏām, 'and/so Yahweh said: I will destroy (the) man' – WLC

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός Ἀπαλείψω τὸν ἄνθρωπον, 'And the god said: I will wipe off the man' – LXX LXX ABP

Delebo, inquit, hominem,, ' will destroy, said, man,' – Vg

Genesis 6:14, see also Noah's Ark

עֲשֵׂ֤ה לְךָ֙ תֵּבַ֣ת עֲצֵי־גֹ֔פֶר‎, 'ă-śêh lə-ḵā tê-ḇaṯ 'ă-ṣê- ḡō-p̄er,, 'Make for yourself box/basket of gopher wood' – WLC

ποίησον οὖν σεαυτῷ κιβωτὸν ἐκ ξύλων τετραγώνων·, 'Then make for yourself wooden box out of four-cornered wood!' – LXX LXX ABP

Fac tibi arcam de lignis laevigatis;, 'Make for yourself chest/box of polished wood;' – Vg

In other contexts, each of the Hebrew, Greek and Latin words are used to describe a (wooden) box, basket or chest for storage. The traditionally used English word ark derives from the Latin word arca (from the verb arceō, "to keep off/away/close"), which outside of the Bible never refers to any kind of ship, but always a relatively small object for keeping items. The same nouns are used for the Ark of the Covenant. The Hebrew noun H1613 גֹ֔פֶר‎ gopher is a hapax legomenon.

Genesis 9

Genesis 9:20, see also Curse of Ham

אִ֣ישׁ הָֽאֲדָמָ֑ה‎, 'îš hā-'ă-ḏā-māh, ' man of the land/ground/earth/soil' – WLC

ἄνθρωπος γεωργὸς γῆς, ' farmer-man of land/earth/soil or tilling/working/fertilising man of land/earth/soil' – LXX LXX ABP

vir agricola exercere terram, ' farmer-man to work at land/earth/soil or man working as farmer on land/earth/soil' – Vg

Genesis 15

Genesis 15:17

וַעֲלָטָ֖ה הָיָ֑ה וְהִנֵּ֨ה תַנּ֤וּר עָשָׁן֙ וְלַפִּ֣יד אֵ֔שׁ‎, wa-'ă-lā-ṭāh hā-yāh; wə-hin-nêh ṯan-nūr 'ā-šān wə-lap-pîḏ 'êš,, 'and it became dark, behold a firepot/oven smoking and a torch burning' – WLC

φλὸξ ἐγένετο· καὶ ἰδοὺ κλίβανος καπνιζόμενος καὶ λαμπάδες πυρός,, 'a flame came/happened. And behold, an oven smoking and torches/lamps of fire' LXX Brenton ABP

facta est caligo tenebrosa, et apparuit clibanus fumans, et lampas ignis, 'a dark fog happened, and a smoking furnace appeared, and lamps of fire' – Vg

Genesis 34

Genesis 34:2

חֲמ֛וֹר הַֽחִוִּ֖י‎, ḥă-mō-wr ha-ḥiw-wî, 'Hamor the Hivite' – WLC

Ἐμμὼρ ὁ Χορραῖος, 'Emmor the Hurrian' – A LXX

Εμμώρ ο Ευαίος, 'Emmor the Evite' – Brenton ABP

Hemor Hevaei, 'Hemor of the Hevea' – Vg

Genesis 34:2, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Linguistic analysis

וַיִּקַּ֥ח אֹתָ֛הּ וַיִּשְׁכַּ֥ב אֹתָ֖הּ וַיְעַנֶּֽהָ׃‎, way-yiq-qaḥ 'ō-ṯāh way-yiš-kaḇ 'ō-ṯāh way-'an-ne-hā., 'and he took her, and he laid her, and he raped her.' – WLC

καὶ λαβὼν αὐτὴν ἐκοιμήθη μετ᾽ αὐτῆς, καὶ ἐταπείνωσεν αὐτήν., 'and taking her, slept with her, and humiliated/humbled her.' LXX Brenton ABP

adamavit eam: et rapuit, et dormivit cum illa, vi opprimens virginem., ' fell in love with her: and abducted , and slept with her, attacking/subduing/oppressing virgin by force.' – Vg

Genesis 34:3, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Linguistic analysis

וַתִּדְבַּ֣ק נַפְשֹׁ֔ו בְּדִינָ֖ה בַּֽת־יַעֲקֹ֑ב וַיֶּֽאֱהַב֙ אֶת־הַֽנַּעֲרָ֔ וַיְדַבֵּ֖ר עַל־לֵ֥ב הַֽנַּעֲרָֽ׃‎, wat-tiḏ-baq nap̄-šōw bə-ḏî-nāh baṯ- ya-'ă-qōḇ; way-ye-'ĕ-haḇ 'eṯ- han-na-'ă-rā, way-ḏab-bêr 'al- lêḇ han-na-'ă-rā., 'And he stayed with/kept Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, and he lusted after the young woman, and he tried to quiet the young woman.' – WLC

καὶ προσέσχεν τῇ ψυχῇ Δείνας τῆς θυγατρὸς Ἰακώβ, καὶ ἠγάπησεν τὴν παρθένον, καὶ ἐλάλησεν κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν τῆς παρθένου αὐτῇ, 'and clung to the breath/soul/mind/person of Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, and he took pleasure in the young woman, and he spoke against the mind of the young woman.' LXX

καὶ προσέσχε τῇ ψυχῇ Δείνας/Δίνας τῆς θυγατρὸς Ἰακώβ καὶ ἠγάπησε τὴν παρθένον καὶ ἐλάλησε κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν τῆς παρθένου αὐτῇ, 'and clung to the breath/soul/mind/person of Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, and he took pleasure in the young woman, and he spoke against the mind of the young woman.' Brenton ABP

Et conglutinata est anima ejus cum ea, tristemque delinivit blanditiis., 'And his soul was glued to her, and soothed sad one with blandishments.' – Vg

Genesis 34:3 (twice)

הנער‎, han-na-'ar, 'the young man' – MT

הנערה‎, han-na-'ă-rā,, 'the young woman' – SP

παρθένον/παρθένου, 'young woman or virgin' – LXX Brenton ABP

omitted – Vg

Genesis 34:3

על‎, 'al-, 'to' – MT

אל‎, el, 'towards' – SP

κατὰ, 'against/down/according to' – LXX Brenton ABP

omitted – Vg

Genesis 34:7, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Historical-ethical analysis

וְכֵ֖ן לֹ֥א יֵעָשֶֽׂה׃‎, wə-ḵên lō yê-'ā-śeh., 'and such should not be done' – WLC

καὶ οὐχ οὕτως ἔσται., 'And shall not be thus.' LXX Brenton ABP

rem illicitam perpetrasset., ' had perpetrated/committed illicit/unlawful act.' – Vg

Genesis 34:9, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Historical-ethical analysis

תִּקְח֥וּ לָכֶֽם׃‎, tiq-ḥū lā-ḵem., 'take to/for yourselves.' – WLC

λάβετε τοῖς υἱοῖς ὑμῶν., 'take for your sons.' – LXX Brenton ABP

accipite,, 'accept,' – Vg

Genesis 34:11

אֶתֵּֽן׃‎, 'et-tên., 'I will give.' – WLC

ἡμῖν δώσομεν., 'we will give.' – LXX

δώσομεν., ' will give.' – Brenton ABP

dabo, ' will give' – Vg

Genesis 34:14

וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֲלֵיהֶ֗ם‎, way-yō-mə-rū 'ă-lê-hem,, 'And they said to them' – WLC

καὶ εἶπαν αὐτοῖς Συμεὼν καὶ Λευὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ Δείνας υἱοὶ δὲ Λείας, 'And Simeon and Levi the brothers of Dinah sons of Leah said to them' – LXX

καὶ εἶπαν αὐτοῖς Συμεὼν καὶ Λευὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ Δείνας/Δίνας, 'And Simeon and Levi the brothers of Dinah said to them' – Brenton ABP

omitted – Vg

Genesis 34:14, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Historical-ethical analysis

לְאִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־לֹ֣ו עָרְלָ֑ה‎, lə-'îš 'ă-šer- lōw 'ā-rə-lāh;, 'to an uncircumcised man' – WLC

ἀνθρώπῳ ὃς ἔχει ἀκροβυστίαν·, 'to a man who has foreskin' – LXX Brenton ABP

homini incircumciso, 'to an uncircumcised man' – Vg

Genesis 49

Genesis 49:4

כִּ֥י עָלִ֖יתָ מִשְׁכְּבֵ֣י אָבִ֑יךָ‎, kî 'ā-lî-ṯā miš-kə-ḇê 'ā-ḇî-ḵā;, 'because you went up on the beds of father') – WLC

ἀνέβης γὰρ ἐπὶ τὴν κοίτην τοῦ πατρός σου·, 'because you went up on the (marriage-)bed of your father;' – LXX

ανέβης γαρ επί την κοίτην του πατρός σου, 'because you went up on the (marriage-)bed of your father' – ABP

quia ascendisti cubile patris tui, 'because you ascended to the (marriage) bed of your father' – Vg Vg

Compare Leviticus 18:22; Leviticus 20:13. See also Bilhah and Reuben (son of Jacob).

Book of Exodus

Main article: Textual variants in the Book of Exodus

Exodus 1

Exodus 1:11

פִּתֹ֖ם‎, pi-ṯōm, 'Pithom' – MT

Πιθώμ, Pithom – LXX ABP

Pithon – OL Vg

Phythonam – OL

Exodus 1:15

שִׁפְרָ֔ה‎, šip̄-rāh, 'Shiphrah' – MT

Σεπφώρα, Sepphóra – LXX ABP

Sepphora – OL

Sephra – Vg

Exodus 3

Exodus 3:14

וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה‎, way-yō-mer ’ĕ-lō-hîm ’el-mō-šeh, ’eh-yeh ’ă-šer ’eh-yeh;, ' the god/God said to Moses: "I am that/who I am",' – WLC

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεὸς πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν·, 'and the god said to Moses, saying: "I am the being / the who is/exists."' – LXX

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεὸς πρὸς Μωυσῆν, λέγων, ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ Ὤν·, 'And God spoke to Moses, saying, I am THE BEING' – Brenton

και είπεν ο θεός προς Μωυσήν εγώ ειμι ο ων, 'And God said to Moses, I am the one being.' – ABP

Dixit Deus ad Moysen: Ego sum qui sum., 'God said to Moses: I am who I am.' – Vg

See also I Am that I Am, Burning bush, and Yahweh § Name.

Exodus 6

Exodus 6:14

פַלּוּא֙‎, p̄al-lū, 'Pallu' – MT

Φαλλους, Phallous – LXX

Φαλλού, Phallou – ABP

Fallus – OL

Phallu – Vg

Exodus 6:15

אֹ֙הַד֙‎, ’ō-haḏ, 'Ohad' – MT

Ωαδ, Oad – LXX

Ιωαδ, Ioad – B

Αωδ, Aod – ABP

Aod – OL Vg

Exodus 6:15

צֹ֔חַר‎, ṣō-ḥar, 'Zohar' – MT

Σααρ, Saar – LXX ABP

Saar – OL

Soer – Vg

Exodus 6:21

נֶ֖פֶג‎, ne-p̄eḡ, 'Nepheg' – MT

Ναφεγ, Napheg – LXX

Ναφεχ, Naphech – B

Ναφεκ, Naphek – ABP

Naphaec – OL

Nepheg – Vg

Exodus 6:22

אֶלְצָפָ֖ן‎, ’el-ṣā-p̄ān, 'Elzaphan' – MT

Ελισαφαν, Elisaphan – LXX ABP

Elisapham – OL

Elsaphan – Vg

Exodus 6:22

סִתְרִֽי‎, siṯ-rî, 'Zithri' – MT

Σετρι, Setri – LXX

Ζεχρι, Zechri – ABP

Zetri – OL

Sethri – Vg

Exodus 6:23

אֱלִישֶׁ֧בַע‎, ’ĕ-lî-še-ḇa‘, 'Elisheba' – MT

Ελισάβεθ, Elisabeth – LXX ABP

Elisabet – OL

Elisabe – Vg

Exodus 6:24

אֲבִיאָסָ֑ף‎, ’ă-ḇî-’ā-sāp̄, 'Abiasaph' – MT

Αβιασαφ, Abiasaph – LXX

Αβιασαρ, Abiasar – A B ABP

Abisar – OL

Abiasab – Vg

Exodus 6:25

פּֽוּטִיאֵל֙‎, pū-ṭî-’êl, 'Putiel' – MT

Φουτιήλ, Phoutiel – LXX ABP

Phutiel – OL

Phutihel – Vg

Exodus 13

Exodus 13:20

אֵתָ֔ם‎, ’ê-ṯām, 'Etham' – MT

Οθομ, Othom – LXX

Othon – OL

Etham – Vg

Exodus 14

Exodus 14:2

פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת‎, pî ha-ḥî-rōṯ, 'Pi Hahiroth' – MT

τῆς ἐπαύλεως, tes epaúleos, 'of the farm/estate/property' – LXX ABP

Epauleum – OL

Phiahiroth – Vg

Exodus 14:9

פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת‎, pî ha-ḥî-rōṯ, 'Pi Hahiroth' – MT

τῆς ἐπαύλεως, tes epaúleos, 'of the farm/estate/property' – LXX ABP

Epauleum – OL

Ahiroth – Vg

Exodus 17

Exodus 17:1, see also Battle of Refidim

רְפִידִ֔ים‎, r-p̄î-ḏîm, 'Rephidim' – MT

Ραφιδιν, Raphidin – LXX

Ραφιδείν, Raphideín – ABP

Rapidin – OL

Raphidin – OL

Raphidim – Vg

Exodus 17:8, see also Battle of Refidim

רְפִידִ֔ים‎, r-p̄î-ḏîm, 'Rephidim' – MT

Ραφιδιν, Raphidin – LXX

Ραφιδίν, Raphidín – ABP

Rapidin – OL

Raphidin – OL

Raphidim – Vg

Exodus 19

Exodus 19:2, see also Battle of Refidim

רְפִידִ֔ים‎, rə-p̄î-ḏîm, 'Rephidim' – MT

Ραφιδιν, Raphidin – LXX

Ραφιδείμ, Raphideím – ABP

Rapidin – OL

Raphidin – OL

Raphidim – Vg

Exodus 19:16

וַיְהִי֩ קֹלֹ֨ת וּבְרָקִ֜ים‎, way-hî qō-lōṯ ū-ḇə-rā-qîm, 'and there were voices/sounds/noises/thunders and lightnings / flashes of lightning / gleamings' – WLC

ויהי קולות וברקים‎, way-hi q-v-l-v-t ū-ḇə-rā-qîm, 'and there were voices/sounds/noises/thunders and lightnings / flashes of lightning / gleamings' – SP

καὶ ἐγίνοντο φωναὶ καὶ ἀστραπαὶ, 'and there were voices/sounds and lightnings / flashes of lightning / brightnesses' – LXX Brenton

και εγένοντο φωναί και άστραπαι, 'and there were voices/sounds and lightnings / flashes of lightning / brightnesses' – ABP

et ecce coeperunt audiri tonitrua, ac micare fulgura, 'and behold, thunders began to be heard, and lightnings to flash' – Vg

Compare Exodus 20:18.

Exodus 20

Exodus 21

Exodus 21:17 (LXX 21:16)

וּמְקַלֵּ֥ל אָבִ֛יו וְאִמֹּ֖ו מֹ֥ות יוּמָֽת׃ ס‎, ū-mə-qal-lêl ’ā-ḇîw wə-’im-mōw mō-wṯ yū-māṯ. s, 'And he who curses his father or his mother surely shall be put to death.' – MT

Ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα αὐτοῦ ἢ μητέρα αὐτοῦ τελευτήσει θανάτῳ., 'He that speaks evil of his father or his mother must end in death.' – LXX Brenton

Ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα αὐτοῦ ἢ μητέρα αὐτοῦ θανάτῳ τελευτάτω., 'He that speaks evil of his father or his mother in death let him end.' – ABP

Qui maledixerit patri suo, vel matri, morte moriatur., 'Who speaks evil of his father, or mother, let die by death.' – Vg Vg

Compare New Testament quotation:

Ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα ἢ μητέρα θανάτῳ τελευτάτω., 'He that speaks evil of father or mother in death let him end.' – Mark 7:10

Compare Deuteronomy 21:18–21.

Exodus 32

Exodus 34

Book of Leviticus

Main article: Textual variants in the Book of Leviticus

Leviticus 18

Leviticus 18:4

תִּשְׁמְר֖וּ לָלֶ֣כֶת‎, tiš-mə-rū lā-le-ḵeṯ, ' shall keep to walk' – WLC

φυλάξεσθε πορεύεσθαι, ' shall keep shall walk' – LXX LXX

φυλάξεσθε, καὶ πορεύεσθαι, ' shall keep, and shall walk' – Brenton ABP

et ambulas, 'and shall walk' – OL OL

servabitis, et ambulabitis, ' shall serve, and shall walk' – Vg.

The verb servāre is the root of the word service; the verb ambulāre is the root of the word ambulance.

Leviticus 18:5

אֲשֶׁ֨ר יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה אֹתָ֛ם הָאָדָ֖ם וָחַ֣י בָּהֶ֑ם‎, ’ă-šer ya-‘ă-śeh ’ō-ṯām hā-’ā-ḏām wā-ḥay bā-hem, '(because) if a man does (then/and/that) he shall live by them.' – WLC

אֲשֶׁ֨ר יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה אֹתָ֛ם הָאָדָ֖ם וחיה בָּהֶ֑ם‎, ’ă-šer ya-‘ă-śeh ’ō-ṯām hā-’ā-ḏām wā-ḥā-yāh bā-hem, '(because) if a man does (then/and/that) she shall live by them.' – SP

Compare Exodus 1:16 (last verb). It is unclear whether the verb(s) used for "to live" is/are H2421 חָיָה‎ chayah or H2421 חָיַי‎ chayay.

ἃ ποιήσας ἄνθρωπος ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς·, 'by which man doing shall live by them;' – LXX LXX

ἃ ποιήσας αυτά άνθρωπος ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς·, 'by which man doing them shall live by them;' – Brenton ABP

qui ea fecerit, 'who shall have done them' – OL

quae faciet homo, uiuet in eis:, 'which man shall do, shall live by them.' – OL

quae faciens homo, vivet in eis., 'which man doing, shall live by them.' – Vg

Leviticus 18:5

אֲנִ֖י יְהוָֽה׃ ס‎, ’ă-nî Yah-weh. s, 'I Yahweh.' – WLC

ἐγὼ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν., 'I (the) lord your god.' – LXX LXX ABP

ἐγὼ Κύριος., 'I (the) Lord.' – Brenton

Ego Dominus., 'I (the) Lord.' – Vg

Leviticus 18:7

matris suae, 'of his/her mother:' – OL OL

matris tuae, 'of your mother:' – Vg

Leviticus 18:7

אִמְּךָ֣ הִ֔וא‎, ’im-mə-ḵā hî, 'he your mother' – MT WLC

אִמְּךָ֣ היא‎, ’im-mə-ḵā hi, 'she your mother' – SP

μήτηρ γάρ σού ἐστιν(,), 'for/because she is your mother(,)' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

confusione enim., 'truly in confusion.' – OL

mater tua est:, 'your mother is: or is your mother:' – Vg

Leviticus 18:7

καὶ οὐκ ἀποκαλύψεις τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτῆς., 'and you shall not uncover the nakedness of her.' – LXX LXX Brenton

την ασχημοσύνην αυτής ουκ αποκαλύψεις, 'the nakedness of her you shall not uncover' – ABP

omitted – OL

Leviticus 18:8

Confusionem mulieris patris tui non denudabis, confusionem patris tui et., ' confusion of your father's woman/wife you shall not denude: and is your father's confusion.' – OL

Turpitudinem uxoris patris tui non discooperies: turpitudo enim patris tui est., ' shame of your father's wife you shall not uncover: for it is your father's shame.' – Vg

Leviticus 18:9

עֶרְוַ֨ת אֲחֹֽותְךָ֤ בַת־אָבִ֙יךָ֙ אֹ֣ו בַת־אִמֶּ֔ךָ‎, ‘er-waṯ ’ă-ḥō-wṯ-ḵā ḇaṯ- ’ā-ḇî-ḵā ’ōw ḇaṯ- ’im-me-ḵā,, 'The nakedness of your sister (the) daughter of your father or (the) daughter of your mother' – WLC

ἀσχημοσύνην τῆς ἀδελφῆς σου ἐκ πατρός σου ἢ ἐκ μητρός σου, 'The nakedness of your sister out of your father or out of your mother' – LXX Brenton ABP

ἀσχημοσύνην τῆς ἀδελφῆς σου ἐκ πατρός σου ἢ μητρός σου, 'The nakedness of your sister out of your father or (of) your mother' – LXX

Turpitudinem sororis tuae en matre tua et ex patre tuo, ' shame of your sister in your mother and out of your father' – OL

Confusionem sororis tuae uel ex patre uel ex matre, ' confusion of your sister either out of father or out of mother' – OL

Turpitudinem sororis tuae ex patre sive ex matre,, ' shame of your sister out of father or out of mother,' – Vg

Leviticus 18:9

η γεγεννημένης, 'or born' – LXX Brenton ABP

γεγεννημένης ἢ, 'born or' – LXX

intus natae aut natae foris,, 'at home born or born outdoors,' – OL

quae domi vel foris genita est,, 'who is born at home or outdoors,' – Vg

Leviticus 18:9

quoniam tua confusione filiae uxoris patris tui non denudabis confusionem eius, 'because by/through your confusion of daughter of your father's wife shall not uncover his confusion' – OL

omitted – all other witnesses

Leviticus 18:10

Turpitudinem filiae filii tui vel neptis ex filia non revelabis: quia turpitudo tua est., ' shall not reveal shame of your son's daughter or daughter's daughter: for is your shame.' – Vg

omitted – OL

Leviticus 18:17

λήψῃ, 'shall take' – Brenton ABP (classical Greek spelling)

λήμψῃ, 'shall take' – LXX LXX (Koine Greek spelling)

Leviticus 18:18

λήψῃ, 'shall take' – Brenton ABP (classical Greek spelling)

λήμψῃ, 'shall take' – LXX LXX (Koine Greek spelling)

Leviticus 18:19

בְּנִדַּ֣ת טֻמְאָתָ֑הּ‎, bə-nid-daṯ ṭum-’ā-ṯāh, 'in menstrual/impure uncleanness' – WLC

εν χωρισμώ ακαθαρσίας αυτής, 'in separation of her uncleanness' – LXX ABP

in diuortio, 'in divorce/separation' –

in separationem munditiae eius, 'in separation of his cleanness' – OL

quae patitur menstrua, 'who suffers from menstruation' – Vg

Leviticus 18:19

לֹ֣א תִקְרַ֔ב‎, lō ṯiq-raḇ, ' shall not approach' – WLC

ουκ εισελεύση, ' shall not go into / enter' – Brenton ABP

οὐ προσελεύσῃ, ' shall not go towards' – LXX LXX

non accedes,, ' shall not approach,' – OL Vg

Leviticus 18:20

Et ad mulierem proximi tui, 'And to your neighbour's woman/wife' – OL

Cum uxore proximi tui, 'With your neighbour's wife' – Vg

Leviticus 18:20

לֹא־תִתֵּ֥ן שְׁכָבְתְּךָ֖ לְזָ֑רַע‎, lō- ṯit-tên šə-ḵā-ḇə-tə-ḵā lə-zā-ra‘, ' shall not give copulation/intercourse seed/sowing/offspring' – WLC

οὐ δώσεις κοίτην σπέρματός σου, ' shall not give marriage-bed for your sperm/semen' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

non dabis cubilem seminis tui,, ' shall not give the of your seed,' – OL

non coibis, nec seminis, ' shall not come together / have sex, nor... by seed/semen' – Vg

Leviticus 18:21, see also Moloch § Biblical attestations and Child sacrifice § Ban in Leviticus

וּמִֽזַּרְעֲךָ֥ לֹא־תִתֵּ֖ן לְהַעֲבִ֣יר לַמֹּ֑לֶךְ‎, ū-miz-zar-‘ă-ḵā lō- ṯit-tên lam-mō-leḵ, 'And shall not let any of your descendents pass through to Moloch' – WLC

καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ σπέρματός σου οὐ δώσεις λατρεύειν ἄρχοντι, 'And of your sperm/semen/offspring/descendants shall not give to serve archon' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

Et semini tuo non dabis seruire superposito,, 'And your seed you shall not give to serve placed on top,' – OL

De semine tuo non dabis ut consecretur idolo Moloch,, 'Of your semen/offspring shall not give to consecrate to idol of Moloch,' – Vg

Leviticus 18:22, see also Leviticus 18 § Homosexuality

וְאֶ֨ת־זָכָ֔ר לֹ֥א תִשְׁכַּ֖ב מִשְׁכְּבֵ֣י אִשָּׁ֑ה תֹּועֵבָ֖ה הִֽוא׃‎, wə-’eṯ-zā-ḵār, lō’ ṯīš-kaḇ mīš-kə-ḇē ’īš-šā; tō-‘ē-ḇā hī’, 'And with a male, you shall not lie (down) on the beds of a woman/wife; he/it is an abomination.' – WLC

ࠅࠣࠀࠕ ࠆࠟࠊࠠࠓ ࠋࠞࠀ ࠕࠩࠔࠬࠊࠠࠁ ࠌࠡࠔࠬࠊࠠࠁࠩࠉ ࠀࠩࠔ࠙ࠢࠄ ࠕࠧࠅ࠙ࠜࠏࠁࠢࠄ ࠄࠩࠉࠀ‎, wa’t zā̊ː-kār lā̊ː’ tīš-kā̊b māːš-kå-bī ’īš-ša; tū-‘ē-bā’ ī’, 'And with a male, you shall not lie (down) on the beds of a woman/wife; she/it is an abomination.' – SP

καὶ μετὰ ἄρσενος οὐ κοιμηθήσῃ κοίτην γυναικός· βδέλυγμα γάρ ἐστιν., 'And with a man you shall not sleep in a (marriage-)bed of a woman/wife; because it is a detestable thing.' LXX

και μετά άρσενος ου κοιμηθήση κοίτην γυναικείαν βδέλυγμα γαρ εστι, 'And with a man you shall not sleep in a female (marriage-)bed, because it is a detestable thing.' ABP

Et cum masculo non dormibis cubile muliebrae: exsecratio enim est., 'And with male you shall not sleep in bed of woman: for is curse.' – OL

The word muliebrae is an incorrect declension of muliebris; genitive singular (muliebris, "of a woman", "of womanly") was likely the intended form, compare fēminīnae ("of a woman(ly)", "of feminine").

Cum mare ne concumbas eo concubitu quo cum foemina solet: abominada res est., 'With man should not share the bed as is custom in manner of sleeping as with woman: is abominable thing.' – Robert Estienne (1545)

Cum masculo non commiscearis coitu femineo, quia abominatio est., 'With male shall not intermingle according to feminine intercourse, because it is abomination.' – Vg Vg

Compare Leviticus 20:13; Genesis 49:4.

Leviticus 18:23

לֹא־תִתֵּ֥ן שְׁכָבְתְּךָ֖‎, lō- ṯit-tên šə-ḵā-ḇə-tə-ḵā, ' shall not give lying/bedding(/copulation/intercourse)' – WLC

ου δώσεις τὴν κοίτην σου, ' shall not give the marriage-bed of yours' – LXX LXX Brenton

ου δώσεις κοίτην σου, ' shall not give your marriage-bed' – ABP

non dabis cubilem tuum, ' shall not give your bed' – OL

non coibis, ' shall not come together' – Vg

Leviticus 18:23

εἰς σπερματισμὸν, 'for insemination / discharge of sperm' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

in sementium, 'in seed' – OL

sēmentium is a Late Latin nonstandard noun for "seed".

omitted – WLC Vg

Leviticus 18:25

εξεμιάνθη – Brenton ABP

ἐμιάνθη – LXX LXX

Leviticus 18:25

ἀδικίαν αὐτοῖς – LXX Brenton ABP

αὐτοῖς ἀδικίαν – LXX

Leviticus 18:26

πάντα τὰ προστάγματά, 'all the commandments' – LXX LXX Brenton

τὰ προστάγματά, 'the commandments' – ABP

Leviticus 18:26

και, 'and' – LXX Brenton ABP

ἢ, 'or' – LXX

Leviticus 18:27

πρότεροι, 'before ' – LXX LXX

πρότερον, 'before ' – Brenton ABP

Leviticus 18:29

μέσου, 'from the middle/midst' – ABP

omitted – LXX LXX Brenton

Leviticus 18:30

ποιήσητε, ' shall do ' – LXX LXX Brenton

ποιήτε, ' shall do ' – ABP

Leviticus 18:30

ἃ, 'which' – LXX Brenton ABP

ὃ, 'the' – LXX

Leviticus 20

Leviticus 20:13

וְאִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִשְׁכַּ֤ב אֶת־זָכָר֙ מִשְׁכְּבֵ֣י אִשָּׁ֔ה תֹּועֵבָ֥ה עָשׂ֖וּ שְׁנֵיהֶ֑ם מֹ֥ות יוּמָ֖תוּ דְּמֵיהֶ֥ם בָּֽם׃‎, wə-’îš, ’ă-šer yiš-kaḇ ’eṯ-zā-ḵār miš-kə-ḇê ’iš-šāh, tō-w-‘ê-ḇāh ‘ā-śū šə-nê-hem; mō-wṯ yū-mā-ṯū də-mê-hem bām., 'And a man, who sleeps with a male on the beds of a woman/wife, have both done a detestable thing; will be killed to die, blood(guilt)s on them.' – WLC

ואיש אשר ישכב את־זכר משכבי אשה תועבה עשו מות יומתו שניהם דמיהם בם׃‎, wə-’îš, ’ă-šer yiš-kaḇ ’eṯ-zā-ḵār miš-kə-ḇê ’iš-šāh, tō-w-‘ê-ḇāh ‘ā-śū; mō-wṯ yū-mā-ṯū šə-nê-hem də-mê-hem bām., 'And a man, who sleeps with a male on the beds of a woman/wife, have done a detestable thing; both will be killed to die, blood(guilt)s on them.' – SP

καὶ ὃς ἂν κοιμηθῇ μετὰ ἄρσενος κοίτην γυναικός, βδέλυγμα ἐποίησαν ἀμφότεροι· θανατούσθωσαν, ἔνοχοί εἰσιν., 'And who ever slept with male in the (marriage-)bed of a woman/wife, both have done a detestable thing; let be put to death, they are liable/guilty.' – LXX

καὶ ὃς ἂν κοιμηθῇ μετὰ ἄρσενος κοίτην γυναικός, βδέλυγμα ἐποίησαν ἀμφότεροι· θανάτῳ θανατούσθωσαν, ἔνοχοί εἰσιν., 'And whoever shall lie with a male as with a woman/wife, they have both wrought abomination; let them die the death, they are guilty.' – Brenton

και ος αν κοιμηθή μετά άρσενος κοίτην γυναικός, βδέλυγμα εποίησαν αμφότεροι θανάτω θανατούσθωσαν ένοχοί εισιν., 'And who ever slept with male in the (marriage-)bed of a woman/wife, both have done a detestable thing; let be killed to death, or have done a detestable thing; let both be killed to death, they are liable/guilty.' – ABP

Qui dormierit cum masculo coitu femineo, uterque operatus est nefas: morte moriantur: sit sanguis eorum super eos., 'Whoever sleeps with a male according to the feminine intercourse, both have done a wrong: let them die the death: may their blood be upon them.' – Vg Vg

Compare Leviticus 18:22; Genesis 49:4.

Leviticus 25

Leviticus 25:42

אֲשֶׁר־הֹוצֵ֥אתִי אֹתָ֖ם מֵ‎, ’ă-šer- hō-w-ṣê-ṯî ’ō-ṯām mê-, 'whom brought out of/from' – WLC

οὓς ἐξήγαγον, 'whom led out' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

quos eduxi, 'whom led out' – OL

et ego eduxi eos, 'and I led them out' – Vg

Leviticus 25:42

לֹ֥א יִמָּכְר֖וּ מִמְכֶּ֥רֶת עָֽבֶד׃‎, lō yim-mā-ḵə-rū mim-ke-reṯ ‘ā-ḇeḏ., ' shall not be sold in sale of slave.' – WLC

οὐ πραθήσεται ἐν πράσει οἰκέτου., ' shall not be sold in sale of household slave.' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

Non ueniet uenalido serui., ' will not come as buyable/cheap slave.' – OL

non veneant conditione servorum:, 'let not come in(to) condition of slaves:' – Vg

Leviticus 25:43

וְיָרֵ֖אתָ מֵאֱלֹהֶֽיךָ׃‎, wə-yā-rê-ṯā mê-’ĕ-lō-he-ḵā., 'and/but shall fear your god.' – WLC

καὶ φοβηθήσῃ Κύριον τὸν θεόν σου., 'and/but shall fear (the) Lord your god' – LXX LXX Brenton

και φοβηθήση τον θεόν σου, 'and/but shall fear your god' – ABP

et timebis Deum tuum., 'and shall fear your God.' – OL

sed metuito Deum tuum., 'but shall fear your God.' – Vg

Leviticus 25:44

אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִהְיוּ־לָ֑ךְ‎, ’ă-šer yih-yū- lāḵ, 'whom you may have ' – WLC

ὅσοι ἂν γένωνταί σοι, 'as many as should be to you ' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

quicumque fuerunt, 'who(so)ever have been ' – OL

sint vobis, 'should be to/for you ' – Vg

Leviticus 25:44

אֲשֶׁ֣ר‎, ’ă-šer, 'which' – WLC

όσοι, 'as many as' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

quae, 'which' – OL Vg

Leviticus 25:44

מֵהֶ֥ם תִּקְנ֖וּ עֶ֥בֶד וְאָמָֽה׃‎, mê-hem tiq-nū ‘e-ḇeḏ wə-’ā-māh., 'from them may buy/acquire (a) male slave and (a) female slave.' – WLC

ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν κτήσεσθε δοῦλον καὶ δούλην., 'from them shall acquire/buy (a) male slave and (a) female slave.' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

ab illis possidebitis,, 'from them will inherit' – OL

omitted – Vg

Leviticus 25:45

אֲשֶׁ֣ר עִמָּכֶ֔ם‎, ’ă-šer ‘im-mā-ḵem, 'who/which with you' – WLC

των μεθ' υμών, 'of the ones with you ' – ABP

omitted – LXX LXX Brenton OL Vg

Book of Numbers

Main article: Textual variants in the Book of Numbers

Numbers 22

Numbers 22:1

בְּעַֽרְבֹ֣ות מֹואָ֔ב‎, bə-‘ar-ḇō-wṯ mō-w-’āḇ,, 'in the plains of Moab' – WLC

בערבת מואב‎, bə-‘ar-wṯ mō-w-’āḇ,, 'in the evening/west of Moab' – SP

ἐπὶ δυσμῶν Μωὰβ, 'on the west of Moab / upon the descent/sunset of Moab' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

The words עֲרָבָה‎ arabah/'aravá ("steppe", "desert", "plain"), עֶרֶב‎ érev ("evening", "sunset") and מַעֲרָב‎ ma'aráv ("west") are all etymologically related to each other, and maybe also cognates of words such as "Europe" (see Europe § Name) and "Arab" (see Etymology of Arab). See also Numbers 31:12.

Numbers 31

Numbers 31:12

עַֽרְבֹ֣ת מוֹאָ֔ב‎, ‘ar-ḇōṯ mō-w-’āḇ,, 'the plains/desert/wilderness of Moab' – WLC

Ἀραβὼθ Μωάβ,, 'Araboth Moab,' – LXX Brenton

αραβώθ Μωάβ, ' wilderness of Moab' – ABP

It is unclear whether the Hebrew original meant a general geographical feature ('plains/desert/wilderness') or a specific toponym (probably the region now known as "Arabah"), or whether Greek translators failed to translate מוֹאָ֔ב‎ ‘ar-ḇōṯ as a general geographical feature and turned it into a specific toponym, and hence the Arabah region got its name from this toponymisation. See also Numbers 22:1.

Numbers 31:15

וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֲלֵיהֶ֖ם מֹשֶׁ֑ה הַֽחִיִּיתֶ֖ם כָּל־נְקֵבָֽה׃‎, way-yō-mer ’ă-lê-hem mō-šeh; ha-ḥî-yî-ṯem kāl-nə-qê-ḇāh., 'And Moses said to them: 'Have you kept alive all the women?' – MT

וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֲלֵיהֶ֖ם מֹשֶׁ֑ה למה הַֽחִיִּיתֶ֖ם כָּל־נְקֵבָֽה׃‎, way-yō-mer ’ă-lê-hem mō-šeh; lá-ma ha-ḥî-yî-ṯem kāl-nə-qê-ḇāh., 'And Moses said to them: 'Why have you kept alive all the women?' – SP

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς Μωυσῆς Ἵνα τί ἐζωγρήσατε πᾶν θῆλυ;, 'And Moses said to them: 'Why did you take/catch/save alive every female?' – LXX

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς Μωυσῆς ινατί ἐζωγρήσατε πᾶν θῆλυ, 'And Moses said to them: 'Why did you take/catch/save alive every female?' – ABP Brenton

Numbers 31:16

לִמְסָר־מַ֥עַל בַּיהוָ֖ה‎, lim·sār-ma·‘al Yah·weh, 'to trespass / to instigate sacrilege against Yahweh' – MT

τοῦ ἀποστῆσαι καὶ ὑπεριδεῖν τὸ ῥῆμα Κυρίου, 'of their leaving / moving away from and disgarding the word of the Lord' – LXX ABP Brenton. ἀποστῆσαι is a cognate of the English word "apostasy".

Numbers 31:16

עַל־דְּבַר־פְּעֹ֑ור‎, ‘al-də-ḇar-pə-‘ō-wr;, 'in the incident of Peor' – MT

ἕνεκεν Φογώρ, 'because of Phogor' – LXX ABP Brenton

Numbers 31:17

וְעַתָּ֕ה הִרְג֥וּ כָל־זָכָ֖ר בַּטָּ֑ף‎, wə-‘at-tāh hir-ḡū ḵāl zā-ḵār baṭ-ṭāp̄;, 'Therefore, kill every male among the little ones / infants / (little) children' – MT

καὶ νῦν ἀποκτείνατε πᾶν ἀρσενικὸν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ ἀπαρτίᾳ, 'And now kill every male among all the spoils/captivity/chattel' – LXX ABP Brenton

Numbers 31:17

וְכָל־אִשָּׁ֗ה יֹדַ֥עַת אִ֛ישׁ לְמִשְׁכַּ֥ב זָכָ֖ר הֲרֹֽגוּ׃‎, wə-ḵāl ’iš-šāh, yō-ḏa-‘aṯ ’îš lə-miš-kaḇ zā-ḵār hă-rō-ḡū., 'and every woman, who has known a man in a male bed / by lying with him, kill.' – MT

καὶ πᾶσαν γυναῖκα ἥτις ἔγνωκεν κοίτην ἄρσενος ἀποκτείνατε·, 'And every woman who knew marriage-bed of a man, kill!' – LXX ABP

πᾶσαν γυναῖκα, ἥτις ἔγνωκεν κοίτην ἄρσενος, ἀποκτείνατε., 'slay every woman, who has known the lying with man.' – Brenton

Compare Judges 21:11.

Numbers 31:18

וְכֹל֙ הַטַּ֣ף בַּנָּשִׁ֔ים‎, wə-ḵōl haṭ-ṭap̄ ban-nā-šîm,, ' all the young women / women-children / girls,' – WLC

πᾶσαν τὴν ἀπαρτίαν τῶν γυναικῶν, 'All the spoils/captivity/chattel of the women' – LXX

Καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ἀπαρτίαν τῶν γυναικῶν,, 'And all the captivity of women' – Brenton

και πάσαν την απαρτίαν των γυναικών, 'And all the chattel of the women' – ABP

Numbers 31:18

אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־יָדְע֖וּ מִשְׁכַּ֣ב זָכָ֑ר‎, ’ă-šer lō-yā-ḏə-‘ū miš-kaḇ zā-ḵār;, 'who have not known a male bed / a man intimately / a man by lying with him,' – WLC

ἥτις οὐκ οἶδεν κοίτην ἄρσενος,, 'who have not known a/the male bed,'– LXX

ἥτις οὐκ οἶδε κοίτην ἄρσενος,, 'who have not known the lying with man, / marriage-bed of a man,' – Brenton ABP

Numbers 31:18

הַחֲי֖וּ לָכֶֽם׃‎, ha-ḥă-yū lā-ḵem., 'spare/save them / keep them alive for yourselves.' – WLC

ζωγρήσατε αὐτάς., 'save ye them alive / take/capture them alive / for life!'– LXX Brenton ABP

Compare Judges 21:11

Numbers 32

Numbers 32:1

גָ֖ד‎, ḡāḏ, 'Gad' – MT

גד ולחצי שבט המנשה‎, ḡāḏ wə-la-ḥă-ṣî šê-ḇeṭ mə-naš-šeh, 'Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh' – SP

Γαδ, 'Gad' – LXX ABP Brenton

Compare Numbers 32:33

Numbers 32:2

בְנֵֽי־גָ֖ד וּבְנֵ֣י רְאוּבֵ֑ן‎, ḇə-nê-ḡāḏ ū-ḇə-nê rə-’ū-ḇên;, 'the sons of Gad and the sons of Reuben' – MT

בני גד ובני ראובן וחצי שבט המנשה‎, ḇə-nê-ḡāḏ ū-ḇə-nê rə-’ū-ḇên wə-ḥă-ṣî šê-ḇeṭ mə-naš-šeh;, 'the sons of Gad and the sons of Reuben and the half tribe of Manasseh' – SP

οἱ υἱοὶ Ρουβην καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Γαδ, 'the sons of Rouben and the sons of Gad' – LXX ABP Brenton

Numbers 32:3

וְנִמְרָ֔ה‎, wə-nim-rāh,, 'and Nimrah' – MT SP

καὶ Ναμβρα, 'and Nambra' – LXX Brenton

και Ναμβρών, 'and Nambron' – ABP

Numbers 32:4

הִ֑וא‎, hî, 'he or is' – MT, see also en:wikt:הוא#Hebrew

היא‎, hu, 'she or it' – SP, see also en:wikt:היא#Hebrew

ἐστίν, 'is' – LXX

εστί, 'is' – ABP Brenton

Numbers 32:6

לִבְנֵי־גָ֖ד וְלִבְנֵ֣י רְאוּבֵ֑ן‎, liḇ-nê-ḡāḏ wə-liḇ-nê rə-’ū-ḇên;, 'to the sons of Gad and (to) the sons of Reuben' – MT

לבני ראובן ולבני גד ולחצי שבט המנשה‎, liḇ-nê-rə-’ū-ḇên wə-liḇ-nê ḡāḏ wə-la-ḥă-ṣî šê-ḇeṭ mə-naš-šeh;, 'to the sons of Reuben and (to) the sons of Gad and (to) the half tribe of Manasseh' – SP

τοῖς υἱοῖς Γαδ καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς Ρουβην, 'to the sons of Gad and (to) the sons of Rouben' – LXX ABP Brenton

Book of Deuteronomy

Main article: Textual variants in the Book of Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy 5

Deuteronomy 22

Deuteronomy 22:25

הַנַּעַר‎, han-na-‘ar, 'a boy or a young man' – K

הַֽנַּעֲרָה֙‎, han-na-‘ar-rāh, 'a girl/damsel or a young woman' – Q SP

την παίδα, 'a child/boy/girl' – LXX ABP Brenton

Deuteronomy 22:25

וּמֵ֗ת הָאִ֛ישׁ‎, ū-mêṯ hā-’îš, 'then the man shall die' – MT

αποκτενείτε τον άνθρωπον, 'you shall kill the man' – ABP

ἀποκτενεῖτε, 'you shall kill' – LXX Brenton

Deuteronomy 22:26

־ (וְלַֽנַּעֲרָה֙‪‬) לֹא־תַעֲשֶׂ֣ה דָבָ֔ר‎, (wə·lan·na·‘ă·rāh) lō- ṯa-‘ă-śeh ḏā-ḇār,, '(But the young woman) you shall not do anything;' – WLC

τη δε νεάνιδι ου ποιήσετε ουδέν, 'but to the young woman you shall not do anything,' – ABP

omitted – LXX Brenton

Deuteronomy 22:26

אֵ֥ין (לַֽנַּעֲרָ֖ה ק) חֵ֣טְא מָ֑וֶת כִּ֡י כַּאֲשֶׁר֩ כִּ֡י‎, ’ên (lan·na·‘ă·rāh) ḥêṭ mā·weṯ; kî, ' not (the young woman) a sin of death. For' – WLC

ουκ έστι τη νεάνιδι αμάρτημα θανάτου. ότι ως, 'there is not to the young woman a sin of death. For as' – ABP

καὶ τῇ νεάνιδι οὐκ ἔστιν ἁμάρτημα θανάτου. ὡς, 'and to the young woman there is no sin of death. As' – LXX Brenton

Deuteronomy 22:28, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Deuteronomy 22:28–29

כִּֽי־יִמְצָ֣א אִ֗ישׁ‎, kî- yim-ṣā ’îš,, 'If a man finds' – WLC

Ἐὰν δέ τις εὕρῃ, 'And if anyone finds' – LXX ABP Brenton

Deuteronomy 22:28, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Deuteronomy 22:28–29

וּתְפָשָׂ֖הּ‎, ū-ṯə-p̄ā-śāh, 'and he seizes her' – WLC

και βιασάμενος αυτήν, 'and using force on her' – ABP

καὶ βιασάμενος, 'and using force or and he should force ' – LXX Brenton

Deuteronomy 22:28, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Deuteronomy 22:28–29

וְנִמְצָֽאוּ׃‎, wə-nim-ṣā-’ū., 'and are found,' – WLC

καὶ εὑρεθῇ·, 'and should be found' – LXX ABP Brenton

Deuteronomy 22:29, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Deuteronomy 22:28–29

חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים כָּ֑סֶף‎, ḥă-miš-šîm kā-sep̄;, 'fifty of silver' – WLC

πεντήκοντα δίδραχμα αργυρίου, 'fifty double-drachmas of silver or fifty silver didrachms' – LXX ABP Brenton

Deuteronomy 22:29, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Deuteronomy 22:28–29

לֹא־יוּכַ֥ל‎, lō- yū-ḵal, 'he shall not be permitted' – WLC

οὐ δυνήσεται, 'he will not be able' – LXX ABP Brenton

Deuteronomy 22:29, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Deuteronomy 22:28–29

כָּל־יָמָֽיו׃ ס‎, kāl- yā-māw. s, 'all his days' – WLC

τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον, 'at any time' – LXX ABP Brenton

Deuteronomy 22:30

λήψεται, 'shall take' – ABP Brenton (classical Greek spelling)

λήμψεται, 'shall take' – LXX (Koine Greek spelling)

Compare Songs 2:6.

Deuteronomy 22:30

συγκάλυμμα, 'skirt or marriage veil' – ABP Brenton

συνκάλυμμα, 'skirt' – LXX

Deuteronomy 28

Deuteronomy 28:30, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Deuteronomy 28

יִשְׁכָּבֶ֔נָּה‎, yiš-kā-ḇen-nāh,, 'will rape her' – Q

יִשְׁגָּלֶנָּה‎ – K

ישכב‎ – SP

ἕξει αὐτήν·, 'shall have/hold her' – LXX ABP Brenton

Deuteronomy 28:30, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Deuteronomy 28

עמה‎, ‘am-māh, 'people' – SP

omitted – MT

Book of Joshua

Joshua 1

Joshua 1:1

עֶ֣בֶד יְהוָ֑ה וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙‎, 'e-ḇeḏ Yah-weh way-yō-mer Yah-weh, ' servant of Yahweh that Yahweh spoke' – WLC

εἶπεν Κύριος, ' Lord said' – LXX LXX Brenton

δούλου κυρίου και είπε κύριος, ' servant of lord and lord said' – ABP

servi Domini, ut loqueretur Dominus, 'servant(s) of Lord, so that Lord might speak' – Vg

Book of Judges

Main article: Textual variants in the Book of Judges

Judges 1

Judges 1:18

This section is an excerpt from Judges 1 § Hebrew/Greek contradiction on Judges 1:18.

According to the Hebrew Masoretic Text (MT) of Judges 1:18, "Also Judah took Gaza with the coast thereof, and Askelon with the coast thereof, and Ekron with the coast thereof." (King James Version). However, the Greek Septuagint (LXX) renders Judges 1:18 as: "But Judas did not inherit Gaza nor her coasts, nor Ascalon nor her coasts, nor Accaron nor her coasts, nor Azotus nor the lands around it.' (Brenton's Septuagint Translation).

This contradiction has puzzled scholars, as not only does the Greek text add Ashdod (Azotus) to the list of cities, but it specifically denies that the Judahites conquered (literally "inherited") these cities, while the Hebrew text asserts that they did. Although English Bible translations have generally followed the Masoretic Text in saying the Judahites took the three cities, some scholars claim that the Greek version should be regarded as superior if the inhabitants of these four coastal cities are to be equated with "the people of the plains" in the next verse, who repelled the Judahites thanks to their iron chariots. The Septuagint may therefore 'correct' the Hebrew text, as other textual evidence also seems to indicate the towns did not fall to the Israelites until much later. Charles Ellicott noted that Josephus had a different solution, claiming in Antiquities of the Jews (volume 2, paragraph 4) that 'Askelon and Ashdod were taken in the war, but that Gaza and Ekron escaped, because their situation in the plains enabled them to use their chariots; yet in 3, § 1, he says that the Canaanites re-conquered Askelon and Ekron.'

Judges 15

Judges 15:5

וַיַּבְעֶר־אֵשׁ֙ בַּלַּפִּידִ֔ים‎, way-yaḇ-‘er-’êš bal-lap-pî-ḏîm,, 'And had burnt fire on the torches / set the torches on fire' – WLC

καὶ ἐξέκαυσεν πῦρ ἐν ταῖς λαμπάσιν, 'and he inflamed/kindled fire in the torches/lamps' – LXX APB

Judges 18

Judges 18:7

מִצִּ֣דֹנִ֔ים וְדָבָ֥ר אֵין־ לָהֶ֖ם עִם־ אָדָֽם׃‎, miṣ·ṣi·ḏō·nîm, wə·ḏā·ḇār ’ên-lā·hem ‘im-’ā·ḏām., 'from the Sidonians, and no ties/dealings/word with anyone / any man.' – WLC

Σιδωνίων, καὶ λόγον οὐκ ἔχουσιν πρὸς ἄνθρωπον., 'of the Sidonians, and no word was had/held to anyone / any man' – B LXX LXX Brenton (ἔχουσι)

Σιδωνιων και..., 'from the Sidonians and had no relationship with the Arameans' – LXX

από Σιδώνος και λόγος ουκ ην αυτοίς μετά Συρίας, ' from Sidon, and there was no word to them with Syria' – A APB

et procul a Sidone atque a cunctis hominibus separatum., 'and far away from Sidon and separated from all men/people.' Vg

Judges 19

Judges 19:2, see also Levite's concubine

וַתִּזְנֶ֤ה עָלָיו֙ פִּֽילַגְשֹׁ֔ו‎ wat-tiz-neh ‘ā-lāw pî-laḡ-šōw, (But his concubine was unfaithful to him, or But his concubine played the harlot against him, or But his concubine was angry at him,) – WLC

It is disputed whether the first word is derived from זנה‎ zaná (H2181 "to commit fornication/adultery/harlotry, to be a harlot, to play the harlot, to prostitute"), or זנח‎ zanákh (H2186 "to reject, spurn, be angry with/at, cast away (off), remove far away (off), desert"). Traditionally, translators and interpreters have followed the former verb, but some modern scholars prefer the latter verb because this meaning aligns much better with the Greek texts.

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἡ παλλακὴ αὐτοῦ (And his concubine departed from him) – LXX Brenton

και ωργίσθη αυτώ η παλλακή αυτού (And his concubine provoked him to anger) – ABP

quæ reliquit eum, 'who left him' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:2, see also Levite's concubine

καὶ ἀπῆλθεν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ εἰς οἶκον πατρὸς αὐτῆς (and went away from him to the house of her father) – LXX

καὶ ἀπῆλθε παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ εἰς οἶκον πατρὸς αὐτῆς (and went away from him to the house of her father) – Brenton

και απήλθε απ' αυτού εις τον οίκον του πατρός αυτής (and she went forth from him unto the house of her father) – ABP

et reversa est in domum patris sui, 'and returned to the house of her father' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:2, see also Levite's concubine

וַתְּהִי־שָׁ֕ם יָמִ֖ים אַרְבָּעָ֥ה חֳדָשִֽׁים׃‎ wat-tə-hî- šām yā-mîm ’ar-bā-‘āh ḥo-ḏā-šîm. (and was there the days of four months) – WLC

καὶ ἦν ἐκεῖ ἡμέρας δ᾽ μηνῶν (and was there days and months) – LXX

καὶ ἦν ἐκεῖ ἡμέρας μηνῶν τεσσαρων (and she was there four months) – Brenton

και εγένετο εκεί ημέρας τετράμηνον (and she was there the days of four months) – ABP

mansitque apud eum quatuor mensibus, 'and she remained near him / at his place during four months' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:3, see also Levite's concubine

ὀπίσω (after) – LXX Brenton

κατόπισθεν (after or behind) – ABP

Secutusque est, 'And followed' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:3, see also Levite's concubine

τοῦ λαλῆσαι ἐπὶ καρδίαν αὐτῆς (to speak unto her heart) – LXX Brenton

του λαλήσαι επί την καρδίαν αυτής (to speak unto the heart of her) – ABP

volens reconciliari ei, atque blandiri, 'wanting to reconcile to him, and to flatter ' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:3, see also Levite's concubine

לַהֲשִׁיבֹו‎ la-hă-šî-ḇōw, ( bring him back) – K

לַהֲשִׁיבָ֔הּ‎ la-hă-šî-ḇāh, ( bring her back) – Q

τοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι αὐτὴν αὐτῷ (to turn her over to him) – LXX Brenton. ἐπιστρέψαι is a probable misspelling of ἐπιτρέπω

του διαλλάξαι αυτήν (to reconcile her or to change her mind) – ABP

et secum reducere, 'and to return to him' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:3, see also Levite's concubine

וְנַעֲרֹ֥ו עִמֹּ֖ו וְצֶ֣מֶד חֲמֹרִ֑ים‎ wə-na-‘ă-rōw ‘im-mōw wə-ṣe-meḏ ḥă-mō-rîm; (and young man/boy/servant with and a pair of donkeys) – WLC

καὶ νεανίας αὐτοῦ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ ζεῦγος ὄνων. (And his young man with him and a pair of donkeys or and he had his young man with him, and a pair of asses) – LXX Brenton

και το παιδάριον αυτού μετ᾽ αυτού καὶ ζεύγος υποζυγίων. (And his little boy with him and a pair of beasts of burden) – ABP

habens in comitatu puerum et duos asinos:, 'having a boy and two donkeys in his company:' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:3, see also Levite's concubine

καὶ ἥδε εἰσήνεγκεν αὐτὸν εἰς οἶκον (and she brought him into the house) – LXX Brenton. εἰσήνεγκεν = εἰς ("into" or "to(wards)") + φέρω ("to bring") aorist third person singular

και επορεύθη έως οίκου (and he went/travelled unto/until the house) – ABP

quæ suscepit eum, et introduxit in domum patris sui, 'who received him, and introduced into her father's house' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:4, see also Levite's concubine

וַיֶּחֱזַק־ בּ֤וֹ‎ way-ye-ḥĕ-zaq- bōw (detained/restrained him or persuaded him to stay) – WLC

κατέσχεν αὐτὸν (constrained him) – LXX Brenton

εισήγαγεν αυτόν (brought him in) – ABP

amplexatus est hominem, 'embraced the man' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:4, see also Levite's concubine

ἐπὶ (for or during) – LXX Brenton

omitted – WLC ABP Vg Vg

Judges 19:4, see also Levite's concubine

וַיָּלִ֖ינוּ‎ way-yā-lî-nū ( lodged) – WLC

ηὐλίσθησαν ( spent the night or lodged) – LXX Brenton

ύπνωσαν ( slept) – ABP

omitted – Vg Vg

Judges 19:18, see also Levite's concubine

וְאֶת־בֵּ֤ית יְהוָה֙ אֲנִ֣י הֹלֵ֔ךְ‎ wə-’eṯ- bêṯ Yah-weh ’ă-nî hō-lêḵ, (and to the house of Yahweh I am going) – WLC Syriac Targum

καὶ εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μου ἐγὼ πορεύομαι· (and to my house I am walking) – LXX Brenton

και εις τον οίκον μου εγώ αποτρέχω (and to my house I am returning) – ABP. αποτρέχω is a probable misspelling of wikt:ἀποτρέπω

et nunc vadimus ad domum Dei, 'and now we are going to the house of God' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:24, see also Levite's concubine

הִנֵּה֩ בִתִּ֨י הַבְּתוּלָ֜ה‎ hin-nêh ḇit-tî hab-bə-ṯū-lāh (Behold my virgin daughter) – WLC

ἴδε ἡ θυγάτηρ μου ἡ παρθένος (Behold the daughter of mine, the virgin) – LXX Brenton

ιδού θυγάτηρ μου η παρθένος (Behold my daughter, the virgin) – ABP

Habeo filiam virginem, 'I have a virgin daughter' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:24, see also Levite's concubine

אֹוצִֽיאָה־נָּ֤א אֹותָם֙ וְעַנּ֣וּ אֹותָ֔ם‎ ’ō-w-ṣî-’āh- nā wə-‘an-nū ’ō-w-ṯām, (Let me bring them out now, and you rape/force /defile/violate/ravish/mistreat/humble/humiliate them) – WLC

ἐξάξω αὐτάς, καὶ ταπεινώσατε αὐτὰς (And I will bring them out, and you humble/humiliate them,) – LXX Brenton ABP

educam eas ad vos, ut humilietis eas, 'I will lead them out to you, so that you humiliate them' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:24, see also Levite's concubine

וְלָאִ֤ישׁ הַזֶּה֙ לֹ֣א תַעֲשׂ֔וּ דְּבַ֖ר הַנְּבָלָ֥ה הַזֹּֽאת׃‎ wə-lā-’îš haz-zeh lō ṯa-‘ă-śū, də-ḇar han-nə-ḇā-lāh haz-zōṯ. (but unto this man do not so vile a thing (KJV) or but to this man do not commit this rape/folly/villainy/foolishness or vile/disgraceful act/thing/outrage) WLC

καὶ τῷ ἀνδρὶ τούτῳ οὐ ποιήσετε τὸ ῥῆμα τῆς ἀφροσύνης ταύτης. (but to this man you do not do this folly) – LXX

και τω ανδρί τούτω μη ποιήσητε το ρήμα της αφροσύνης ταύτης. (but to this man you should not do the thing of this folly or but to this man do not this folly) – Brenton ABP

ne scelus hoc contra naturam operemini in virum., 'do not work this crime against nature on a man.' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:25, see also Levite's concubine

וַיֵּדְע֣וּ אֹ֠ותָהּ וַיִּֽתְעַלְּלוּ־בָ֤הּ כָּל־הַלַּ֙יְלָה֙ עַד־הַבֹּ֔קֶר‎ way-yê-ḏə-‘ū ’ō-w-ṯāh way-yiṯ-‘al-lə-lū- ḇāh kāl- hal-lay-lāh ‘aḏ- hab-bō-qer, (And they knew / had sexual relations with / raped her, and they mocked//abused/dealt severely with her the entire night until morning) – WLC

καὶ ἔγνωσαν αὐτήν, καὶ ἐνέπαιζον ἐν αὐτῇ ὅλην τὴν νύκτα ἕως πρωί (And they knew / had sex with / raped her, and they mocked/ridiculed/abused her the entire night until morning) – LXX

καὶ ἔγνωσαν αὐτήν, καὶ ἐνέπαιζον ἐν αὐτῇ ὅλην τὴν νύκτα ἕως τοπρωί (And they knew / had sex with / raped her, and they mocked/ridiculed/abused her the entire night until the morning) – Brenton

και έγνωσαν αυτήν και ενέπαιξαν αυτή όλην την νύκτα έως τοπρωϊ (And they knew / had sex with / raped her and mocked/ridiculed/abused her the entire night until the morning) – ABP

qua cum tota nocte abusi essent,, 'and when she had been abused all night,' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:25, see also Levite's concubine

וַֽיְשַׁלְּח֖וּהָ בעלות הַשָּֽׁחַר׃‎ way-šal-lə-ḥū-hā ba-‘ă-lō-wṯ haš-šā-ḥar. (and when they let her go, the day began to spring.) – K

וַֽיְשַׁלְּח֖וּהָ כַּעֲלֹ֥ות הַשָּֽׁחַר׃‎ way-šal-lə-ḥū-hā ka-‘ă-lō-wṯ haš-šā-ḥar. (and when they let her go, the day began to break.) – Q

καὶ ἐξαπέστειλαν αὐτὴν ὡς ἀνέβη τὸ πρωί. (and let her go when the morning dawned.) – LXX Brenton

και εξαπέστειλαν αυτήν άμα τω ανέβη τον όρθρον (and they sent her away at the same time the daybreak ascended.) – ABP

dimiserunt eam mane., 'they let her go in the morning.' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:28, see also Levite's concubine

וַיֹּ֧אמֶר אֵלֶ֛יהָ‎ way-yō-mer ’ê-le-hā (And he said to her) – WLC

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτήν (And he said to her) – LXX

και είπε προς αυτήν (And he said to her) – Brenton ABP

Cui ille, putans eam quiescere, loquebatur:, 'To whom he, believing her to be resting/asleep, said:' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:28, see also Levite's concubine

וְאֵ֣ין עֹנֶ֑ה‎ wə-’ên ‘ō-neh; (But did not answer.) – WLC

καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη, ὅτι ἦν νεκρά. (And she did not answer, because she was dead.) – LXX Brenton

και ουκ απεκρίθη αυτώ αλλά τεθνήκει (And she did not answer to him, for she had died) – ABP Brenton

Qua nihil respondente, intelligens quod erat mortua, 'As she was responding nothing, understanding that she was dead' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:28, see also Levite's concubine

τὸν ὄνον (the donkey) – LXX Brenton

το υποζύγιον (the beast of burden) – ABP

Judges 19:29, see also Levite's concubine

וַיָּבֹ֣א אֶל־בֵּ‎ way-yā-ḇō ’el- bê-ṯōw, (And when he entered into his house) – WLC

και εισήλθεν εις τον οίκον αυτού (And he entered into his house) – ABP

Quam cum esset ingressus, 'When he had entered' – Vg Vg

omitted – LXX Brenton

Judges 19:29, see also Levite's concubine

הַֽמַּאֲכֶ֙לֶת֙‎ ham-ma-’ă-ḵe-leṯ (a knife) – WLC. A מאכלת (ma'akhélet) was a "knife for slaughtering, butchering, carving"

τὴν ῥομφαίαν (a rhomphaia or his sword) – LXX Brenton

την μάχαιραν (a makhaira or the knife) – ABP

gladium, 'a gladius or a sword' – Vg Vg

Judges 19:29, see also Levite's concubine

ἐκράτησεν (seized) – LXX

ἐκράτησε (seized) – Brenton

επελάβετο (took hold of) – ABP

Judges 19:29, see also Levite's concubine

לַעֲצָמֶ֔יהָ‎ la-‘ă-ṣā-me-hā, (limb by limb) – WLC

κατά τα όστα αυτής (according to her bones) – ABP

cum ossibus suis, '(along) with her bones' – Vg Vg

omitted – LXX Brenton

Judges 19:29, see also Levite's concubine

בְּכֹ֖ל גְּב֥וּל יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃‎ bə-ḵōl gə-ḇūl yiś-rā-’êl. (throughout the territory of Israel) – WLC

ἐν παντὶ ὁρίῳ Ἰσραήλ (to all borders of Israel or to every coast of Israel) – LXX Brenton

εις πάσας τας φυλάς Ισραήλ (to all the tribes of Israel) – ABP

in omnes terminos Israel, 'to all the borders of Israel' – Vg Vg

Judges 20

Judges 20:03, see also Levite's concubine

וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ֙‎, way-yō-mə-rū, 'and said' – WLC

καὶ ἐλθόντες εἶπαν, 'and the arriving said' – LXX Brenton

και είπαν, 'and said' – ABP

Interrogatusque, 'And when he was questioned' – Vg Vg

Judges 20:05, see also Levite's concubine

אֹותִי֙ דִּמּ֣וּ לַהֲרֹ֔ג‎, ’ō-w-ṯî dim-mū la-hă-rōḡ,, 'they planned/intended to kill me' – WLC

ἐμὲ ἠθέλησαν φονεῦσαι, 'they wanted to murder/slay me' – LXX Brenton

εμέ ηθέλησαν αποκτείναι, 'they wanted to kill me' – ABP

volentes me occidere, 'wanting to kill me' – Vg Vg

Judges 20:05, see also Levite's concubine

וְאֶת־פִּילַגְשִׁ֥י עִנּ֖וּ וַתָּמֹֽת׃‎, wə-’eṯ- pî-laḡ-šî ‘in-nū wat-tā-mōṯ., 'and / but instead they raped/ forced/defiled/violated/ravished/mistreated/humbled/humiliated my concubine, and she died' – WLC

καὶ τὴν παλλακήν μου ἐταπείνωσαν, καὶ ἀπέθανεν., 'and they humiliated my concubine, and she died.' – LXX

καὶ τὴν παλλακήν μου ἐταπείνωσαν, καὶ ἀπέθανε., 'and they humiliated my concubine, and she died.' – Brenton

και την παλλακήν μου εταπείνωσαν και ενέπαιξαν αυτή και απέθανεν., 'and they humiliated my concubine, and they mocked/ridiculed/abused her, and she died.' – ABP

et uxorem meam incredibili furore libidinis vexantes, denique mortua est., 'and tormenting my wife with an incredible fury of lust, she (has) finally died.' – Vg Vg

Judges 21

Judges 21:10, see also Levite's concubine

וְהַנָּשִׁ֖ים וְהַטָּֽף׃‎, wə-han-nā-šîm wə-haṭ-ṭāp̄., 'and the women and the children.' – WLC

και τας γυναίκας και τον λαόν, 'even the women and the people!' – ABP

tam uxores quam parvulos eorum., 'both their wives and their little ones.' – Vg

omitted – LXX Brenton

Judges 21:11, see also Levite's concubine

וְזֶ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר אֲשֶׁ֣ר תַּעֲשׂ֑וּ‎, wə-zeh had-dā-ḇār ’ă-šer ta-‘ă-śū;, 'And this word you shall do:' – WLC

καὶ τοῦτο ποιήσετε·, 'And this you shall do:' – LXX Brenton

και ούτος ο λόγος ον ποιήσετε, 'And this the word which you shall do' – ABP

Et hoc erit quod observare debebitis, 'And this will be what you will have to observe' – Vg

Judges 21:11, see also Levite's concubine

כָּל־זָכָ֗ר וְכָל־אִשָּׁ֛ה יֹדַ֥עַת מִשְׁכַּב־זָכָ֖ר תַּחֲרִֽימוּ׃‎, kāl- zā-ḵār, wə-ḵāl ’iš-šāh yō-ḏa-‘aṯ miš-kaḇ- zā-ḵār ta-ḥă-rî-mū., 'any male and any woman who has known the bed of a male you shall destroy/devote.' – WLC

πᾶν ἄρσεν καὶ πᾶσαν γυναῖκα εἰδυῖαν κοίτην ἄρσενος ἀναθεματιεῖτε,, 'Every male and every female having known the marriage-bed of a man you shall devote ,' – LXX Brenton

παν αρσενικόν και πάσαν γυναίκα γινώσκουσαν κοίτην άρσενος αναθεματιείτε, 'Every male and every woman knowning the marriage-bed of a man you shall devote to consumption.' – ABP

omne generis masculini, et mulieres quae cognoverunt viros, interficite;, 'every kind of male, and women who have known men, kill;' – Vg

Compare Numbers 31:17.

Judges 21:11, see also Levite's concubine

, τὰς δὲ παρθένους περιποιήσεσθε. καὶ ἐποίησαν οὕτως·, ', but take care of the virgins. And they did so;' – LXX

· τὰς δὲ παρθένους περιποιήσεσθε· καὶ ἐποίησαν οὕτως., '; but the virgins ye shall save alive: and they did so.' – Brenton

; virgines autem reservate., '; but save the virgins.' – Vg

omitted – WLC ABP

Compare Numbers 31:18.

Judges 21:12, see also Levite's concubine

נַעֲרָ֣ה בְתוּלָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֧ר לֹֽא־יָדְעָ֛ה אִ֖ישׁ לְמִשְׁכַּ֣ב זָכָ֑ר‎, na-‘ă-rāh ḇə-ṯū-lāh, ’ă-šer lō- yā-ḏə-‘āh ’îš lə-miš-kaḇ zā-ḵār;, 'virgin young woman, who has not known a man on/in the bed of a male;' – WLC

νεάνιδας παρθένους, αἵτινες οὐκ ἔγνωσαν ἄνδρα εἰς κοίτην ἄρσενος,, 'virgin young women, whoever knew not a man, into the marriage-bed of a male.' – LXX Brenton

νεάνιδας παρθένους αι οὐκ έγνωσαν άνδρα εις κοίτην άρσενος, 'virgin young women, the ones knew not a man, in the marriage-bed of a male.' – ABP

virgines, quae nescierunt viri thorum:, 'virgins, who did not know the marriage-bed of a man:' – Vg

Judges 21:12, see also Levite's concubine

שִׁלֹ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֖ר‎, ši-lōh, ’ă-šer, 'Shiloh which ' – WLC

Σηλὼν τὴν, 'Selon the ' – LXX

Σηλὼμ τὴν, 'Selom the ' – Brenton

Σηλώ η εστιν, 'Selo which is' – ABP

Silo, 'Silo' – Vg

Judges 21:14, see also Levite's concubine

וַיָּ֤שָׁב בִּנְיָמִן֙ בָּעֵ֣ת‎, way-yā-šāḇ bin-yā-min bā-‘êṯ, 'And Benjamin returned at that time' – WLC

καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν βενιαμεὶν πρὸς τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραὴλ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ, 'And Benjamin returned to the sons of Israel at that time' – LXX Brenton ABP

Veneruntque filii Benjamin in illo tempore, 'And the sons of Benjamin came at that time' – Vg

Judges 21:14, see also Levite's concubine

הַהִ֔יא וַיִּתְּנ֤וּ לָהֶם֙‎, ha-hî way-yit-tə-nū lā-hem, 'and they gave them' – WLC

καὶ ἔδωκαν αὐτοῖς οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ, 'and the sons of Israel gave them' – LXX Brenton

και έδωκαν αυτοίς, 'and gave them' – ABP

et datae sunt eis, 'and to them were given' – Vg

Judges 21:14, see also Levite's concubine

הַנָּשִׁ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר חִיּ֔וּ מִנְּשֵׁ֖י יָבֵ֣שׁ גִּלְעָ֑ד‎, han-nā-šîm, ’ă-šer ḥî-yū, min-nə-šê yā-ḇêš gil-‘āḏ;, 'the women, whom they had kept/saved alive, from the women of Jabesh Gilead;' – WLC

τὰς γυναῖκας ἃς ἐζωοποίησαν ἀπὸ τῶν θυγατέρων Ἰαβεὶς Γαλαάδ·, 'the women whom they saved alive from the daughters of Jabeis Galaad' – LXX

τὰς γυναῖκας ἃς ἐζωοποίησαν ἀπὸ τῶν θυγατέρων Ἰαβὶς Γαλαάδ·, 'the women whom they saved alive of the daughters of Jabis Galaad' – Brenton

τας γυναίκας αίτινες ήσαν εκ των γυναικών Ιαβίς Γαλαάδ, 'the women whomever were of the women of Jabis Galaad' – ABP

uxores de filiabus Jabes Galaad:, '(the) wives of/from (the) daughters of Jabes Galaad:' – Vg

Judges 21:14, see also Levite's concubine

וְלֹֽא־מָצְא֥וּ לָהֶ֖ם כֵּֽן׃‎, wə-lō- mā-ṣə-’ū lā-hem kên., 'but had not found enough for them.' – WLC

καὶ ἤρεσεν αὐτοῖς οὕτως., 'and it pleased them thus' – LXX Brenton ABP

καὶ ἤρεσεν αὐτοῖς οὕτω., 'and they were content' – Brenton

alias autem non repererunt, quas simili modo traderent., 'but did not find others, whom would deliver in (a) similar manner.' – Vg

Judges 21:17, see also Levite's concubine

לֹֽא־יִמָּחֶ֥ה שֵׁ֖בֶט מִיִּשְׂרָאֵֽל׃‎, lō- yim-mā-ḥeh šê-ḇeṭ mî-yiś-rā-’êl., 'a tribe may not be destroyed from Israel.' – WLC

οὐκ ἐξαλειφθήσεται φυλὴ ἀπὸ Ἰσραήλ., 'no tribe will be wiped away from Israel.' – LXX Brenton

ου μη εξαλειφθή φυλή εξ Ισραήλ, 'in no way should a tribe be wiped away out of Israel' – ABP

ne una tribus deleatur ex Israel, 'lest one tribe be destroyed/deleted from Israel' – Vg

Judges 21:22, see also Levite's concubine

לרוב‎, lā-rō-wḇ, 'to complain' – K

לָרִ֣יב ׀‎, lā-rîḇ, 'to complain' – Q

Judges 21:22, see also Levite's concubine

אֵלֵ֗ינוּ‎, ’ê-lê-nū,, 'to us' – WLC

πρὸς ὑμᾶς, 'to you' – LXX

πρὸς ημάς, 'to us' – Brenton ABP

adversum vos, 'against you' – Vg

Judges 21:22, see also Levite's concubine

חָנּ֣וּנוּ אֹותָ֔ם כִּ֣י לֹ֥א לָקַ֛חְנוּ אִ֥ישׁ אִשְׁתֹּ֖ו בַּמִּלְחָמָ֑ה‎, ḥān-nū-nū ’ō-w-ṯām, kî lō lā-qaḥ-nū ’îš ’iš-tōw bam-mil-ḥā-māh;, 'Be kind to them, because we did not take a woman/wife for man in the war' – WLC

Ἔλεος ποιήσατε ἡμῖν αὐτάς, ὅτι οὐκ ἐλάβομεν ἀνὴρ γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ παρατάξει, 'Grant them to us out of mercy, for we have not taken every man a woman/wife for himself in the lines of battle' – LXX Brenton

ελεήσατε αυτούς ότι ουκ έλαβεν ανήρ εαυτώ γυναίκα εν τω πολέμω, 'Show mercy on them! For a man did not take a woman/wife to himself in the war' – ABP

Miseremini eorum: non enim rapuerunt eas jure bellantium atque victorum:, 'Have mercy on them: for did not seize/abduct/rape them by (the) right of warriors and conquerors.' – Vg

Judges 21:25

בְּעֵינָ֖יו‎, bə-‘ê-nāw, 'in eyes' – WLC

ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ, 'in his face/view or in front of him' – LXX Brenton

εν οφθαλμοίς αυτού, 'in his eyes' – ABP

sibi videbatur, 'it seemed to him' – Vg

Books of Samuel

2 Samuel 8

2 Samuel 8:12

מֵאֲרָ֤ם‎, mê-'ă-rām, 'from Aram' – WLC AC

ἐκ τῆς Ἰδουμαίας, 'from Edom (Idumea)' – LXX LXX Brenton

καὶ ἐκ τῆς Ἰδουμαίας, 'and from Edom (Idumea)' – ABP

de Syria, 'from Syria' – Vg

2 Samuel 8:12

וּמִפְּלִשְׁתִּ֖ים‎, ū-mip-pə-liš-tîm, 'and from the Philistines' – WLC

καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀλλοφύλων, 'and from the foreigners' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

et Philisthiim, 'and Philisthiim' – Vg

Compare 1 Kings 16:15.

2 Samuel 8:13

אֶת־אֲרָ֖ם‎, 'eṯ- 'ă-rām, 'of Aram' – WLC

τὴν Ἰδουμαίαν, 'Edom (Idumea)' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

Syria, 'Syria' – Vg

2 Samuel 8:13

בְּגֵיא־מֶ֑לַח‎, bə-ḡê- me-laḥ, 'in the valley salt' – WLC

ἐν Γεβέλεμ, 'in Gebelem' – LXX Brenton ABP

ἐν Γαιμελε, 'in Gaimele' – LXX

in valle Salinarum, 'in valley of (the) Salts' – Vg

2 Samuel 8:18

כֹּהֲנִ֥ים‎, kō-hă-nîm, 'priests' – WLC. This noun is the origin of the surname Cohen.

αὐλάρχαι, 'chiefs/rulers/princes of the palace/court' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP. This noun is a compound of αὐλή ("court(yard)" or "hall/chamber/house") and ἀρχή ("authority"), related to archon ("ruler" or "chief magistrate").

sacerdotes, 'priests' – Vg. Origin of the modern term sacerdotalism.

Books of Kings

1 Kings 16

1 Kings 16:15

בִּשְׁנַת֩ עֶשְׂרִ֨ים וָשֶׁ֜בַע שָׁנָ֗ה לְאָסָא֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ יְהוּדָ֔ה מָלַ֥ךְ זִמְרִ֛י‎, 'in the year twenty and seven year of Asa king of Judah, Zimri reigned' – WLC

Καὶ Ζαμβρεὶ ἐβασίλευσεν, 'And Zambreì reigned' – LXX

Καὶ Ζαμβρὶ ἐβασίλευσεν, 'And Zambrì reigned' – LXX Brenton

εν τω εικοστώ και εβδόμω έτει Ασά βασιλέως Ιούδα εβασίλευσεν Ζιμβρί, 'in the twenty and seventh year of Asa king of Judah, Zimbrí reigned' – ABP

Anno vigesimo septimo Asa regis Juda, regnavit Zambri:, 'in the twenty-seventh year of Asa king of Judah, Zambri reigned:' – Vg

1 Kings 16:15

שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִ֖ים בְּתִרְצָ֑ה‎, šiḇ-'aṯ yā-mîm bə-ṯir-ṣāh;, 'seven days in Tirzah' – WLC

ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἐν Θερσά·, 'seven years in Thersá:' – LXX

ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας ἐν Θερσα., 'seven days in Thersa.' – LXX

εν Θερσά ημέρας επτά, 'in Thersá days seven' – Brenton

εν Θερσά επτά ημέρας, 'in Thersá seven days' – ABP

septem diebus in Thersa:, 'seven days in Thersa:' – Vg

1 Kings 16:15

וְהָעָ֣ם חֹנִ֔ים‎, wə-hā-'ām ḥō-nîm, 'and the people encamped' – WLC

καὶ ἡ παρεμβολὴ Ἰσραὴλ, 'and the camp of Israel' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

porro exercitus obsidebat, 'further (away), the army laid siege' – Vg

1 Kings 16:15

עַֽל־גִּבְּתֹ֖ון אֲשֶׁ֥ר לַפְּלִשְׁתִּֽים׃‎, 'al- gib-bə-ṯō-wn 'ă-šer lap-pə-liš-tîm., 'against Gibbethon which to the Philistines.' – WLC

ἐπὶ Γαβαὼν τῶν ἀλλοφύλων., 'upon Gabaon of the foreigners.' – LXX. τῶν ἀλλοφύλων literally means 'of the of another tribe'.

επί Γαβαθών την των αλλοφύλων, 'upon Gabathon the of the foreigners.' – LXX Brenton ABP

Gebbethon urbem Philisthinorum, ' Gebbethon city of the Philistines' – Vg

1 Kings 16:16

וַיִּשְׁמַ֤ע הָעָם֙ הַחֹנִ֣ים לֵאמֹ֔ר‎, way-yiš-ma' hā-'ām ha-ḥō-nîm lê-mōr, 'And the encamped people heard , saying' – WLC

καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ λαὸς ἐν τῇ παρεμβολῇ λεγόντων, 'And the people in the camp heard , saying' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

Cumque audisset, 'And when heard ' – Vg

1 Kings 16:16

קָשַׁ֣ר זִמְרִ֔י וְגַ֖ם הִכָּ֣ה אֶת־הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ‎, qā-šar zim-rî wə-ḡam hik-kāh 'eṯ- ham-me-leḵ, 'Zimi has conspired and also killed king' – WLC

Συνεστράφη Ζαμβρεὶ καὶ ἔπαισεν τὸν βασιλέα·, 'Zambreì conspired and struck the king;' – LXX

Συνεστράφη Ζαμβρι καὶ ἔπαισεν τὸν βασιλέα·, 'Zambri conspired and struck the king;' – LXX

συνεστράφη Ζαμβρὶ καὶ ἔπαισε τὸν βασιλέα·, 'Zambrì conspired and struck the king;' – Brenton

συνεστράφη Ζαμβρί και έπαισε τον βασιλέα, 'Zambrí conspired and struck the king' – ABP

rebellasse Zambri, et occidisse regem,, ' Zambri had rebelled, and killed king,' – Vg

1 Kings 16:16

אֶת־הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ‎, 'eṯ- 'ā-mə-rî, 'Omri' – WLC

τὸν Ζαμβρεί, 'Zambrei' – LXX

τὸν Αμβρι, 'Ambri' – LXX

τὸν Ἀμβρὶ, 'Ambri' – Brenton

τον Αμβρί, 'Ambri' – ABP

Amri,, 'Amri,' – Vg

1 Kings 16:16

צָבָ֧א‎, ṣā-ḇā, 'of the army or of the war' – WLC

τῆς στρατείας, 'of the campaign/expedition' – LXX

τῆς στρατίας, 'of the army' – LXX Brenton ABP

militiae, 'of the army or of the war/campaign' – Vg

1 Kings 16:17

עָמְרִ֛י וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל עִמֹּ֖ו מִֽגִּבְּתֹ֑ון‎, 'ā-mə-rî wə-ḵāl yiś-rā-'êl 'im-mōw mig-gib-bə-ṯō-wn, 'Omri and all Israel with him from Gibbethon' – WLC

Ζαμβρεὶ καὶ πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐν Γαβαθὼν, 'Zambreì and all Israel with him in Gabathòn' – LXX

Αμβρι καὶ πᾶς Ισραηλ μετ' αὐτοῦ ἐκ Γαβαθων, 'Ambri and all Israel with him out of Gabathon' – LXX Brenton

Αμβρί εκ Γαβαθών και πας Ισραήλ μετ' αυτού, 'Ambrí out of Gabathón and all Israel with him' – ABP

Amri, et omnis Israel cum eo, de Gebbethon,, 'Amri, and all Israel with him, from Gebbethon' – Vg

1 Kings 16:18

וַיָּבֹ֖א אֶל־אַרְמֹ֣ון בֵּית־הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ וַיִּשְׂרֹ֨ף עָלָ֧יו אֶת־בֵּֽית־מֶ֛לֶךְ בָּאֵ֖שׁ וַיָּמֹֽת׃‎, way-yā-ḇō 'el- 'ar-mō-wn bêṯ- ham-me-leḵ way-yiś-rōp̄ 'ā-lāw 'eṯ- bêṯ- me-leḵ bā-'êš way-yā-mōṯ., 'and went into the citadel of the house of the king and burnt the house king upon himself with fire and died.' – WLC

ἐνεπύρισεν ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν τὸν οἶκον τοῦ βασιλέως, καὶ ἀπέθανεν·, 'the king himself set fire to the house of the king, and died;' – LXX

εἰσπορεύεται εἰς ἄντρον τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἐνεπύρισεν ἐπ' αὐτὸν τὸν οἶκον τοῦ βασιλέως ἐν πυρὶ και απέθανεν, ' entered into inner room of the house of the king and set fire to the house of the king over himself with fire and died' – LXX ABP

πορεύεται εἰς άντρον του οίκου του βασιλέως, και ενεπύρισεν επ' αυτόν τον οίκον του βασιλέως, και απέθανεν, ' went into inner room of the house of the king, and set fire to the house of the king over himself, and died' – Brenton

ingressus est palatium, et succendit se cum domo regia: et mortuus est, ' entered palace, and burnt himself with royal house: and died' – Vg

1 Kings 16:19

חטאתו‎, ḥaṭ-ṭā-ṯōw, 'of his sin' – K

חַטֹּאתָיו֙‎, ḥaṭ-ṭō-ṯāw, 'of his sins' – Q

τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτοῦ, 'of his sins' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

in peccatis suis, 'in his sins' – Vg

1 Kings 16:19

אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֔ה‎, 'ă-šer 'ā-śāh, 'which did or (had) done/committed' – WLC

αις εποίησεν, 'which did/committed' – ABP

quo fecit, 'which did' – Vg

omitted – LXX LXX Brenton

1 Kings 16:20

וְקִשְׁרֹ֖ו אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָשָׁ֑ר‎, wə-qiš-rōw 'ă-šer qā-šār, 'and the conspiracy which conspired' – WLC

καὶ τὰς συνάψεις αὐτοῦ ἃς συνῆψεν, 'and his associations joined in' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

et insidiarum ejus, et tyrannidis, 'and of his intrigues/plots, and tyranny' – Vg

1 Kings 16:21

תִבְנִ֤י בֶן־גִּינַת֙‎, ṯiḇ-nî ḇen- gî-naṯ, 'Tibni son of Ginath' – WLC

Θαμνεὶ υἱοῦ Γωνὰθ, 'Thamneì son of Gōnàth' – LXX

Θαμνι υἱοῦ Γωναθ, 'Thamni son of Gōnath' – LXX

Θαμνὶ υἱοῦ Γωνὰθ, 'Thamnì son of Gōnàth' – Brenton

Θαβνί υιόυ Γινήθ, 'Thabní son of Ginḗth' – ABP

Thebni filium Gineth, 'Thebni son of Gineth' – Vg

1 Kings 16:21

עָמְרִֽי׃‎, 'ā-mə-rî., 'Omri.' – WLC

Ζαμβρεί., 'Zambrei.' – LXX

Αμβρι., 'Ambri.' – LXX

Ἀμβρί., 'Ambri.' – Brenton

Αμβρί., 'Ambri.' – ABP

Amri., 'Amri.' – Vg

1 Kings 16:22

וַיֶּחֱזַ֤ק הָעָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אַחֲרֵ֣י עָמְרִ֔י אֶת־הָעָ֕ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַחֲרֵ֖י תִּבְנִ֣י בֶן־גִּינַ֑ת‎, way-ye-ḥĕ-zaq hā-'ām 'ă-šer 'a-ḥă-rê 'ā-mə-rî, 'eṯ- hā-'ām 'ă-šer 'a-ḥă-rê tiḇ-nî ḇen- gî-naṯ;, 'And/but the people who followed Omri prevailed against the people who followed Tibni son of Ginath' – WLC

καὶ ἡττήθη ὁ λαὸς ὁ ὢν ὀπίσω Θαμνεὶ υἱοῦ Γωνάθ·, 'And defeated was the people being after Thamneì son of Gōnàth:' – LXX. ἡττάομαι is an Attic variation of the verb ἡσσάομαι ("to be less/weaker than, to be defeated")

Ὁ λαὸς ὁ ὢν ὀπίσω Ἀμβρί υπερεκράτησε τον λαόν τον οπίσω Θαμνὶ υἱοῦ Γωνὰθ·, 'The people being after Ambri prevailed over the people being after Thamnì son of Gōnàth' – LXX Brenton

και ο λαός ο ων οπίσω Αμβρί υπερεκράτησε τον λαόν τον οπίσω Θαβνί υιόυ Γινήθ, 'And the people being after Ambri prevailed over the people being after Thabní son of Ginḗth' – ABP

Praevaluit autem populus qui erat cum Amri, populo qui sequebatur Thebni filium Gineth:, 'But the people who were with Amri prevailed, over the people who followed Thebni son of Gineth:' – Vg

1 Kings 16:22

וַיָּ֣מָת תִּבְנִ֔י וַיִּמְלֹ֖ךְ עָמְרִֽי׃ פ‎, way-yā-māṯ tiḇ-nî, way-yim-lōḵ 'ā-mə-rî. p̄, 'And Tibni died, and Omri reigned.' – WLC

καὶ ἀπέθανεν Θαμνεὶ καὶ Ἰωρὰμ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ, καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ζαμβρεὶ μετὰ Θαμνεί., 'And Thamneì and Joram the brother of him died at that time, and Zambrei ruled after Thamneì.' – LXX

καὶ ἀπέθανεν Θαμνι καὶ Ιωραμ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ, καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Αμβρι μετὰ Θαμνι., 'And Thamni and Joram the brother of him died at that time, and Ambri ruled after Thamni.' – LXX

καὶ ἀπέθανε Θαμνὶ καὶ Ἰωρὰμ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ, καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ἀμβρί μετὰ Θαμνί., 'And Thamnì and Joram the brother of him died at that time, and Ambri ruled after Thamnì.' – Brenton

και απέθανε Θαβνί και εβασίλευσεν Αμβρί., 'And Thabní died and Ambri reigned.' – ABP

mortuusque est Thebni, et regnavit Amri., 'and Thebni died, and Amri reigned.' – Vg

1 Kings 16:28

וַיִּשְׁכַּ֤ב עָמְרִי֙ עִם־אֲבֹתָ֔יו וַיִּקָּבֵ֖ר בְּשֹׁמְרֹ֑ון וַיִּמְלֹ֛ךְ אַחְאָ֥ב בְּנֹ֖ו תַּחְתָּֽיו׃ פ‎ – WLC

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ζαμβρεὶ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ, καὶ θάπτεται ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ· καὶ βασιλεύει Ἀχαὰβ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾽ αὐτοῦ. – LXX

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Αμβρι μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ θάπτεται ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ, καὶ βασιλεύει Αχααβ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ αὐτοῦ. – LXX

Ἀμβρί., 'Ambri.' – Brenton

και εκοιμήθη Αμβρί μετά των πατέρων αυτού και θάπτεται εν Σαμαρεία και εβασίλευσεν Αχαάβ ο υιός αυτού αντ' αυτού – ABP

Dormivitque Amri cum patribus suis, et sepultus est in Samaria: regnavitque Achab filius ejus pro eo. – Vg

A long addition is found in the Septuagint of Codex Vaticanus following 1 Kings 16:28 (numbered as verses 28a–28h).

1 Kings 16:28a

Καὶ ἐν τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῷ ἑνδεκάτῳ ἔτει τοῦ Ζαμβρεὶ βασιλεύει Ἰωσαφὰθ υἱὸς Ἀσά· βασιλεύει ἐτῶν τριάκοντα καὶ πέντε ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἴκοσι πέντε ἔτη βασιλεύει ἐν Ἰερουσαλήμ· καὶ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Γαβουζά, θυγάτηρ Σελεεί. – LXX

τοῦ Αμβρι...Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς Ασα ἐτῶν...ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν Ιερουσαλημ,...Γαζουβα θυγάτηρ Σελει. – LXX

τοῦ Ἀμβρί...Ιωσαφατ υἱὸς Ασα ἐτῶν...εἴκοσιπέντε...ἐβασιλευσεν....Γαζουβά, θυγάτηρ Σελί· – Brenton

omitted – WLC ABP Vg

1 Kings 16:28b

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ Ἀσὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἐξέκλινεν ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς τοῦ ποιεῖν τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον Κυρίου· πλὴν τῶν ὑψηλῶν οὐκ ἐξῆραν, ἔθυον ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς καὶ ἐθυμίων., 'And he went in the way of Asa his father, and he did not deviate from it to do what is right before the Lord; only they did not remove of the high places, they sacrificed and burnt incense on the high places.' – LXX LXX Brenton

omitted – WLC ABP Vg

1 Kings 16:28c

καὶ ἃ συνέθετο Ἰωσαφάθ, καὶ πᾶσα δυναστεία ἣν ἐποίησεν, καὶ οὓς ἐπολέμησεν, οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γεγραμμένα ἐν βιβλίῳ λόγων τῶν ἡμερῶν τῶν βασιλέων Ἰούδα;, 'And what Josaphat composed, and all dynasty which he made, and those who fought, are these not written in the book of the words of the days of the kings of Judah?' – LXX

...Ιωσαφατ,...ἡ δυναστεία,... – LXX

...Ἰωσαφάτ μετὰ βασίλεως Ἰσραὴλ,...ἐποίησε... – Brenton

omitted – WLC ABP Vg

1 Kings 16:28d

καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν συμπλοκῶν ἃς ἐπέθεντο ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Ἀσὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ ἐξῆρεν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς. – LXX LXX Brenton

omitted – WLC ABP Vg

1 Kings 16:28e

καὶ βασιλεὺς οὐκ ἦν ἐν Συρίᾳ· νασεὶβ ὁ βασιλεύς. – LXX

...νασιβ. – LXX

...Νασὶβ. – Brenton

omitted – WLC ABP Vg

1 Kings 16:28f

ἐποίησεν ναῦν εἰς Θαρσεὶς πορεύεσθαι εἰς Σωφείρ, πορεύεσθαι ἐπὶ τὸ χρυσίον· καὶ οὐκ ἐπορεύθη, ὅτι συνετρίβη ἡ ναῦς ἐν Γασιὼν Γάβερ. – LXX

καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ιωσαφατ ἐποίησεν...Θαρσις...Σωφιρ ἐπὶ...Γασιωνγαβερ. – LXX

Καὶ ὁ βασιλεύς Ἰωσαφάτ ἐποίησε...Θαρσὶς...Σωφίρ ἐπὶ... – Brenton

omitted – WLC ABP Vg

1 Kings 16:28g

τότε εἶπεν βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ πρὸς Ἰωσαφάθ Ἐξαποστελῶ τοὺς παῖδάς σου καὶ τὰ παιδάριά μου ἐν τῇ νηί· καὶ οὐκ ἐβούλετο Ἰωσαφάθ. – LXX

...ὁ βασιλεὺς...Ἰωσαφάτ...Ἰωσαφάτ· – LXX Brenton

omitted – WLC ABP Vg

1 Kings 16:28h

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ἰωσαφὰθ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυείδ· καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Ἰωρὰμ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντ᾽ αὐτοῦ., 'And Josaphàth slept with his fathers in the city of Daveíd: and Joram his son reigned instead of him.' – LXX

καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Ιωσαφατ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ καὶ θάπτεται μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν πόλει Δαυιδ,..., 'And Josaphàt slept with his fathers and was buried with his fathers in the city of David,...' – LXX

...Ἰωσαφάτ...Δαυίδ·..., '...Josaphàt...Davíd:...' – Brenton

omitted – WLC LXX ABP Vg

1 Kings 16:29

וְאַחְאָ֣ב בֶּן־עָמְרִ֗י מָלַךְ֙ עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בִּשְׁנַ֨ת שְׁלֹשִׁ֤ים וּשְׁמֹנֶה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה לְאָסָ֖א מֶ֣לֶךְ יְהוּדָ֑ה וַ֠יִּמְלֹךְ אַחְאָ֨ב בֶּן־עָמְרִ֤י עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בְּשֹׁ֣מְרֹ֔ון עֶשְׂרִ֥ים וּשְׁתַּ֖יִם שָׁנָֽה׃‎, 'And Ahab son of Omri king over Israel in the year thirty and eight years of Asa king of Judah, and Ahab the son of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years.' – WLC

Ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τῷ Ἰωσαφὰθ βασιλεύει Ἀχαὰβ υἱὸς Ζαμβρεί· ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ἰσραὴλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἔτη., 'In the second year of Josaphath reigned Achaáb son of Zambreí; reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years' – LXX

Ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τῷ Ιωσαφατ βασιλεύει Αχααβ υἱὸς Αμβρι· ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ισραηλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἔτη., 'In the second year of Josaphat reigned Achaab son of Ambri: reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years.' – LXX

Ἐν ἔτει δευτέρῳ τοῦ Ἰωσαφὰτ βασιλέως Ἰούδα, Ἀχαὰβ υἱὸς Ἀμβρὶ ἐβασίλευσεν ἐπὶ Ἰσραὴλ ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ εἴκοσι καὶ δύο ἔτη., 'In the second year of Josaphat king of Judah, Achaáb son of Ambrì reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years.' – Brenton

ο δε Αχαάβ υιός Αμβρί εβασίλευσεν επί Ισραήλ εν έτει τριακοστώ και ογδόω του Ασά βασιλέως Ιούδα βασιλεύει δε Αχαάβ υιός Αμβρί επί Ισραήλ εν Σαμαρεία είκοσι και δύο έτη, 'But Achaáb the son of Ambrí reigned over Israel in the thirtieth and eighth year of Asa king of Judah. And Achaáb the son of Ambrí reigned over Israel in Samaria for twenty and two years.' – ABP

Achab vero filius Amri regnavit super Israel anno trigesimo octavo Asa regis Juda. Et regnavit Achab filius Amri super Israel in Samaria viginti et duobus annis., 'Achab real son of Amri reigned over Israel in (the) thirty-eighth year of Asa king of Judah. And Achab (the) son of Amri reigned over Israel in Samaria for twenty-two years.' – Vg

1 Kings 16:30

ἐπονηρεύσατο, ' wicked' – LXX LXX

και επονηρεύσατο, 'and wicked' – Brenton ABP

omitted – WLC Vg

1 Kings 16:31

τὴν Ἰεζάβελ θυγατέρα Ἰεθεβάαλ βασιλέως Σιδωνίων,, 'Iezábel daughter Iethebáal king of the Sidonians,' – LXX LXX Brenton

Ιεζάβελ την θυγατέρα Εθβαάλ βασιλέως Σιδωνείων, 'Iezábel the daughter Ethbaál king of the Sidonians' – ABP

1 Kings 16:32

בֵּ֣ית הַבַּ֔עַל‎, bêṯ hab-ba-'al, ' house of Baal' – WLC

בית בעל‎, bêṯ ba-'al, 'house Baal' – Kennicott

ἐν οἴκῳ τῶν προσοχθισμάτων αὐτοῦ, 'in the house of his abominations' – LXX LXX Brenton

εν οίκω του Βάαλ, 'in house of Báal' – ABP

in templo Baal, 'in temple Baal' – Vg

1 Kings 16:33

וַיַּ֥עַשׂ אַחְאָ֖ב אֶת־הָאֲשֵׁרָ֑ה‎, way-ya-'aś 'aḥ-'āḇ 'eṯ- hā-'ă-šê-rāh;, 'And Ahab made a(n) Asherah' – WLC

καὶ ἐποίησεν Ἀχαὰβ ἄλσος·, 'And Achaàb made/prepared sacred grove:' – LXX LXX Brenton

και εποίησεν Αχαάβ το άλσος, 'And Achaáb prepared the sacred grove' – ABP

et plantavit lucum:, 'and planted (sacred) grove:' – Vg

1 Kings 16:33

לְהַכְעִיס֙ אֶת־יְהֹוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל‎, lə-haḵ-'îs 'eṯ- Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hê yiś-rā-'êl, 'to provoke the anger of Yahweh god Israel' – WLC

παροργίσαι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ, τοῦ ἐξολοθρευθήναι· ἐκακοποίησεν, 'to provoke the anger of his own life, so that he should be annihilated: he did evil' – LXX

παροργίσαι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἐξολεθρευθῆναι· ἐκακοποίησεν, 'to provoke the anger of his own life so that he should be destroyed: he did evil' – LXX

παροργίσαι τον Κύριον Θεὸν τοῦ Ἰσραήλ, καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐξολοθρευθῆναι, ἐκακοποίησεν, 'to provoke the anger of the Lord God of Israel, and of his own life so that he should be destroyed, he did evil' – Brenton

παροργίσαι τον κύριον θεόν του Ισραήλ, 'to provoke the anger of the lord god of Israel' – ABP

irritans Dominum Deum Israel, 'irritating Lord God Israel' – Vg

1 Kings 16:34

בְּיָמָ֞יו בָּנָ֥ה חִיאֵ֛ל בֵּ֥ית הָאֱלִ֖י אֶת־יְרִיחֹ֑ה‎, bə-yā-māw bā-nāh ḥî-'êl bêṯ hā-'ĕ-lî 'eṯ- yə-rî-ḥōh, 'In his days Hiel Bethelite built Jericho' – WLC

ᾨκοδόμησεν Ἀχειὴλ ὁ Βαιθηλείτης τὴν Ἰερειχώ·, 'Acheièl the Baithelite built Iereicho:' – LXX

ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ᾠκοδόμησεν Αχιηλ ὁ Βαιθηλίτης τὴν Ιεριχω·, 'In his days, Achiel the Baithelite built Iericho:' – LXX

Καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ᾠκοδόμησεν Αχιὴλ ὁ Βαιθηλίτης τὴν Ἱεριχω·, 'And in his days, Achièl the Baithelite built Hiericho:' – Brenton

εν ταις ημέραις αυτού ωκοδόμησεν Χιήλ ο Βεθελίτης την Ιεριχώ, 'In his days, Chiél the Bethelite built Iericho' – ABP

In diebus ejus aedificavit Hiel de Bethel Jericho:, 'In his days Hiel of Bethel (has) built Jericho:' – Vg

1 Kings 16:34

וּבִשְׂגִיב‎, ū-ḇiś-ḡîḇ, 'and on Segub' – K

וּבִשְׂג֤וּב‎, ū-ḇiś-ḡūḇ, 'and with Segub' – Q

καὶ τῷ Ζεγοὺβ, 'and on Zegoùb' – LXX

καὶ τῷ Σεγουβ, 'and on Segoub' – LXX

καὶ τῷ Σεγουβ, 'and on Segoùb' – Brenton

και εν τω Σεγούβ, 'and on Segoúb' – ABP

et in Segub, 'and on Segub' – Vg

Song of Songs

Song of Songs 1

The word "אחריך", meaning "after you", from Song of Solomon 1:4a in the Leningrad Codex (hand-written) and in the Hebrew Bible print edition of the *BHS* (which omits the Rafe diacritic)

Songs 1:1

שִׁ֥יר הַשִּׁירִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר לִשְׁלֹמֹֽה׃‎, šîr haš-šî-rîm 'ă-šer liš-lō-mōh., ' song of songs that of Shalomo' – WLC

ΑΣΜΑ ᾀσμάτων, ὅ ἐστιν τῷ Σαλωμών., 'SONG of songs, which is to Salomon.' – LXX

Ἆισμα ᾀσμάτων, ὅ ἐστιν τῷ Σαλωμων., 'Song of songs, which is to Salomon.' – LXX

ΑΣΜΑ ᾀσμάτων, ὅ ἐστι τῷ Σαλωμών., 'SONG of songs, which is to Salomon.' – Brenton

άσμα ασμάτων ο εστι τω Σολομώντι, ' song of songs which is to Solomon.' – ABP

omitted – Vg. Note: because Vg omits the first verse, it has only 16 verses in this chapter; the numbering shifts backwards, so that verse 1:2 in Hebrew and Greek becomes verse 1:1 in Latin etc.

Songs 1:3

שֶׁ֖מֶן‎, še-men, 'ointment/oil' – WLC

μύρον, 'perfume/ointment' – LXX LXX Brenton

μύρου, 'of perfume/ointment' – ABP

Oleum, 'Oil' – Vg

Songs 1:5

בְּנֹ֖ות יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם‎, bə-nō-wṯ yə-rū-šā-lim, 'O daughters of Jerusalem' – WLC

θυγατέρες Ἰσραήλ, 'O daughters of Israel' – LXX

θυγατέρες Ιερουσαλήμ, 'O daughters of Jerusalem' – LXX Brenton ABP

filiae Jerusalem, '(O) daughters of Jerusalem or of/to (the) daughter Jerusalem or Jerusalem of/to daughter' – Vg

Songs 1:5

δέρρις Σαλωμών., ' hide/leathern coverings/curtains of Salomon.' – LXX

δέρρεις Σαλωμων., ' hide/leathern coverings/curtains of Salomon.' – LXX Brenton

δέρρεις Σολομώντος, ' hide/leathern coverings/curtains of Solomon.' – ABP

Songs 1:6

אַל־תִּרְא֙וּנִי֙ שֶׁאֲנִ֣י שְׁחַרְחֹ֔רֶת שֶׁשֱּׁזָפַ֖תְנִי הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ‎, 'al- tir-'ū-nî še-'ă-nî šə-ḥar-ḥō-reṯ, šeš-šĕ-zā-p̄aṯ-nî haš-šā-meš;, 'Do not look at , because I blackened/swarthy, because the sun has seen / looked at ;' – WLC

μὴ βλέψητέ με, ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι μεμελανωμένη, ὅτι παρέβλεψέ(ν) με ὁ ἥλιος·, 'Do not look at me, because I am being blackened, because the sun has looked over me;' – LXX LXX Brenton

...μελανωμένη..., '...blackened...' – ABP

Nolite me considerare quod fusca sim, quia decoloravit me sol., 'Do not think that I am black/brown, because sun has discoloured me.' – Vg

Songs 1:13

בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖י יָלִֽין׃‎, bên šā-ḏay yā-lîn., 'between breasts spends the night.' – WLC

ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν μαστῶν μου αὐλισθήσεται·, 'between my breasts shall spend the night;' – LXX Brenton ABP

inter ubera mea commorabitur, 'between my breasts will stay' – Vg

omitted – LXX

Songs 1:14

אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַכֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דֹּודִי֙ לִ֔י‎, 'eš-kōl hak-kō-p̄er dō-w-ḏî lî,, 'A cluster of henna my beloved to me' – WLC

βότρυς τῆς κύπρου ἀδελφιδός μου ἐμοὶ, 'A cluster of henna is my beloved ' – LXX Brenton ABP. κύπρος is a Semitic loanword identical with Hebrew כֹּפֶר / כּוֺפֶר‎‎ kōp̱er, meaning "henna". When capitalised, this word is identical to the Greek name of Cyprus, which may or may not have been derived from this word.

Botrus cypri dilectus meus, 'My beloved cluster of henna' – Vg. cyprus, not to be confused with the island of Cyprus, is the latinisation of κύπρος, and the origin of the English word cypress.

omitted – LXX

Songs 1:16

אַף־ עַרְשֵׂ֖נוּ רַעֲנָנָֽה׃‎, 'ap̄- 'ar-śê-nū ra-'ă-nā-nāh., 'Also, our bed is green. or Indeed, our couch is luxuriant!' – WLC

πρὸς κλίνη(ν) ἡμῶν σύσκιος,, 'to our shady bed. or overshadowing our bed.' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

Lectulus noster floridus., 'Our couch / little bed flowery.' – Vg

Songs 1:17

רחיטנו‎, ra-ḥî-ṭê-nū, ' our rafters' – K

רַהִיטֵ֖נוּ‎, ra-khî-ṭê-nū, ' our rafters' – Q

Song of Songs 2

Songs 2:3

לְחִכִּֽי׃‎, lə-ḥik-kî., 'to (the roof of) my mouth / palate or to my taste' – WLC

ἐν λάρυγγί μου., 'in my throat/gullet.' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP. λάρυγξ is the origin of the modern English word larynx.

gutturi meo., 'in my throat.' – Vg. guttur is the origin of the modern English word goitre.

Songs 2:6

περιλήψεται, 'will embrace' – ABP Brenton (classical Greek spelling)

περιλήμψεται, 'will embrace' – LXX LXX (Koine Greek spelling)

Compare Deuteronomy 22:30

Songs 2:7

ἐν δυνάμεσι(ν), 'by powers' – LXX Brenton

εν ταις δυνάμεσι(ν), 'by the powers' – LXX ABP

Songs 2:8

זֶ֖ה‎, zeh, 'this ' – WLC

οὗτος, 'this ' – LXX LXX Brenton

ούτως, 'thus / in this way' – ABP

iste, 'that ' – Vg

Songs 2:9

ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη Βαιθήλ., 'on the mountains of Baithel' – LXX LXX Brenton

omitted – WLC ABP Vg

Compare Songs 2:17.

Songs 2:17

עַל־הָ֥רֵי בָֽתֶר׃ ס‎, 'al- hā-rê ḇā-ṯer. s, 'upon the mountains of Bether.' – WLC

ἐπὶ ὄρη κοιλωμάτων., 'encircling upon the mountains.' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

super montes Bether., 'on/above the mountains Bether.' – Vg

Compare Songs 2:9.

Song of Songs 3

Songs 3:3

רְאִיתֶֽם׃‎, rə-'î-ṯem., 'Have you seen....?' – WLC

εἴδετε;, 'Have you known....?' – LXX LXX. From the verb οἶδα ("to know").

ίδετε;, 'Do you see....?' – Brenton ABP. From the verb εἶδον ("to see").

vidistis?, 'Have you seen....?' – Vg. The Latin verb vidēo ("I see") is the origin of the modern English word video.

Songs 3:7

τοῦ Σαλωμών,, 'of Salomon,' – LXX LXX Brenton

του Σολομώντος, 'of Solomon' – ABP

Songs 3:8

חֶ֔רֶב‎, ḥe-reḇ, 'swords' – WLC

ρομφαίαν, 'a rhomphaia / a (Greek single-edged) broadsword' – LXX LXX Brenton ABP

gladios, 'gladii / (Roman double-edged) swords' – Vg

Compare Judges 19:29.

Songs 3:9

שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה‎, šə-lō-mōh, 'Shalomo' – WLC

Σαλωμών, 'Salomon' – LXX LXX Brenton

Σολομών, 'Solomon' – ABP

Salomon, 'Salomon' – Vg

Songs 3:10

ἀργύριον, 'silver' – LXX LXX Brenton

αργυρίου, 'of silver or silvery / a piece of silver' – ABP

Songs 3:11

צְאֶ֧ינָה ׀ וּֽרְאֶ֛ינָה בְּנֹ֥ות צִיֹּ֖ון‎, ṣə-'e-nāh ū-rə-'e-nāh bə-nō-wṯ ṣî-yō-wn, 'Go forth and see daughters of Zion' – WLC

ἐξέλθατε καὶ ἴδετε, 'come forth and behold' – LXX LXX

Θυγατέρες Σιών εξέλθετε, και ίδετε, 'O daughters of Sion come forth, and behold' – Brenton

εξέλθετε και ίδετε θυγατέρες Σιών, 'Come forth and behold, o daughters of Sion' – ABP

Egredimini et videte, filiae Sion,, 'Go out and see, (o) daughters of Sion,' – Vg

Book of Isaiah

Isaiah 7:14

עַלְמָה‎, hā-'al-māh,, 'young woman' – WLC 1QIsa

עוּלֶמְתָּא‎, hā-'al-māh tā,, 'young woman' – Targ

παρθένος, 'virgin' – LXX LXX ABP Brenton

virgo, 'virgin' – Vg Vg

Isaiah 29:13

וַתְּהִ֤י יִרְאָתָם֙ אֹתִ֔י מִצְוַ֥ת אֲנָשִׁ֖ים מְלֻמָּדָֽה׃‎, wat-tə-hî yir-'ā-ṯām 'ō-ṯî, miṣ-waṯ 'ă-nā-šîm mə-lum-mā-ḏāh., 'and their fear towards me is taught by the commandment of men.' – MT

μάτην δὲ σέβονταί με διδάσκοντες ἐντάλματα ἀνθρώπων καὶ διδασκαλίας., 'and in vain they worship me, teaching precepts and instructions of men.' – LXX, ABP

Compare New Testament quotation:

μάτην δὲ σέβονταί με, διδάσκοντες διδασκαλίας ἐντάλματα ἀνθρώπων·, 'In vain they now worship me, teaching doctrines precepts of men.' – Mark 7:7

Isaiah 40:3

מְסִלָּ֖ה לֵאלֹהֵֽינוּ׃‎, mə-sil-lāh lê-lō-hê-nū., 'a highway for our god.' – MT

τὰς τρίβους τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν., 'the roads of our God.' – LXX, ABP

semitas Dei nostri., ' paths of our God.' – Vg Vg

Compare New Testament quotations:

τὰς τρίβους αὐτοῦ·, 'the roads of him.' – Mark 1:3, Matthew 3:3 Luke 3:4

τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου, 'the way of Lord' – John 1:23

Isaiah 42:19

עַבְדִּ֔י‎, 'aḇ·dî, 'my servant' – MT

παίδες μου, 'my servants' – ABP

Isaiah 53:10

יִרְאֶ֥ה זֶ֖רַע יַאֲרִ֣יךְ יָמִ֑ים‎, yir-'eh ze-ra' ya-'ă-rîḵ yā-mîm;, 'he shall see seed/offspring, he shall prolong days;' – MT

ὄψεται σπέρμα μακρόβιον·, opsetai sperma makrobion., ' shall see a long-lived seed.' – LXX, ABP Brenton

videbit semen longævum,, ' will see long-lived seed,' – Vg Vg

Isaiah 53:11

יִרְאֶ֣ה‎, yir-'eh, 'he shall see' – MT

יראה אור‎, yir-'eh 'ór, 'he shall see light' – 4QIsa

δείξαι αυτῴ φῶς, 'to show to him light' – LXX, LXX, ABP Brenton

videbit, ' will see' – Vg Vg

Notes

^ καὶ οὐκ ἐκληρονόμησεν Ἰούδας τὴν Γάζαν οὐδὲ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῆς, οὐδὲ τὴν Ἀσκάλωνα οὐδὲ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῆς, οὐδὲ τὴν Ἀκκαρὼν οὐδὲ τὰ ὅρια αὐτῆς, οὐδὲ τὴν Ἄζωτον οὐδὲ τὰ περισπόρια αὐτῆς. (Swete's Septuagint). The word 'οὐκ' means "not", 'ἐκληρονόμησεν' (related to the modern Greek verb κληρονομώ) means "inherit", and 'οὐδὲ' means "nor".
וַיִּלְכֹּ֤ד יְהוּדָה֙ אֶת־עַזָּ֣ה וְאֶת־גְּבוּלָ֔הּ וְאֶֽת־אַשְׁקְלֹ֖ון וְאֶת־גְּבוּלָ֑הּ וְאֶת־עֶקְרֹ֖ון וְאֶת־גְּבוּלָֽהּ׃. (Westminster Leningrad Codex).

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^ Brenton 1879, p. 169.
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Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Leviticus 20 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 19 May 2022. Qui dormierit cum masculo coitu femineo, uterque operatus est nefas: morte moriantur: sit sanguis eorum super eos.
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Shectman, Sarah (2009). Women in the Pentateuch: A Feminist and Source-critical Analysis. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press. pp. 158–166. ISBN 9781906055721. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
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^ Brenton 1879, p. 277.
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"Deuteronomy 28 (New International Version)". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
^ Scholz 2021.
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Brenton 1879, p. 296.
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Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Volumes 22-24. American Research Center in Egypt. 1985. p. 212. Retrieved 24 May 2021. Judges 1: 18-19 may be an indication, especially if the Septuagint version of Judges 1:18 is taken as superior to the Masoretic text, i.e., that the Israelites were unable to take the valleys and towns, specifically Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron, because the Canaanites had chariots of iron.
Dothan, Trude; Dothan, Moshe (1992). People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines. Macmillan. p. 235. ISBN 9780025322615. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
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^ Rahlfs 1935, Κριταί (Βατικανός Κώδικας).
^ "Judges 18 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
Brenton 1879, p. 358.
^ "Judges 18 NIV". New International Version / biblehub.com. 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
"Codex Alexandrinus : Judges : Chapter 18". catholiclibrary.org. Retrieved 2 November 2022. ἀπὸ Σιδῶνος καὶ λόγος οὐκ ἦν αὐτοῖς μετὰ Συρίας
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Judges 18 Apostolic Bible Polyglot". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Judges 18 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Richteren 18:30". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ Scholz 2021, p. 167–168.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Judges 19 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
"Strong's Hebrew: 2181. זָנָה (zanah) -- to commit fornication, be a harlot". biblehub.com. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
"Strong's Hebrew: 2186. זָנַח (zanach) -- reject". biblehub.com. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 359.
^ "Judges 19 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Judges 19". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
^ "Judges 19 Vulgata Clementina". Biblehub.com. 1592. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Judges 19 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Richteren 19:3". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 October 2022.
^ Scholz 2021, p. 168–169.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 359–360.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 360.
"Judges 19:4 Parallel". biblehub.com. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
"Judges 19 NIV". biblehub.com. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 361.
^ George Wigram (1843). "6031. עָנָה (anah)". The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
^ Scholz 2021, p. 78.
Scholz 2021, p. 178, 234.
George Wigram (1843). "5039. נְבָלָה (nebalah)". The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
George Wigram (1843). "3045. יָדַע (yada)". The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
^ Trible 1984, pp. 59–60.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Judges 20 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
^ "Judges 20 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Judges 20". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
^ "Judges 20 Vulgata Clementina". Biblehub.com. 1592. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Judges 20 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Judges 21 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Judges 21". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Judges 21 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ "Judges 21 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 364.
^ Wells 2020, p. 134, 137–138.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 365.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "2 Samuel 8 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
"Aleppo Codex : 2 Samuel: Chapter 8". catholiclibrary.org. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ "2 Samuel 8 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ Alfred Rahlfs (1935). "Βασιλειών Β' (2 Samuel Rahlfs)". Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint (in Greek). Greek Wikisource. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 427.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot 2 Samuel 8". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "2 Samuel 8 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "1 Kings 16 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
^ "1 Kings 16 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
^ Alfred Rahlfs (1935). "Βασιλειών Γ' (1 Kings Rahlfs)". Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint (in Greek). Greek Wikisource. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 489.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot 1 Kings 16". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "1 Kings 16 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
Tov 1999, p. 549.
Brenton 1879, p. 489–490.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 490.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Song of Solomon 1 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ "Song of Solomon 1 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ Alfred Rahlfs (1935). "Άσμα Ασμάτων (Song of Songs Rahlfs)". Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint (in Greek). Greek Wikisource. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 846.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Song of Solomon 1". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Song of Songs 1 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Song of Solomon 2 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ "Song of Solomon 2 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Song of Solomon 2". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Song of Songs 2 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 847.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Song of Solomon 3 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ "Song of Solomon 3 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Song of Solomon 3". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Song of Songs 2 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 848.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Jesaja 7:14". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 October 2022.
Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Isaiah 7 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
"Isaiah 7 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Isaiah 7". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
Brenton 1879, p. 858.
"Isaiah 7 Vulgata Clementina". Biblehub.com. 1592. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Isaiah 7 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
"Isaiah 29 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Isaiah 29". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
"Isaiah 40 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Isaiah 40". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
"Isaiah 40 Vulgata Clementina". Biblehub.com. 1592. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Isaiah 40 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
^ "Isaiah 53 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Isaiah 53". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 905.
^ "Isaiah 53 Vulgata Clementina". Biblehub.com. 1592. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Isaiah 53 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Jesaja 53:11". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 January 2024.

Bibliography

Biblia: quid in hac editione praestitum sit. Translated by Estienne, Robert. 1545.
Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Interlinear Bible (Westminster Leningrad Codex – English)". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
Brenton, Lancelot Charles Lee (1851). "Brenton's Septuagint Translation". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
Brenton, Lancelot Charles Lee (1879). The Septuagint version of the OT, with an English translation (PDF). London: Samuel Bagster. p. 1156. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
Brooke, Alan England; McLean, Norman; Thackeray, Henry St. John (1909). The Old Testament in Greek. Volume I: The Octateuch. Part II: Exodus and Leviticus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 268. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
Everson, David L. (2014). "The Vetus Latina and the Vulgate of the Book of Exodus". The Book of Exodus: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation. Leiden: Brill. pp. 370–386. ISBN 978-90-04-28266-7. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
Rahlfs, Alfred (1935). "Η Παλαιά Διαθήκη (The Old Testament Rahlfs)". Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint (in Greek). Greek Wikisource. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
Robert, Ulysse (1881). Pentateuchi versio latina antiquissima e Codice Lugdunensi. Paris: Firmin-Didot. p. 330. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
Scholz, Susanne (2021). Sacred Witness. Rape in the Hebrew Bible. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-5064-8203-3. (E-book edition)
Swete, Henry Barclay (1930). "Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
Emanuel Tov, The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research (TCU), 1981 (1st edition), 1997 (2nd edition), 2015 (3rd edition).
Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (TCHB), 1992 (1st edition), 2001 (2nd edition), 2012 (3rd edition), 2022 (4th edition).
Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint: Collected Writings, Volume 3 (2015).
Tov, Emanuel (1999). "38. The Septuagint Additions ('Miscellanies') in 1 Kings 2 (3 Reigns 2)". The Greek and Hebrew Bible: Collected Essays on the Septuagint. Vetus Testamentum Supplements. Vol. 72. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004275973_039. ISBN 978-90-04-27597-3.
Trible, Phyllis (1984). Texts of Terror: Literary-feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-1537-9.
van de Giessen, J. P. (2003). "Index Bijbelverzen". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 May 2022.
Van der Pool, Charles (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot (ABP)". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
Wells, Bruce (2020). "On the Beds of a Woman: The Leviticus Texts on Same-Sex Relations Reconsidered". Sexuality and Law in the Torah. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 123–158. ISBN 978-0-567-68160-7. Retrieved 16 May 2022.

External links

Digitized Hebrew and Greek Manuscripts: Access and Issues – Introduction to online biblical textual studies

v t e Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible by book
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