| Trogulidae Temporal range: Palaeogene–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N | |
|---|---|
| |
| Trogulus tricarinatus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Suborder: | Dyspnoi |
| Superfamily: | Troguloidea |
| Family: | Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833 |
| Genera | |
| Diversity | |
| 6 genera, 65 species | |
| |
| Approximate natural range of Trogulidae | |
Trogulidae is a family of harvestmen comprising 65 extant species (plus 1 extinct) in five genera.
Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. In most genera, the body is somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood which hides their short chelicerae and pedipalps.
Distribution
Members of this family occur in western and southern Europe, up to western North Africa and the Levant, the Caucasus and northern Iran. Trogulus tricarinatus, a predator of terrestrial snails, has been introduced to eastern North America.
Name
The derivation of the name of the type genus, Trogulus, is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a monkshood. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from the Ancient Greek trogein "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.
Species
Main article: List of Dyspnoi speciesThe known genera and species in Trogulidae as of 2023 are:
- Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967
- Anarthrotarsus martensi Šilhavý, 1967 – Greece
- Anarthrotarsus trichasi Kontos & Martens, 2022 – Greece
- Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879
- Anelasmocephalus balearicus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Spain (Baleares)
- Anelasmocephalus brignolii Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy (Sardinia)
- Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy (Sicily)
- Anelasmocephalus cambridgei (Westwood, 1874) – UK to Balkans (Europe)
- Anelasmocephalus cazorla Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain
- Anelasmocephalus crassipes (H. Lucas, 1846) – Algeria, Tunisia
- Anelasmocephalus gadirrif Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain, Morocco
- Anelasmocephalus hadzii Martens, 1978 – Austria, Italy, Serbia, etc Balkans
- Anelasmocephalus lycosinus (Sørensen, 1873) – Italy
- Anelasmocephalus ortunioi Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain
- Anelasmocephalus osellai Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy
- Anelasmocephalus pusillus Simon, 1879 – Italy, France (Corsica)
- Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus Martens, 1978 – Spain
- Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis Simon, 1879 – Italy, France, Switzerland
- Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis Martens & Chemini, 1988 – France
- Anelasmocephalus tuscus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy
- Calathocratus Simon, 1879
- Calathocratus africanus (H. Lucas, 1846) – Algeria, Tunisia, Italy
- Calathocratus beieri Gruber, 1968 – Turkey
- Calathocratus caucasicus (Šilhavý, 1966) – Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Iran.
- Calathocratus hirsutus Snegovaya, 2011 – Russia
- Calathocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940 – Greece (Crete)
- Calathocratus kyrghyzicus (Chemeris, 2013) – Kyrgyzstan
- Calathocratus minutus Snegovaya, 2011 – Russia
- Calathocratus rhodiensis (Gruber, 1963) – Greece (Rhodes)
- Calathocratus singularis (Roewer, 1940) – Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey
- Calathocratus sinuosus (Sørensen, 1873) – Italy
- Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940
- Kofiniotis creticus Roewer, 1940 – Greece (Crete)
- Trogulus aquaticus Simon, 1879 – France (Corsica)
- Trogulus balearicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Spain (Baleares)
- Trogulus banaticus Avram, 1971 – Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, etc.
- Trogulus cisalpinus Chemini & Martens, 1988 – Italy
- Trogulus closanicus Avram, 1971 – Romania, Germany, Bulgaria etc
- Trogulus coreiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – (Unknown locality)
- Trogulus coriziformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Italy (contra reports of widespread)
- Trogulus cristatus Simon, 1879 – France, Italy
- Trogulus falcipenis Komposch, 1999 – Austria, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia
- Trogulus graecus Dahl, 1903 – Greece, Albania, etc (Balkans)
- Trogulus gypseus Simon, 1879 – Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Greece.
- Trogulus hirtus Dahl, 1903 – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia
- Trogulus huberi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Portugal
- Trogulus karamanorum Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Macedonia, Albania etc (Balkans)
- Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1932 – Portugal
- Trogulus lygaeiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Greece
- Trogulus martensi Chemini, 1983 – Italy, France, etc
- Trogulus megaligrava Schönhofer et al., 2013 – Greece (Corfu)
- Trogulus melitensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Croatia
- Trogulus nepaeformis (Scopoli, 1763) – Italy, France, etc (Southern Europe)
- Trogulus oltenicus Avram, 1971 – Romania
- Trogulus ozimeci Schönhofer et al., 2013 – Croatia
- Trogulus pharensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Croatia
- Trogulus prietoi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Spain
- Trogulus pulverulentus C. L. Koch, 1856 – Spain
- Trogulus pyrenaicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Spain
- Trogulus rossicus Šilhavý, 1968 – Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
- Trogulus setosissmus Roewer, 1940 – Croatia
- Trogulus squamatus C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Montenegro, Croatia (Dalmatia)
- Trogulus templetonii Westwood, 1833 – Spain
- Trogulus tenuitarsus Schönhofer et al., 2013 – Macedonia
- Trogulus thaleri Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Croatia
- Trogulus tingiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Germany, etc (Central Europe)
- Trogulus torosus Simon, 1885 – Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (Dalmatia)
- Trogulus tricarinatus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Germany, etc (Widespread Western, Central Europe)
- Trogulus uncinatus Gruber, 1973 – Turkey
See also extinct:
- †Trogulus longipes Haupt, 1956 (fossil: Eocene)
Plus see unknown:
- †Amphitrogulus Gourret, 1887
- †Amphitrogulus sternalis Gourret, 1887
References
- ^ Gruber, Jürgen (2007): Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 157ff
- "A taxonomic catalogue of the Dyspnoi Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 (Arachnida: Opiliones)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
- Chemeris, A.N. (2013) Two new harvestman species (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the collection of Siberian Zoological Museum. Arthropoda Selecta
- "Trogulidae". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
Further reading
- Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Trogulidae
- Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-02343-9
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