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History of Pakistan
Timeline
Ancient Palaeolithic Soanian culture, c. 500,000 – 250,000 BCE Neolithic Mehrgarh, c. 7000 – c. 3000 BCE Indus Valley Civilisation, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE Achaemenid Empire, c. 550 – c. 330 BCE Gedrosia, c. 542 – c. 330 BCE Gandhara, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE Arachosia, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE Hindush, c. 517 – c. 330 BCE Sattagydia, c. 516 – c. 330 BCE Ror dynasty, c. 489 – c. 450 BCE Macedonian Empire, c. 329 – c. 323 BCE Arachosia, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Gedrosia, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Paropamisadae, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Porus, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Taxiles, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Mauryan Empire, c. 322 – c. 200 BCE Seleucid Empire, c. 312 – c. 63 BCE Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, c. 190 – c. 140 BCE Indo-Greek Kingdom, c. 170 – c. 50 BCE Indo-Scythian Kingdom, c. 110 BCE – c. 95 CE Apracharajas, c. 25 BCE – c. 50 CE Paratarajas, c. 120 – c. 300 CE
Classical Parthian Empire, c. 90 BCE – c. 25 CE Indo-Parthian Kingdom, c. 25 – c. 80 CE Kushan Empire, c. 60 – 345 CE Sasanian Empire, c. 250 – 655 CE Indo-Sasanians, c. 240 – 410 CE Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, c. 240 – 410 CE Gupta Empire, c. 345 – c. 455 CE Rai dynasty, c. 415 – 644 CE Hephthalite Empire, c. 450 – 560 CE Brahman dynasty, c. 641 – 725 CE
Medieval Caliphate, c. 643 – 860 CE Rashidun Caliphate, c. 643 – 661 CE Umayyad Caliphate, c. 670 – 860 CE Pala Empire, c. 770 – 850 CE Habbari dynasty, c. 841 – 1024 CE Hindu Shahi, c. 870 – 1010 CE Samanid Empire, c. 905 – 999 CE Ghaznavids, c. 999 – 1186 CE Soomra dynasty, c. 1024 – 1351 CE Ghurid dynasty, c. 1170 – 1215 CE Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE Mamluk dynasty, c. 1206 – c. 1290 CE Khalji dynasty, c. 1290 – c. 1320 CE Tugluq dynasty, c. 1320 – c. 1413 CE Sayyid dynasty, c. 1414 – c. 1451 CE Lodhi dynasty, c. 1451 – c. 1526 CE Mongol Empire, c. 1221 – c. 1327 CE Chagatai Khanate, c. 1225 – c. 1485 CE Ilkhanate, c. 1256 – c. 1353 CE Raees dynasty, c. 1320 – 1620 CE Katoor dynasty, c. 1570 – c. 1947 CE Samma dynasty, c. 1351 – c. 1524 CE Arghun dynasty, c. 1520 – c. 1554 CE Mughal Empire, c. 1526 – c. 1707 CE Bombay Presidency, c. 1618 – c. 1947 CE Suri dynasty, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE Tarkhan dynasty, c. 1554 – 1591 CE
Early modern Durrani Empire, c. 1747 – c. 1826 CE Las Bela, c. 1802 – c. 1947 CE Misl, c. 1716 – c. 1799 CE Maratha Empire, c. 1758 – c. 1760 CE Sikh Empire, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE British Raj, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE Independence Movement
Modern Pakistan, c. 1947 CE – present Dominion of Pakistan, c. 1947 – 1956 CE Republican Pakistan, c. 1956 CE – present
History of provinces Azad Kashmir Balochistan East Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan Islamabad Capital Territory Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh
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Since its establishment in 1947, Pakistan has been involved in numerous armed conflicts, both domestically and internationally. Historically and presently, the primary focus of its military operations has been on neighboring India, with whom Pakistan has fought four major wars, as well as the Siachen conflict, frequent border skirmishes, and standoffs. The two nations have had a hostile and turbulent relationship since their independence from the United Kingdom and subsequent war over the Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir. Both India and Pakistan claim Kashmir in its entirety but have not exercised control over the entire region, which remains divided and contested between the two states by the Line of Control. The Kashmir conflict has seen extensive—albeit unsuccessful—intervention and mediation by the United Nations.

Pakistan has also had a turbulent relationship with neighbouring Afghanistan, characterized by armed border skirmishes and periods of diplomatic tension. The Pakistani government has increased military activity along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border and built a border barrier to crack down on illegal immigration, militancy, and smuggling.

Outside of its home region of South Asia, Pakistan has also engaged in international conflicts in the Middle East and Africa as part of larger coalitions, and remains one of the largest contributors of troops to various United Nations peacekeeping missions. The country was designated as a major non-NATO ally by the United States in 2004, and has participated extensively in the American-led War on Terror following the 9/11 attacks.

List

Conflict	Pakistan and allies	Opponents	Results
Indonesian War of Independence (1945–1949)	Indonesia Supported by:  Australia (after 1946)  United States (from 1949) India (after 1947)  Pakistan(support started even before independence)	Netherlands Dutch East Indies APRA Pao An Tui  United Kingdom (until 1946)  British Raj (until 1946) Japan (until 1946) Supported by:  Australia (until 1946) Internal Conflict: Darul Islam People's Democratic Front	Victory Indonesian independence from the Netherlands. Dutch recognition of the Indonesian independence in the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference Formation of the United States of Indonesia Creation of the Netherlands-Indonesia Union
First Indo-Pakistani War (1947–1948)	Pakistan  Azad Kashmir Furqan Force State of Swat Indian National Army	India Jammu and Kashmir	Ceasefire Partitioning of Kashmir between India and Pakistan
Waziristan rebellion (1948–1954)	Pakistan	Faqir of Ipi's forces Pashtun tribe forces Supported by Afghanistan  India  Soviet Union (alleged)	Victory Failure to foment an extensive uprising Support for rebellion slowly diminishes Commander of rebellion surrenders End of Insurrection
First Balochistan conflict (1948)	Pakistan	Kalat insurgents	Victory Defeat of the insurgents
Korean War(1950–1953)	South Korea United Nations  United States  United Kingdom  Canada  Turkey  Australia  Philippines  New Zealand  Thailand  Ethiopia  Greece  France  Colombia  Belgium  South Africa  Netherlands  Luxembourg Supported by: Pakistan  Denmark  Italy  West Germany  India  Israel  Norway  Sweden  Taiwan  Japan  Cuba  El Salvador Spain	North Korea  China  Soviet Union Supported by:  Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany  Hungary  Poland  Romania  Mongolia	Stalemate Formation of the DMZ
Second Balochistan conflict (1958–1959)	Pakistan	Kalat insurgents	Victory Surrender of Nauroz Khan
Bajaur Campaign	Pakistan Supported by:  United States (alleged)	Afghanistan Pashtun Nationalists Supported by:  Soviet Union (alleged)	Victory Failure of the Afghan invasion Deterioration of Afghanistan–Pakistan relations
Third Balochistan conflict (1963–1969)	Pakistan	Parrari PFAR BLF Bugti militia Supported by: Afghanistan Iraq  Syria	Victory Abolition of the "One Unit" policy
Second Indo-Pakistani War (1965)	Pakistan Supported by:  China  Iran  Turkey  Saudi Arabia  Indonesia	India	Stalemate United Nations mandated ceasefire India had an upper hand in the war No permanent territorial changes (see Tashkent Declaration)
Al-Wadiah War (1969)	Saudi Arabia  Pakistan	South Yemen	Victory al-Wadiah reoccupied by Saudi forces
Black September (1970–1971)	Jordan Foreign involvement:  Pakistan	PLO  Syria	Victory PLO driven out to Lebanon, Syrian raid repelled
Bangladesh Liberation War (From March 1971) & Third Indo-Pakistani War (From Dec 1971)	Pakistan Supported by:  USA  UK  China  Iran  Ceylon  Saudi Arabia  Jordan Libya	India Bangladesh (Provisional Government) Supported by:  Soviet Union	Defeat Pakistani surrender in East Pakistan Independence of Bangladesh Simla Agreement
Fourth Balochistan Conflict (1973–1978)	Pakistan Iran Supported by:  United States  Oman	Baloch separatists Pashtun Zalmay Supported by: Afghanistan  India Iraq  Soviet Union PFLP	Victory Return to status quo ante bellum
Dir rebellion (1976)	Pakistan Dir Levies	Dir rebels	Victory Suppression of rebellion
Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989)	Afghan Mujahideen  Pakistan	Soviet Union Afghanistan	Victory Geneva Accords (1988)
Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)	Sri Lanka  Pakistan  India (1987–1990) Further support: See other's	Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Supported by:  India (until 1987)	Victory Decisive victory by the Sri Lankan government Rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam organisation is wiped out Sri Lankan government reestablishes control over entire island Tamil National Alliance drops the demand for a separate state
Siachen conflict (1984–2003)	Pakistan	India	Defeat Annexation of the Siachen Glacier into India following Operation Meghdoot India captures Quaid Post / Bana Top during Operation Rajiv Ceasefire since 2003
Second Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)	Afghan Mujahideen rebels Afghan Interim Government Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (until July 1989) Jamiat-e Islami National Islamic Front of Afghanistan Ittehad-e Islami Hezb-i Islami Khalis Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami Khalq (1990) Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (from July 1989) Junbish-i Milli (from 1992) Foreign Mujahideen: Al Qaeda Maktab al-Khidamat Various factions also fought among each other Supported by: Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence  United States  Saudi Arabia United Kingdom China Germany Iran	Afghan PDPA Government Supported by: Soviet Union (until 1991) Commonwealth of Independent States (from 1991) Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan  Russia (until January 1992) India	Victory Interim Afghan Government victory Dissolution of the Republic of Afghanistan and the Homeland Party Government The Peshawar Accord leads to the creation of the Islamic State of Afghanistan on 28 April 1992 Continued civil war among Mujahideen forces
Gulf War (1990–1991)	Kuwait  United States  United Kingdom  France  Saudi Arabia  Egypt Coalition:  Pakistan Afghan mujahideen  Argentina  Australia  Bahrain  Bangladesh  Belgium  Canada Czechoslovakia  Denmark  Germany  Greece  Honduras  Hungary  Italy  Japan  Luxembourg  Morocco  Netherlands  New Zealand  Niger  Norway  Oman  Philippines  Poland  Portugal  Qatar  Romania  Senegal  Sierra Leone  Singapore  South Korea  Spain  Sweden  Syria  Turkey  United Arab Emirates	Iraq	Victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah restored Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti Infrastructure
Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)	Taliban (from late 1994) Khalq (pro Taliban factions, from late 1994)  Al-Qaeda (from early 1996) Supported by:  Pakistan	Islamic State of Afghanistan Northern Alliance Jamiat-e Islami Shura-e Nazar Hezb-e Islami Khalis (until mid-1992) Ittehad-e Islami Harakat-i-Inqilab Jebh-e Nejat-e Melli Mahaz-e Milli Harakat-i Islami Hezb-i Wahdat (until Dec. 1992) Junbish-i Milli (until Jan. 1994; from Aug. 1994) Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (from late 1994) Supported by:  Saudi Arabia  Uzbekistan (until Jan. 1994; from Aug. 1994)  Iran (until Dec. 1992)	Victory Taliban victory Taliban take control of Kabul and most of Afghanistan; Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan established Thousands of civilians killed, millions driven from their homes, Kabul heavily damaged. Grave mistreatment of civilians (murder, looting, extortion) Civil war continues (1996–2001)
Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)	Islamic Emirate (Taliban)  Pakistan Al-Qaeda 055 Brigade	Islamic State (Northern Alliance)	Stalemate Taliban controls up to 85% of Afghanistan including Kabul
Kargil War (1999)	Pakistan	India	Defeat India regains possession of Kargil Return to status quo ante bellum
War in North-West Pakistan First Phase:- (16 March 2004–22 February 2017) Drone war (2004–2018) Part of the war on terror and the War in North-West Pakistan Location: Pakistan	Pakistan  United States (Only Drone-strikes)  Pakistan  United States  USAF CIA Supported by:  United Kingdom	Taliban Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Jamaat-ul-Ahrar Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi Lashkar-e-Islam al-Qaeda Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Haqqani network Jundallah (until 2014) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (until 2015) Turkistan Islamic Party (until 2015) ISIL-aligned groups  Islamic State Khorasan Province Jundallah Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Jamaat-ul-Ahrar	Victory Most areas under Pakistani control with the Success under Operation Zarb-e-Azab Main force of Pakistani Taliban take refuge in Afghanistan United States-Allied Victory 430 drone strikes confirmed 81 high-level insurgent leaders and thousands of low-level insurgents killed Large number of insurgents killed while some fled to Afghanistan Most recent drone strike launched in January 2018
Fifth Balochistan Conflict (2004–present)	Pakistan	BLA BLF LeB  BLUF  BSO (Azad) BNA (2022–2023) BRA (2006–2022) UBA (2013–2022) Sectarian groups Ansar Al-Furqan (since 2013) Jaish ul-Adl (since 2012) Harakat Ansar (2012–13) Hizbul-Furqan (2012–13) Jundallah (2003–12) Islamic State (2015-present) IS-KP (until 2019) IS-PP (since 2019) Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (since 2007) Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Sipah-e-Sahaba	Ongoing Extension of the conflict into Iran Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad continuous Intermittent series of multilateral talks underway
War in Iraq (2013–2017)	Iraq Peshmerga Sinjar Alliance CJTF–OIR United States  Canada  United Kingdom  France  Germany  Australia  Belgium  Netherlands  Denmark  Turkey  Jordan  Morocco  Iran Hezbollah Further support:-  Pakistan see others	ISIL Ansar al-Islam SCJL Naqshbandi Army Mujahideen Army	Victory Iraqi territorial integrity preserved ISIL expelled from all strongholds in Iraq
War in North-West Pakistan Second Phase:- ( 23 February 2017 – present)	Pakistan  United States	Taliban (major in the Durand Line border skirmishes) Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Jamaat-ul-Ahrar Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi Lashkar-e-Islam al-Qaeda Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Jundallah (until 2014) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (until 2015) Turkistan Islamic Party (until 2015) ISIL-aligned groups  Islamic State Khorasan Province Jundallah Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Jamaat-ul-Ahrar	Ongoing Heavy insurgent losses and substantial reduction in insurgent activity

See also

• Outline of Pakistan military history
• Other military conflicts involving Pakistan:
  • Kashmir conflict
  • 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff
  • 2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff
  • India–Pakistan border skirmishes (disambiguation)
  • Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes
  • 2017 Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmish
  • 2008–12 Pakistan–United States skirmishes

Notes

1. claimed neutrality
2. Until 2020, when it re-merged into the TTP.
3. Collaboration with the TTP in 2007.
4. Collaboration with the TTP in 2015.

1. Both the Korean conflict and the 1991 Persian Gulf War involved more troops, but were essentially U.S.-initiated military coalitions that won U.N. Security Council approval. UNOC forces were drawn from such countries as Burma, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Liberia, Malaya, Mali, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Sweden and Tunisia. The United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and Canada provided funding and air transport. The total cost of the four-year operation was $400 million.Pg.244.

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