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	{{short description\|French pioneer balloonist}}		{{Redirect\|Pierre Romain\|the French Member of the European Parliament\|Pierre-Romain Thionnet}}{{short description\|French pioneer balloonist (1754–1785)}}
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	\|name = Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier		\|name = Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier
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	'''Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier''' ({{IPA-fr\|ʒɑ̃ fʁɑ̃swa pilɑtʁ də ʁozje}}) ~~{{bdd\|March\|~~30\|1754~~\|June\|~~15\|1785}} was a ] ] and ] teacher, and one of the first pioneers of ]. He ~~and ]~~ made the first manned free balloon flight on 21 November 1783, in a ] balloon. He later died when his balloon crashed near ] in the ] during an attempt to fly across the ]. He and his companion, ], thus became the first known fatalities in an ]. He also risked himself while researching the flammability of hydrogen: in "A Short History of Nearly Everything", Bill Bryson writes "In France, a chemist named Pilatre de Rozier tested the flammability of hydrogen by gulping a mouthful and blowing across an open flame, proving at a stroke that hydrogen is indeed explosively combustible and that eyebrows are not necessarily a permanent feature of one’s face."		'''Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier''' ({{IPA\|fr\|ʒɑ̃ fʁɑ̃swa pilɑtʁ də ʁozje}}) (30 March 1754 – 15 June 1785) was a French ] and ] teacher, and one of the first pioneers of ]. He made the first manned free balloon flight with ] on 21 November 1783, in a ] balloon. He later died when his balloon crashed near ] in the ] during an attempt to fly across the ]. He and his companion ] thus became the first known fatalities in an ].

	==Early life==		==Early life==
	He was born in ], the third son of Magdeleine Wilmard and Mathurin Pilastre, known as "de Rozier", a former soldier who became an innkeeper. His interests in the chemistry of drugs had been awakened in the military hospital of ], an important garrison town on the border of France. He made his way to ] at the age of 18, then taught physics and chemistry at the Academy in ], which brought him to the attention of the ], brother of King ].		He was born in ], the third son of Magdeleine Wilmard and Mathurin Pilastre, known as "de Rozier", a former soldier who became an innkeeper. His interests in the chemistry of drugs had been awakened in the military hospital of Metz, an important garrison town on the border of France. He made his way to ] at the age of 18, then taught physics and chemistry at the Academy in ], which brought him to the attention of the ], brother of King ].

	He returned to Paris, where he was put in charge of Monsieur's '']'' of ] and made a '']'' to Monsieur's wife, Madame, which brought him his ennobled name, Pilâtre de Rozier. He opened his own museum in the ] quarter of Paris on 11 December 1781, where he undertook experiments in physics, and provided demonstrations to nobles. He researched the new field of ]es, and invented a ].		He returned to Paris, where he was put in charge of Monsieur's '']'' of ] and made a '']'' to Monsieur's wife, Madame, which brought him his ennobled name, Pilâtre de Rozier. He opened his own museum in the ] quarter of Paris on 11 December 1781, where he undertook experiments in physics, and provided demonstrations to nobles. He researched the new field of ]es, and invented a ].

	==Flight pioneer==		==Flight pioneer==
	]		]
	In June 1783, he witnessed the first public demonstration of a ] by the ]. On 19 September, he assisted with the untethered flight of a sheep, a cockerel and a duck from the front courtyard of the ]. ~~The~~ French King ] decided that the first manned flight would contain two condemned criminals, but de Rozier enlisted the help of the ] to support his view that the honour of becoming first balloonists should belong to someone of higher status, and the ] agreed to accompany him. The ~~King~~ was persuaded to permit d'Arlandes and de Rozier to become the first pilots.		In June 1783, he witnessed the first public demonstration of a ] by the Montgolfier brothers. On 19 September, he assisted with the untethered flight of a sheep, a cockerel, and a duck from the front courtyard of the ]. French King ] decided that the first manned flight would contain two condemned criminals, but de Rozier enlisted the help of the ] to support his view that the honour of becoming first balloonists should belong to someone of higher status, and the ] agreed to accompany him. The king was persuaded to permit d'Arlandes and de Rozier to become the first pilots.

	After several ] tests to gain some experience of controlling the balloon, de Rozier and d'Arlandes made their first untethered flight in a Montgolfier hot air balloon on 21 November 1783, taking off at around 2 ~~p.m.~~ from the garden of the ] in the ], in the presence of the ~~King~~. Their 25-minute flight travelled slowly about 5½ miles (some 9 km) to the southeast, attaining an altitude of 3,000 feet, before returning to the ground at the ], then on the ] of Paris.		After several ] tests to gain some experience of controlling the balloon, de Rozier and d'Arlandes made their first untethered flight in a Montgolfier hot air balloon on 21 November 1783, taking off at around 2 pm from the garden of the ] in the ], in the presence of the king. Their 25-minute flight travelled slowly about 5½ miles (some 9 km) to the southeast, attaining an altitude of 3,000 feet, before returning to the ground at the ], then on the ] of Paris.

	] on 21 November 1783.]]		] on 21 November 1783.]]
	Along with ], he was one of six passengers on a second flight on 19 January 1784, with a huge Montgolfier balloon ''Le Flesselles'' launched from ]. Four French nobles paid for the trip, including a prince. Several difficulties had to be overcome. The wallpaper used to cover the balloon's envelope became wet because of extreme weather conditions. The top of the balloon was made of sheep- or ]. The air was heated by wood in an iron stove: to start, the straw was set on fire with ]. (In other tests charcoal or potatoes were used). The balloon had a volume ~~of approximately~~ 23,000 m³, over 10 times that of the first flight, but it only flew a short distance. The spectators kneeled down when the balloon came down too quickly. That evening the aeronauts were celebrated after listening to ]'s opera, ].		Along with ], he was one of six passengers on a second flight on 19 January 1784, with a huge Montgolfier balloon ''Le Flesselles'' launched from ]. Four French nobles paid for the trip, including a prince. Several difficulties had to be overcome. The wallpaper used to cover the balloon's envelope became wet because of extreme weather conditions. The top of the balloon was made of sheep- or ]. The air was heated by wood in an iron stove: to start, the straw was set on fire with ]. (In other tests, charcoal or potatoes were used). The balloon had a volume around 23,000 m³, over 10 times that of the first flight, but it only flew a short distance. The spectators kneeled down when the balloon came down too quickly. That evening, the aeronauts were celebrated after listening to ]'s opera,'' ]''.

	Rozier took part in a further flight on 23 June 1784, in a modified version of the Montgolfiers' first balloon christened ''La Marie-Antoinette'' after the ~~Queen~~, which took off in front of the King of France and King ]. Together with ], the balloon flew north at an altitude ~~of approximately~~ 3,000 metres, above the clouds. They travelled 52 km in 45 minutes before cold and turbulence forced them to descend past ], between ] et ], near the ]. They set records for speed, altitude and distance travelled.		Rozier took part in a further flight on 23 June 1784, in a modified version of the Montgolfiers' first balloon christened ''La Marie-Antoinette'' after the queen, which took off in front of the King of France and King ]. Together with ], the balloon flew north at an altitude about 3,000 metres, above the clouds. They travelled 52 km in 45 minutes before cold and turbulence forced them to descend past ], between ] and ], near the ]. They set records for speed, altitude, and distance travelled.
	], 15 June 1785.]]		], 15 June 1785.]]

	==Final flight==		==Final flight==
	De Rozier's next plan was an attempt to cross the ] from France to England. A Montgolfier balloon would not be up to the task, requiring large stocks of fuel for the hot air. So his balloon, the ], was a combination of a ] and ]. It was prepared in the autumn of 1784, but the attempt was not launched until after another Frenchman ] and his American companion Dr. ] flew across the ] in a hydrogen gas balloon from England to France on 7 January 1785.		De Rozier's next plan was an attempt to cross the English Channel from France to England. A Montgolfier balloon would not be up to the task, requiring large stocks of fuel for the hot air, so his balloon, the ], was a combination of a ] and ]. It was prepared in the autumn of 1784, but the attempt was not launched until after another Frenchman, ], and his American companion, Dr. ], flew across the channel in a hydrogen gas balloon from England to France on 7 January 1785.

	]		]

	Despite several attempts, De Rozier and his companion Pierre Romain were not able to set off from ] until 15 June 1785. After making some progress, a change of wind direction pushed them back over land some 5 km from their starting point. According to contemporary accounts, the balloon caught fire in midair before suddenly deflating and crashing near ] in the ], from an estimated height of 450 m (1,500 ~~feet~~).<ref>{{cite news \|title=Northampton Mercury \|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000317/17850627/001/0001 \|~~accessdate~~=28 April 2019 \|date=27 June 1785}}</ref> Both occupants were killed. Eight days later his former fiancée died, possibly having committed suicide. A commemorative obelisk was later erected at the site of the crash. The King had a medal struck and gave his family a pension.		Despite several attempts, De Rozier and his companion Pierre Romain were not able to set off from ] until 15 June 1785. At the take off, a nobleman tried to climb in the balloon with them, but Rozier persuaded him not to, saying it was too dangerous. After making some progress, a change of wind direction pushed them back over land some 5 km from their starting point. According to contemporary accounts, the balloon caught fire in midair before suddenly deflating and crashing near ] in the ], from an estimated height of 450 m (1,500 ft).<ref>{{cite news \|title=Northampton Mercury \|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000317/17850627/001/0001 \|access-date=28 April 2019 \|date=27 June 1785}}</ref> Both occupants were killed. Eight days later, his former fiancée died, possibly having committed suicide. A commemorative obelisk was later erected at the site of the crash.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier et Pierre-Ange Romain - Wimereux le 15 Juin 1785 {{!}} Aérostèles\|url=https://www.aerosteles.net/stelefr-wimereux-ballon\|access-date=2020-12-13\|website=www.aerosteles.net\|language=fr}}</ref> The King had a medal struck and gave his family a pension.

	The modern hybrid gas and hot air balloon is named the ] after his pioneering design.		The modern hybrid gas and hot air balloon is named the Rozière balloon after his pioneering design.

	==See also==		==See also==
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	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
	* ] (1783, 1784) Description des expériences de la machine aérostatique de MM. Montgolfier, &c.		* ] (1783, 1784) Description des expériences de la machine aérostatique de MM. Montgolfier, &c.
	* ] (1987) '']'', p. ~~123-31~~.		* ] (1987) '']'', pp. 123–131.

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
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	* '']'', ] (1870) by ] has an account of Rozier's final flight.		* '']'', ] (1870) by ] has an account of Rozier's final flight.

⚫	{{Authority control}}

	==External links==		==External links==
	{{Commons category}}		*{{Commons category-inline}}
	*		* {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927195451/http://bellestar.org/faq/default.html \|date=2013-09-27 }}
	*https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233351/http://clg-pilatre-de-rozier.scola.ac-paris.fr/PDRBio.htm		*https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233351/http://clg-pilatre-de-rozier.scola.ac-paris.fr/PDRBio.htm

		⚫	{{Aviation accidents and incidents in France before 1950}}
			{{Aviation accidents and incidents before the 1920s}}
		⚫	{{Authority control}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Pilatre de Rozier, Jean-Francois}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Pilatre de Rozier, Jean-Francois}}
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Latest revision as of 09:44, 21 December 2024

"Pierre Romain" redirects here. For the French Member of the European Parliament, see Pierre-Romain Thionnet.French pioneer balloonist (1754–1785)

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Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier

Born	(1754-03-30)30 March 1754 Metz, France
Died	15 June 1785(1785-06-15) (aged 31) Wimille, France
Nationality	French
Scientific career
Fields	Chemistry, Physics

Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ fʁɑ̃swa pilɑtʁ də ʁozje]) (30 March 1754 – 15 June 1785) was a French chemistry and physics teacher, and one of the first pioneers of aviation. He made the first manned free balloon flight with François Laurent d'Arlandes on 21 November 1783, in a Montgolfier balloon. He later died when his balloon crashed near Wimereux in the Pas-de-Calais during an attempt to fly across the English Channel. He and his companion Pierre Romain thus became the first known fatalities in an air crash.

Early life

He was born in Metz, the third son of Magdeleine Wilmard and Mathurin Pilastre, known as "de Rozier", a former soldier who became an innkeeper. His interests in the chemistry of drugs had been awakened in the military hospital of Metz, an important garrison town on the border of France. He made his way to Paris at the age of 18, then taught physics and chemistry at the Academy in Reims, which brought him to the attention of the Comte de Provence, brother of King Louis XVI.

He returned to Paris, where he was put in charge of Monsieur's cabinet of natural history and made a valet de chambre to Monsieur's wife, Madame, which brought him his ennobled name, Pilâtre de Rozier. He opened his own museum in the Marais quarter of Paris on 11 December 1781, where he undertook experiments in physics, and provided demonstrations to nobles. He researched the new field of gases, and invented a respirator.

Flight pioneer

In June 1783, he witnessed the first public demonstration of a balloon by the Montgolfier brothers. On 19 September, he assisted with the untethered flight of a sheep, a cockerel, and a duck from the front courtyard of the Palace of Versailles. French King Louis XVI decided that the first manned flight would contain two condemned criminals, but de Rozier enlisted the help of the Duchess de Polignac to support his view that the honour of becoming first balloonists should belong to someone of higher status, and the Marquis d'Arlandes agreed to accompany him. The king was persuaded to permit d'Arlandes and de Rozier to become the first pilots.

After several tethered tests to gain some experience of controlling the balloon, de Rozier and d'Arlandes made their first untethered flight in a Montgolfier hot air balloon on 21 November 1783, taking off at around 2 pm from the garden of the Château de la Muette in the Bois de Boulogne, in the presence of the king. Their 25-minute flight travelled slowly about 5½ miles (some 9 km) to the southeast, attaining an altitude of 3,000 feet, before returning to the ground at the Butte-aux-Cailles, then on the outskirts of Paris.

Along with Joseph Montgolfier, he was one of six passengers on a second flight on 19 January 1784, with a huge Montgolfier balloon Le Flesselles launched from Lyon. Four French nobles paid for the trip, including a prince. Several difficulties had to be overcome. The wallpaper used to cover the balloon's envelope became wet because of extreme weather conditions. The top of the balloon was made of sheep- or buckskin. The air was heated by wood in an iron stove: to start, the straw was set on fire with brandy. (In other tests, charcoal or potatoes were used). The balloon had a volume around 23,000 m³, over 10 times that of the first flight, but it only flew a short distance. The spectators kneeled down when the balloon came down too quickly. That evening, the aeronauts were celebrated after listening to Gluck's opera, Iphigénie en Tauride.

Rozier took part in a further flight on 23 June 1784, in a modified version of the Montgolfiers' first balloon christened La Marie-Antoinette after the queen, which took off in front of the King of France and King Gustav III of Sweden. Together with Joseph Proust, the balloon flew north at an altitude about 3,000 metres, above the clouds. They travelled 52 km in 45 minutes before cold and turbulence forced them to descend past Luzarches, between Coye and Orry-la-Ville, near the Chantilly forest. They set records for speed, altitude, and distance travelled.

Final flight

De Rozier's next plan was an attempt to cross the English Channel from France to England. A Montgolfier balloon would not be up to the task, requiring large stocks of fuel for the hot air, so his balloon, the Rozière balloon, was a combination of a hydrogen and hot air balloon. It was prepared in the autumn of 1784, but the attempt was not launched until after another Frenchman, Jean-Pierre Blanchard, and his American companion, Dr. John Jeffries, flew across the channel in a hydrogen gas balloon from England to France on 7 January 1785.

Despite several attempts, De Rozier and his companion Pierre Romain were not able to set off from Boulogne-sur-Mer until 15 June 1785. At the take off, a nobleman tried to climb in the balloon with them, but Rozier persuaded him not to, saying it was too dangerous. After making some progress, a change of wind direction pushed them back over land some 5 km from their starting point. According to contemporary accounts, the balloon caught fire in midair before suddenly deflating and crashing near Wimereux in the Pas-de-Calais, from an estimated height of 450 m (1,500 ft). Both occupants were killed. Eight days later, his former fiancée died, possibly having committed suicide. A commemorative obelisk was later erected at the site of the crash. The King had a medal struck and gave his family a pension.

The modern hybrid gas and hot air balloon is named the Rozière balloon after his pioneering design.

References

"Northampton Mercury". 27 June 1785. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
"Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier et Pierre-Ange Romain - Wimereux le 15 Juin 1785 | Aérostèles". www.aerosteles.net (in French). Retrieved 2020-12-13.

Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond (1783, 1784) Description des expériences de la machine aérostatique de MM. Montgolfier, &c.
Simon Schama (1987) Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution, pp. 123–131.

External links

[REDACTED] Media related to Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier at Wikimedia Commons
A Short Course of Ballooning History Archived 2013-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233351/http://clg-pilatre-de-rozier.scola.ac-paris.fr/PDRBio.htm

v t e Aviation accidents and incidents in France before 1950
18th century	Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier (June 1785)
19th century	Sophie Blanchard (July 1819) Zénith (April 1875)
1900s	Patrie (November 1907) La République (September 1909)
1910s	Léon Delagrange (January 1910) Alsace (October 1915)
1920s	Picardie mid-air collision (April 1922) Air Union Farman Goliath crash (May 1923) KLM Fokker F.III Forêt de Mormal crash (June 1925) America (July 1927)
1930s	R101 (October 1930)
1940s	General Leclerc's aviation accident (November 1947)* Sabena DC-3 Crash (December 1949)
Incidents marked with an asterisk (*) occurred in French Algeria, now an independent country 1785–1949 ► 1950–1999

v t e Aviation accidents and incidents before 1920
Jun 15, 1785 De Rozier's balloon incident Apr 15, 1875 Zénith balloon incident Jul 13, 1897 Arctic Balloon Expedition Feb 14, 1902 Santos-Dumont nº6 crash (Monaco) May 12, 1902 Pax airship disaster Nov 30, 1907 Patrie airship disappearance Sep 25, 1909 Lebaudy République airship Apr 24, 1910 Zeppelin LZ 5 crash Jul 13, 1910 Erbslöh airship crash May 21, 1911 Paris to Madrid air race accident Feb 17, 1912 Martin-Handasyde No. 3 May 13, 1912 Brooklands Flanders Monoplane crash Sep 10, 1912 Bristol Coanda Monoplane crash Dec 15, 1912 Handley Page Type F crash Apr 17, 1913 Zodiac balloon accident Aug 07, 1913 Cody Floatplane crash Sep 09, 1913 Helgoland disaster Oct 17, 1913 Johannisthal disaster Aug 23, 1914 Zeppelin LZ 23 shot down Feb 17, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 24 Mar 21, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 29 crash Jun 07, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 37 shot down Jun 07, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 38 shed bombardment Aug 10, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 43 fire Oct 02, 1915 Alsace crash Dec 17, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 39 Feb 01, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 54 crash Feb 21, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 47 Apr 01, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 48 May 03, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 59 crash May 04, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 32 May 05, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 55 shot down Sep 16, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 31 Sep 24, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 76 Sep 24, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 74 Oct 02, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 72 Nov 27, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 78 shot down Nov 28, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 61 shot down Dec 28, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 53 fire Mar 17, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 86 May 14, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 64 Jun 17, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 95 shot down Aug 21, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 66 Oct 08, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 102 Oct 20, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 85 crash Oct 20, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 89 crash Dec 14, 1917 C.26 crash Apr 07, 1918 Zeppelin LZ 104 Aug 06, 1918 Zeppelin LZ 112 Aug 11, 1918 Zeppelin LZ 100 Aug 19, 1918 Maxstoke air crash May 26, 1919 Tarrant Tabor Jul 15, 1919 Airship N.S.11 crash Jul 21, 1919 Wingfoot Air Express crash Aug 02, 1919 Verona Caproni Ca. 48 crash For single-person aviation accidents see: Aviators killed in early aviation accidents
► the 1920s

Aviation accidents and incidents before 1920

Jun 15, 1785 De Rozier's balloon incident
Apr 15, 1875 Zénith balloon incident
Jul 13, 1897 Arctic Balloon Expedition
Feb 14, 1902 Santos-Dumont nº6 crash (Monaco)
May 12, 1902 Pax airship disaster
Nov 30, 1907 Patrie airship disappearance
Sep 25, 1909 Lebaudy République airship
Apr 24, 1910 Zeppelin LZ 5 crash
Jul 13, 1910 Erbslöh airship crash
May 21, 1911 Paris to Madrid air race accident
Feb 17, 1912 Martin-Handasyde No. 3
May 13, 1912 Brooklands Flanders Monoplane crash
Sep 10, 1912 Bristol Coanda Monoplane crash
Dec 15, 1912 Handley Page Type F crash
Apr 17, 1913 Zodiac balloon accident
Aug 07, 1913 Cody Floatplane crash
Sep 09, 1913 Helgoland disaster
Oct 17, 1913 Johannisthal disaster
Aug 23, 1914 Zeppelin LZ 23 shot down
Feb 17, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 24
Mar 21, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 29 crash
Jun 07, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 37 shot down
Jun 07, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 38 shed bombardment
Aug 10, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 43 fire
Oct 02, 1915 Alsace crash
Dec 17, 1915 Zeppelin LZ 39
Feb 01, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 54 crash
Feb 21, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 47
Apr 01, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 48
May 03, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 59 crash
May 04, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 32
May 05, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 55 shot down
Sep 16, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 31
Sep 24, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 76
Sep 24, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 74
Oct 02, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 72
Nov 27, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 78 shot down
Nov 28, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 61 shot down
Dec 28, 1916 Zeppelin LZ 53 fire
Mar 17, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 86
May 14, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 64
Jun 17, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 95 shot down
Aug 21, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 66
Oct 08, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 102
Oct 20, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 85 crash
Oct 20, 1917 Zeppelin LZ 89 crash
Dec 14, 1917 C.26 crash
Apr 07, 1918 Zeppelin LZ 104
Aug 06, 1918 Zeppelin LZ 112
Aug 11, 1918 Zeppelin LZ 100
Aug 19, 1918 Maxstoke air crash
May 26, 1919 Tarrant Tabor
Jul 15, 1919 Airship N.S.11 crash
Jul 21, 1919 Wingfoot Air Express crash
Aug 02, 1919 Verona Caproni Ca. 48 crash
For single-person aviation accidents see:
Aviators killed in early aviation accidents

► the 1920s

Categories: